Introduction

Now after a small introduction to engineering graphics let us

proceed with the basics that are engineering drawing instruments and their uses. But first of all we must know what is
engineering drawing and what is its significance.

Now why it is required i.e. what is its Significance?

The engineer like you (would be) to whatever branch may
belong to must have perfect knowledge and skill in drawing. As
bad the language is unpleasant to read and communicate, so
also a wrong drawing will worry a trained eye. Even a small error
committed by an engineer in his /her drawing may misguide
the workman/operator and the ultimate product /construction
will be a flop.
As we all know engineering drawing has big classification which
we have discussed in introduction also there is a foundation of
all drawings I think you all know foundation yes its the base
called geometrical drawing which can also be further categorized. So let us first proceed with geometrical drawing
What is Geometrical drawing?
Geometrical drawing is the foundation of all engineering
drawings. It is a subject, difficult to learn or to teach without the
aid of a good textbook. A good speed in drawing work should
be achieved, because time is money in the industry. Accuracy,
neatness and legibility are of great importance in engineering
drawing.

An engineering drawing is a type of drawing that is technical

in nature, used to fully and clearly define requirements for
engineered items, and is usually created in accordance with
standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as typefaces and line styles), size, etc.
Engineering drawings are often referred to as blueprints.
However, the term is an anachronism, and is due to the fact that
most copies of engineering drawings were formerly made using
a chemical printing process that yielded graphics on blue-colored
paper. The process of producing engineering drawings, and the
skill of producing them, is often referred to as technical
drawing, although technical drawings are also required for
disciplines that would not ordinarily be thought of as parts of
engineering

Geometrical drawing consists of:

Engineering drawing is the language of engineers. It is meant

for communicating your ideas, thoughts and designs to others.
A drawing drawn by engineer, having engineering knowledge
for the engineering purposes is an engineering drawing.
Engineering drawing is the starting point of all branchesmechanical, production, civil, electrical, and metallurgical,
instrumentation, agriculture etc.

Engineering drawing, particularly, geometrical drawing is the

basis for various specialized types of drawings applied to
various fields: machine drawing in the machine industries;
structural drawing in the structural constructions such as
buildings, bridges and dams; electrical drawing in the electrical
industries; aeronautical drawing in the aircraft manufacturing;
marine drawing in ship construction and so on.

It is a universal graphic language of engineers, spoken read and

written in its own way. It is used by them to develop and record
their ideas and transmit them to others for execution. Like
every language has its own rules of grammar also Engineering
drawing also has its theory of projections, its idioms in
conventional practices, its punctuation in the types of lines, its
abbreviations, symbols and its descriptions in the constructions.

Engineering Drawing Instruments and

Uses

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1. Plain geometrical drawing

2. Solid geometrical drawing
Geometrical drawing is the art of representation of geometrical
objects such as square, rectangle, cylinder, cone, sphere etc on a
drawing sheet. as I have already told you so its further are
defined as
Plain geometrical drawing is the art of representation of
objects having two dimensions i.e., length and breadth such as
square, rectangle, and quadrilateral etc. on a drawing sheet.
Solid geometrical drawing is the art of representation of
objects of three dimensions, i.e., length, breadth and height,
such as cube, cylinder, and sphere etc. on a drawing sheet.

Drawing equipment and instruments are needed to record

information on drawing paper or any other suitable surface.
Drawing composed of straight lines, curves, circles and arcs is
prepared with certain instruments. The quality of a drawing
depends to a large extent on the quality, adjustment and care of
the instruments used. Reliable and accurate equipment is
essential as good results increase and enthusiasm.

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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

LESSON 2
ENGINEERING DRAWING AND ITS INSTRUMENTS

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

List of Drawing Instruments

Before commencing the course of engineering drawing, it is
essential that a student should obtain the following drawing
instruments:

Detail - show portions of other views, magnified for

clarity.

Auxiliary projection - similar to orthographic projections,

1. Drawing board

however the directions of viewing are other than those for

orthographic projections.

2. Drawing sheets

Isometric- shows the object from angles in which the scales

along each axis of the object are equal. It corresponds to
rotation of the object by +/- 45 degrees about the vertical
axis, followed by rotation of approximately +/- 35.264
degrees [= arcsin (tan (30 degrees))] about the horizontal axis
starting from an orthographic projection view. Isometric
comes from the Greek for same measure.

