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FE ATURE D

Aadhaar
Identi cation
Simpli ed, Myths
Busted
BY P IY USHP ESHWANIANDBHUWANJOSHION14/0 3/20 169COMMENT S

The questions and criticism of the Aadhaar initiative

are often generated from an inadequate
understanding of the programme, say two UIDAI
team members.

Aadhaarcards.Credit:PTI

Passports:57million.Rationcards:150million.PANCards:170
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million.DrivingLicence:173million.VoterIDCards:600million.
Aadhaar:950million.AndthiswasinDecember2015.
AsonMarch10,2016,AadhaarnumbersissuedbytheUnique
IdentificationAuthorityofIndia(UIDAI)standcloseto990million.
Aadhaarisalreadytheworldslargestbiometricdatabaseandthefirst
onlinebiometricbasedidentitysystemintheworld.Itstechnology,
architectureandaccuracyhavebeentestedindifferentproofofconcept
(POC)studies,fieldtrialsandvarioussystemimplementations,suchas
LPGsubsidydisbursal,PublicDistributionSystem(PDS),MNREGS
wages,bankaccountopeningandpassportissuance.Wewillsoonreach
apointwheremorethan1billionAadhaarnumberswouldhavebeen
issued,withmorethan95%adultsinthecountryhavinganAadhaar.
ThishasbeenquiteajourneysinceRanjanaSonawnefromTembhli
villageinMaharashtrabecamethefirstpersontogetanAadhaarin
August2010.Tounderstandtheinclusivenatureofthisprogram,join
anyqueuewhereestablishingyouridentityismandatorytoreceivea
governmentorprivateservice,andobservetheproportionofpeople
relyingontheirAadhaartoprovetheiridentity.Formany,Aadhaaris
perhapsthefirstdocumentoftheirexistencearobustproofoftheir
identityandaddressthatcanbeverifiedonline.Nomorecloseddoors
forthem!
Despitethebenefits,manypeoplehaveraisedconcernsandquestions
regardingAadhaaranditspotentialmisuse.Onesuchrepresentationis
madebyindependentlawresearcherUshaRamanathaninherarticle
TheLawNeedstoCatchUpWithAadhaar,ButNotintheWayJaitleyis
Promising(http://thewire.in/2016/03/03/thelawneedstocatchupwithaadhaar
butnotinthewayjaitleyispromising23543/)onTheWire.Ramanathan

seemstohaveanincorrectcomprehensionofinformationand
technologyaroundAadhaar,andwebelieveitsimportanttobringout
thefactsanddispelthemyths.
Sincewearenotexpertsonlegislation,wewillnotdelveinto
theAadhaar(TargetDeliveryofFinancialandOtherSubsidies,Benefits
andServices)Bill,2016(http://thewire.in/2016/03/03/thelawneedstocatch
upwithaadhaarbutnotinthewayjaitleyispromising23543/)thatsbestleftto
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aparliamentarydiscussion.However,letstouchupontheothercritical
aspectsandbustthemythssurroundingAadhaar.
Myth1HighCost
Wasthereaneedtohaveyetanotheridentitysystem?Doesitjustifythe
cost?Yes,absolutely,accordingtotheWorldBank
(http://indianexpress.com/article/india/indianewsindia/aadhaaridsavingindian
govtaboutusd1blnperannumkaushikbasu/),whosaidtheinitiativeis

estimatedtobesavingtheIndiangovernmentabout$1billionannually
bythwartingcorruption,evenasitunderlinedthatdigitaltechnologies
promoteinclusion,efficiencyandinnovation.
Howaresuchsavingspossible?TheanswerliesinAadhaars
uniquenessefficiencyinthedeliveryoffoodsubsidy,fuel(LPGand
kerosene)subsidy,fertilisersubsidy,MNREGSwages,pensions,
scholarshipsandothergovernmentbenefits,whichitachievesby
curbingleakagesinbenefitsdisbursement.Aadhaarmeansnofake,
ghostorduplicatebeneficiaries.Doubledippingwillbecomemoreand
moredifficultwithAadhaar,anumberthatiswelldeduplicatedwith
theuseofbiometrics.Directbenefitstransferremovesthemiddlelayers
wheremostinefficiencieslie.Reducedleakageswillfurtherensurethat
ahigherpercentageofthesebenefitsendupreachingtheintended/real
beneficiaries.AllthisatatotalcostoflessthanadollarperAadhaar,
which,incidentally,isthelowestintheworldfortheissuanceofa
similaridentity.
EvenbeforetheWorldBanksendorsementofAadhaar,Delhibased
NationalInstituteofPublicFinanceandPolicyconductedadetailed
costanalysisstudyonAadhaar
(http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_uid_cba_paper.pdf)in2012.

