Time and Motion Study

Operations
Management
Work Measurement
Supplement 10
PowerPoint presentation to accompany
Operations Management, 6E (Heizer &
Render)
S10-1
2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

River, N.J. 07458
Outline
Labor Standards and Work
Measurement
Historical Experience
Time-Studies
Predetermined Time Standards
Work Sampling

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Learning Objectives
When you complete this supplement,
you should be able to :
Identify or Define:
Four ways of establishing labor standards
Describe or Explain:
Requirements for good labor standards

Time study
Predetermined time standards
Work sampling

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Uses of Labor
Standards
Costing labor content of products
Planning staffing needs
Estimating time and cost for bids
Planning production (crew size and work
balance)
Basing wage-incentive plans
Determining employee efficiency

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Sources of Labor
Standards
Historical experience
Time studies
Predetermined time
standards (MTM)
Work sampling
1995
Corel
Corp.

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Time Studies
Labor standards are based on
observing worker doing task
Observe only a sample of work

Use average time & pace to set
standard
Disadvantages
Requires a trained & experienced

analyst
Standard cannot be set before task is
performed

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The Eight Steps to

Conducting a Time Study
Define the task to be studied (after a methods
analysis)
Break down the task into precise elements
Decide how many times each element of the
task must be measured
Record the times and ratings of performance
for the task elements
Compute the average observed cycle time
(element times adjusted for unusual influences)

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The Eight Steps to

Conducting a Time
Study - continued
Compute the normal time for each
task element:
Normal time = (Average actual
cycle
time) x (Rating
factor)
Sum the normal times for each
element
to develop
total normal
Total
time
Standard
time
=a normal
time for the task1- Allowance factor
Compute the standard time:
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Allowances
Personal time allowance - 4% - 7% of
total time - use of restroom, water
fountain, etc.
Delay allowance - based upon actual
delays that occur
Fatigue allowance - to compensate for
physical or mental strain, noise level,
tediousness, heat and humidity,
assumption of an abnormal position,
etc.
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Time Studies - Sample

Size
zs
Sample size, n =
hx
h = accuracy level desired as

percent of job element, expressed
as a decimal (5% = 0.05)
z = number of standard deviations
required for the desired level of
confidence
s = standard deviation of the initial
2
(
)
x
i
sample
Note : s =
x = mean of the initial sample
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Considerations in
Determining Sample
Size
How accurate do you want to
be?
What level of confidence do
you want your measurements
to have?
How much variation exists
within the job elements?
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Common z values
Desired Confidence
Level (%)
Z Value
90.0
1.65
95.0
1.96
95.4
2.00
99.0
2.58
99.7
3.00
99.0

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Time Study Equations

Allowance factor
Nonwork time
=
Total time
Element times
Average element time =
Number of cycles
=
Normal timeAverage
element time * Perf. Rat
Total normal time
Standard time =
1 - Allowance factor
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Predetermined Time
Standards
Labor standards are set from times in
published tables (e.g., MTM Table)
Procedure
Divide manual work into basic elements

Look up basic element times in table; sum
Advantages
Times established in laboratory setting

Useful for planning tasks
Widely accepted by unions

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MTM Table for Reach

Motion
Hand in
Time TMU
Motion
Distance
Moved (in)
3/4 or less
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.6
1.6
2.5
2.5
3.6
2.3
2.3
4.0
4.0
5.9
3.5
2.7
A Reach to object in fixed location. 1 TMU = .

B Reach to object in variable
0006
locations.
minutes
C Reach to object jumbled with
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Operationsothers.
Management, 6E (Heizer &
Render)
Sample MTM Table for

GET and PLACE
Motions

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Work Sampling
Labor standard is set using output and
% of time worker spends on tasks
Involves observing worker at random
times over a long period
Advantages
Less expensive than time studies

Observer requires little training
Disadvantages
Ineffective with short cycles

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Work Sampling
Used for
Ratio delay studies

Setting labor standards
Measuring worker performance

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The Seven Step

Work Sampling
Procedure
Take a preliminary sample to obtain an
estimate of the parameter value
Compute the sample size required
Prepare a schedule for observing the
worker at appropriate times
Observe and record worker activities;
rate worker performance

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The Seven Step

Work Sampling Procedure continued
Record the number of units
produced during the applicable
portion of the study
Compute the normal time per
part
Compute the standard time per
part

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Work Sampling Sample Size

z 2 p( 1 p )
n=
h2
p = estimated value of
sample proportion (of time
worker is observed busy or
idle)
h = accuracy level desired in
percent, expressed as a
decimal
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Work Sampling
Equations
(Total Time) (% of time working) (Rating)

Normal Time =
Number of units Produced
Normal Time
Standard Time =
1 - Allowance

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Figure S10.3

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Time and Motion Study

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Time and Motion Study

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Operations

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

Four ways of establishing labor standards

Requirements for good labor standards

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

Observe only a sample of work

Requires a trained & experienced

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

The Eight Steps to

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

The Eight Steps to

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

Time Studies - Sample

h = accuracy level desired as

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

Time Study Equations

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

Divide manual work into basic elements

Times established in laboratory setting

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

MTM Table for Reach

A Reach to object in fixed location. 1 TMU = .

Sample MTM Table for

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

Less expensive than time studies

Ineffective with short cycles

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

Ratio delay studies

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

The Seven Step

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

The Seven Step

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

Work Sampling Sample Size

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

(Total Time) (% of time working) (Rating)

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle

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