3. Mini-drafter/drafting machine
4. Instrument box
5. Set squares (45, 30-60 triangle)
6. Protractor
7. Drawing pencils (HB, H and 2H grades)
8. Pencil eraser

Showing Dimensions

9. Clips or adhesive tape

The required sizes of features are conveyed through use of

dimensions. Distances may be indicated with either of two
standardized forms of dimension: linear and ordinate.

10. Pencil sharpener

11. Emery paper and tracing paper
12. Dusting cloth.

With linear dimensions, two parallel lines, called extension

13. French curves

Common Features of Engineering Drawings
A variety of line styles are used to graphically represent physical
objects. Types of lines include the following:

Visible - are continuous lines used to depict edges directly

visible from a particular angle.

With ordinate dimensions, one horizontal and one vertical

Hidden - are short-dashed lines that may be used to

represent edges that are not directly visible.

Center - are alternately long- and short-dashed lines that may

be used to represent the axes of circular features.

Cutting plane - are thick, medium-dashed lines, or thick
alternately long- and double short-dashed that may be used
to define sections for section views.

Section - are thin lines in a parallel pattern used to indicate

surfaces in section views resulting from cutting. Section
lines are commonly referred to as cross-hatching.

Multiple Views and Projections

In most cases, a single view is not sufficient to show all
necessary features, and several views are used. Types of views
include the following:

Orthographic Projection - show the object as it looks

from the front, right, left, top, bottom, or back, and are
typically positioned relative to each other according to the
rules of either first angle or third angle. The former is
primarily used in Europe and Asia; the latter is primarily
used in the United States and Canada. Not all views are
necessarily used, and determination of what surface
constitutes the front, etc., varies from object to object.
Orthographic comes from the Greek for straight writing
(or drawing).

Section - depict what the object would look like if it were

cut perfectly along cutting plane lines defined in a particular
view, and rotated 90 degrees to directly view the resulting
surface(s), which are indicated with section lines. They are
used to show features not externally visible, or not clearly
visible.

lines, spaced at the distance between two features, are

shown at each of the features. A line perpendicular to the
extension lines, called a dimension line, with arrows at its
endpoints, is shown between, and terminating at, the
extension lines. The distance is indicated numerically at the
midpoint of the dimension line, either adjacent to it, or in a
gap provided for it.
extension line establish an origin for the entire view. The
origin is identified with zeroes placed at the ends of these
extension lines. Distances along the x- and y-axes to other
features are specified using other extension lines, with the
distances indicated numerically at their ends.
Sizes of circular features are indicated using either diametral or
radial dimensions. Radial dimensions use an R followed by
the value for the radius; Diametral dimensions use a circle with
forward-leaning diagonal line through it, called the diameter
symbol, followed by the value for the diameter. A radially
aligned line with arrowhead pointing to the circular feature,
called a leader, is used in conjunction with both diametral and
radial dimensions. All types of dimensions are typically
composed of two parts: the nominal value, which is the ideal
size of the feature, and the tolerance, which specifies the
amount that the value may vary above and below the nominal.
Notes
Notes-textual information-are also typically included in
drawings, specifying details not otherwise conveyed. Notes are
almost always in completely uppercase characters, for uniformity
and maximal legibility after duplication of the drawing, which
may involve substantial reduction in size. Leaders may be used
in conjunction with notes in order to point to a particular
feature or object that the note concerns.
Sizes of Drawings
Sizes of drawings typically comply with either of two different
standards, metric or U.S. customary, according to the following
tables:

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3.155 / 3A.155 / 3B.155 / 4A.151 / 7.151

A4

210 X 297

A3

297 X 420

A2

420 X 594

A1

594 X 841

A0

841 X 1189

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Chapter Learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, you will be able to the following
questions.

METRIC Drawing Sizes (mm)

Discuss the use of engineering graphics in detail.

Explain types of engineering drawing and its uses.
Discuss common features of engineering drawing.
Discuss principles of lettering and dimensioning.

U.S. Customary Drawing Sizes

Explain geometrical construction of some pentagon,

hexagon etc.

8.5" X 11"

Notes

11" X 17"

17" X 22"

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22" X 34"

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34" X 44"

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The metric drawing sizes correspond to international paper
sizes. The U.S customary A-size corresponds to letter size,
and B-size corresponds to ledger size. ANSI Y14.2, Y14.3,
and Y14.5 are standards that are commonly used in the U.S.

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Types of Lines
Engineering drawing uses various types of lines to describe
different objects and different purposes. Each type of line in the
drawing has different meaning

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IS: 10714-1983 adopted from ISO: 128-1982 specifies the types

of lines and their applications are as:

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