Theiranalysistookintoaccountthecostsofdevelopingand
maintainingAadhaar,andofintegratingAadhaarwiththeschemes
overthenextdecade.Thestudyfoundthatsubstantialbenefitswould
accruetothegovernmentbyintegratingAadhaarwithschemessuchas
PDS,MNREGS,fertiliserandLPGsubsidies,aswellashousing,
educationandhealthprogrammes.Itfoundthatthebenefitswould
arisefromthereductioninleakagesthatoccurduetoidentificationand
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authenticationissues.Evenaftertakingallcostsintoaccountand
makingmodestassumptionsaboutleakagesofabout712%valueof
transfer/subsidy,thestudyfoundthattheAadhaarprojectwouldyield
aninternalrateofreturninrealtermsof52.85%tothegovernment.
Myth2Profiling
AprominentcriticismofAadhaaristhatitprofilespeople.TheUIDAI
hasemphasisedseveraltimesthatinformationrelatedtoreligionor
casteisneithercollectednorstoredintheAadhaardatabase.Applicants
andholdersareencouragedtolookattheirAadhaartoconfirmthis.
Thethreebiometricscollectedarefingerprints,anirisscanandaface
photograph.Thefourmandatorydemographicinformationfieldsare
name,address,genderanddateofbirth(orage).Optionalinformation
fields,suchasmobilenumberandemail,arecollectedfor
communicationefficiency,includingforsendingaonetimepassword
(OTP)foreAadhaar,updatesorOTPauthentication.Informationon
parent/guardiansismandatoryonlyforchildrenbelowtheageoffive.
Thisistheonlyinformationcollectedfromapplicants,andno
informationthatcanresultinprofilingonthebasisofreligionandcaste
issought.
Myth3Proofofresidencevscitizenship
AnothercriticismoftheAadhaarprogrammeisthatitisbeinggivento
everyonewithoutidentifyingcitizenship.TheUIDAIhasclarifiedthat
Aadhaarisforresidentsandnotjustforcitizens,apositionthathas
remainedunchangedsincetheprogrammewasfirstinitiated.Anyone
whostatesotherwiseismisrepresentingthefacts.
ManyIndianswhogototheUSobtainasocialsecuritynumber,which
makesiteasyandconvenientforthemtoaccessservices.Thisissimilar
toAadhaar.AsfortheconcernofillegalBangladeshimigrantsgetting
anAadhaar,arealitycheckisrequired.Whatistheobjectiveofrefusing
someoneanAadhaarifhe/shealreadyhasarationcard,avoterIDcard
and/orothergovernmentdocuments?TheDemographicData
StandardsandVerificationProcedurescommittee
(https://uidai.gov.in/UID_PDF/Committees/UID_DDSVP_Committee_Report_v1.0.pd
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f)prescribesalistofvalid18proofofidentityand33validproofof

addressdocumentsforgettinganAadhaar.Ifsomeonealreadyhas
thosedocuments,theUIDAIcanhardlybeblamedforissuingtheman
Aadhaar.Whodecideslegality?Ifanenrollmentoperatoruseshis
discretiontodecidewhoisandisnteligibleforanAadhaaronpersonal
whims,wellonlybeencouragingexclusionandfraudulentpractices.
Myth4Biometricanddatatheft
TheAadhaarprogrammehasoftenbeenquestionedbecauseUIDAI
collectsbiometricsanddatathatcanbestolenorsoldtoother
countries,andthesecurityofwhichcannotbeguaranteed.All
governmentdataresidesingovernmentdatabasesjustlikeallbank
accountdata,includingpasswords,residesinbankdatabases.Butdoes
thismeanweshouldstopputtingourmoneyintobankaccounts?
TheUIDAIhasensuredsecurityofdatabothphysicallyandatthe
applicationlevelbyapplyingleadingtechnicalandprocesspractices.
TheUIDAIhasalsoestablishedtwolargescaledatacentrestoensure
completesecurityofdataandapplications,anditregularlyconducts
auditsbyreputedthirdpartyagenciestokeepitssystemsandprocesses
uptodate.
Inautopianworld,perhapssuchgovernmentprogramscanexist
withoutanyprivatecontractors.Intherealworld,however,private
technologycompaniesexpertiseandexperiencemustbeleveragedto
successfullyimplementprogramsofsuchscaleandambition.Having
saidthis,itsimportanttoclarifythattheAadhaarplatformisbuilt
mostlyonopensourcetechnologies,withproprietytechnologiesbeing
usedonlywherenecessary.
Whileadoptinganyproprietysoftwareforbiometrics,thedesign
approachfollowedbytheUIDAIistohavemultiplevendorsinan
architecturallayer,withapaymentmodelputinplacesuchthatthe
vendorsareincentivisedtoimprovequality,accuracyandspeed.These
vendorsortheirservicescanbereplaced,ashashappened,iftheydo
notmeetstringentservicelevelagreements.Theinvolvementofprivate
sectorplayersisdesignedsuchthattheguidingprinciplesforscaleup
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andqualityarefollowed,andthebusinessmodelencouragesonlythe
besttoremain.Anexampleofthisisthemorethan100enrolment
agenciesdeployedonground,suchthatnomonopolisticpracticescan
creepin,andthattheyarepenalisedforanycompromiseofqualityand
conditionsofcontract.
Myth5Exclusion
TheAadhaarprogrammeisoftensaidtobeexclusivist.Butwithover
990millionAadhaarnumbersissued,itisthemostinclusiveidentity
systeminIndiatoday.ThenumberofJanDhanaccountsthathave
beenopenedbecauseofAadhaarinthelasttwoyearsisfurther
testimonytotheimpactoftheprogrammeinenablingfinancial
inclusion.AadhaarenabledmicroATMsatpostofficesareexpectedto
haveatransformationalimpactinfurtheringthecauseoffinancial
inclusionwithrespecttobasicservices,includingdeposits,withdrawals
andbalanceinquiries,eveninremoteareas.
Asfarasexclusionindeliveryofotherservicesduetobiometric
authenticationaccuracyisconcerned,itisimportanttogobeyond
scratchingthesurface.AdetailedirisauthenticationPOCdonebythe
UIDAIinasemiurbansettingfoundthattheaccuracywas99.73%for
twoirisauthenticationwithafalseacceptancerateofoneinone
million.Further,eightPOCsdoneonfingerprintauthenticationproved
that99%accuracycouldbeachievedatafalseacceptancerateofonein
10,000.
Biometricauthenticationisaplatform,andserviceprovidersare
expectedtousetheirwisdominusingtheplatform.Biometric
authenticationisnottheonlyplatformavailablefromtheUIDAIit
offersdemographicandOTPauthenticationaswell.TheUIDAIsfocus
togetmobilenumbersupdatedindicatedthedirectionitwantstotake
togiveserviceprovidersanotherreliableoptionforauthentication.
ServiceproviderscanevenbuildtheirownOTPauthenticationfor
exceptionhandling.Therecanbemultiplefactorsofauthenticationto
ensurethatnobodygetsleftout,includingelectronicandtraditional
paperbasedauthentication.Ofcourseagoodsystemdesignwould
requireserviceproviderstodoexceptionhandlingintandemwithfraud
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detection.
Todrawananalogywiththebankingworld,sayingthatbiometric
authenticationaccuracycausesexclusionissimilartosayingATMs
causeexclusionbecausemanyplacesinIndiadonothaveATMs.Or
perhaps,sayingthatinternetbankingcausesexclusionbecausemany
peopleinIndiadonothaveinternetaccess.Itsanunnecessaryand
falseconnectionofcauseandeffect.
Also,theAadhaarnumber,similartotheUSsocialsecuritynumber,
hasmultipleapplicationsthatarenotevenlinkedtotheuseofthe
authenticationplatform.DirectbenefitstransferforLPGsubsidyisone
suchexampleofanAadhaarbasedapplicationwhereauthenticationis
notrequired.
Myth6Wrongfulinclusion
TheAadhaarprogrammehasalsobeencriticisedforwrongful
inclusion,whichmeansonepersonisabletothebenefitsofanother
person.Thiscriticismhasnofoundationintruthasnosuchcasehas
beenpointedout.Onecandrawananalogytoforgery,andtheusinga
fakedocumentorsignature.TheAadhaarauthenticationplatform
worksataminimumfalseacceptancerateofaroundonein10,000.
Thismeansapersonwithfraudulentintentwillhavetotry10,000
differentAadhaarnumbersatdifferentservicedeliveryoutletsinthe
countrytillafalsematchhappensandhe/sheisabletowronglyaccess
someoneelsesbenefit.Giventheodds,suchforgeryisunlikely.
Myth7LastmileservicedeliveryusingAadhaarisa
problem
ConnectivitytrendsandInternetinfrastructurewillcontinueto
improveinIndia,boostingtheAadhaarprogramme.ButAadhaar
authenticationworksoverGPRSconnectivitytoo.Whenheavyrains
maroonedlargepartsofTamilNadu,andallbanksandATMswereshut
down,bankingcorrespondentsarmedwithAadhaarenabledmicro
ATMshelpedpeoplewithdrawcashfromtheirbankaccounts.The
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Aadhaarenabledpaymentsystemisjustoneoftheapplicationsofthe
Aadhaarauthenticationplatform.
Ofcoursethereareotherchallengesinlastmiledelivery,suchasthe
literacylevelsofservicedeliveryoperatorsandtherisksincash
handling.ButitispertinenttorealisethattheUIDAIcannotbeblamed
forsuchenvironmentalfactors,andthatsolutionstotheseproblems
havetobefoundoutsidetherealmoftheUIDAI.
Myth8Privacyviolations
Mostofushaveoneormoreidentity/addressdocuments,suchasa
passport,rationcard,PANcard,drivinglicence,vehicleregistration
documentsoravoterIDcard.Thegovernmentdepartmentsmanaging
thesealreadyhaveourdata.Aadhaarisnodifferent.Wegiveourdata
tobanks,toinsurancecompaniesandtotelecomcompaniesfor
accounts,policiesandmobileconnections.LPGdistributorsgetour
datawhenwegetagasconnection.Similarlywhenyoucreateanemail
account,theserviceprovidergetsyourdata,asdoesanappprovider
whenyouinstallanapponyourphone.AnarticleinTheHuffington
Post(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/facebookterms
condition_n_5551965.html?section=india)illustratedwhatmostpeoplemiss

whentheysignuponFacebookandchoosenottoreadthetermsand
conditionsthesocialnetworkingsitehasaccesstoallyour
information.
Webelievethattheworldhasmoreaccesstopersonaldetailsofprivacy
supportersthroughtheirarticles,blogs,andemail,Facebookand
Linkedinaccounts,wheretheyprobablysignedofftheirrightsto
privacybyaccepting,withoutrealising,thetermsandcondition.These
havefargreaterchancesofmisusethantheAadhaardatabase,which
CANNOTbesharedwithanyonewithouttheconsentoftheAadhaar
holder.
Weliveinaconnectedworldandwetrustreputedagenciestobethe
custodiansofourdata.Privacymustberespected,butsuspectinga
programmelikeAadhaarofviolatingprivacyisclearlygoingoverboard.
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Benefitsoutweightherisks
Theincreasedsavingsandefficiencyinpublicservicedeliverydueto
theusageofAadhaarwouldmakedubiousbusinesspracticesredundant
(whichisjustthebeginningofAadhaarusage)andwillencourage
publicdebatetobemuddledwithmythsandmisinformation.Readers
needtobeawaretomakeintelligentjudgementbasedondata,factsand
logic.
Everynewchangeofsystemcomeswithinherentrisksandchallenges.
Butwhenthebenefits,especiallytotheweakerandunderprivileged
sectionsofsociety,outweightherisksandchallengessignificantly,it
makessensetoadoptthenewsystemandanewwayoflifethatismore
efficientandmoreeffective.Needlesstosay,theUIDAIshouldcontinue
tofocusonsecureandconvenientupdates,theenrollmentofchildren
andnewborns,theenrollmentofthosewhoarestillleftout,accessible
permanentlocationsforenrollmentandupdate,andmostimportantly,
continuedandabsolutededuplicationthroughanoptimal
orchestrationofbiometricanddemographicdatachecks.Overthenext
fewyears,biometrictechnologyandaccuracyisexpectedtoimprove
andbecomemorecosteffective,andthesamegoesforconnectivityup
tothevillagelevel.Ourestimateisthatoverthenexttwotothreeyears,
serviceproviderswillfigureouthowtousetheAadhaarplatform
effectively,thusmakingitubiquitousforsecureandconvenient
identification,andforbetterdeliveryofpublicandprivateservices.
PiyushPeshwaniandBhuwanJoshiwerepartoftheUIDAIteamfrom
theprivatesector,andcanbereachedatpiyush.peshwani@gmail.com
andbcjoshi77@gmail.com.

Whattoreadnext:

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IstheAadhaarCard
Voluntary?It'sNotYet
Clear
In"Law"

'MostAadharCards
IssuedtoThoseWho
AlreadyHaveIDs'
In"Law"

QuestionofRightto
PrivacyWillNowbe
DecidedbyConstitution
Bench
In"Featured"

Categories:Featured(http://thewire.in/category/featured/),Politics
(http://thewire.in/category/politics/)

Taggedas:Aadhaar(http://thewire.in/tag/aadhaar/),AadhaarBill
(http://thewire.in/tag/aadhaarbill/),Aadhaarcard (http://thewire.in/tag/aadhaarcard/),LPGsubsidy
(http://thewire.in/tag/lpgsubsidy/),MNREGA(http://thewire.in/tag/mnrega/),PublicDistribution

System(http://thewire.in/tag/publicdistributionsystem/),RanjanaSonawne
(http://thewire.in/tag/ranjanasonawne/),UID(http://thewire.in/tag/uid/),UIDAI
(http://thewire.in/tag/uidai/),UniqueIdentificationAuthorityofIndia
(http://thewire.in/tag/uniqueidentificationauthorityofindia/)

9Comments

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Jointhediscussion
Innocent 12daysago

ModisVision!!!
BANKtheUnbankedJandhan,FUNDtheUnfundedMudra
yojanaandTAXtheUntaxedGST

Reply Share

PeetambarRatnam 3monthsago

SecurityisamajormajorconcernwithAadhaar.
Whatthey'renottellingyouis,thatthey'retryingtobringallthings
underoneumbrellathatisAadhaar.Sotodaytheytalkaboutjust
subsidies.TomorrowitisKYCthenitissomethingelse.Altogether
theyitislikesystematicallypackagingeverythingandbringingit
underoneumbrella.WhilethatisOK,whocanhaveaccesstoitis
verysad!
Firstthegovernmentsaidtheywantedtothesubsidiestogotothe
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rightpeoplesotheywantedAadhargardand/orbankaccounts.Now
theysaytheywanttogetridofLPGsubsidy!Thenwhywasallthis
dramperformedofAadhaarcardandbankaccounts?Allisagame
oflies!
Allourdataendsupwiththegovernment.Thatmeansallyour
sensitiveinformationisinthehandsofcorrupt!Whatpeoplevery
wellknowbutdon'tquoteis,governmentsectoristhemostcorrupt
andleastcitizenfriendlysector.Imagineiftheyhaveallyourdata
howtheycanharassyou.
Examplethinkwhatapolicecandoifheknowsyourbankdetails
andyouareinthepolicestationforsomethingwhichyou'redragged
into.Asoftodaywehaveheadsomanynewsthatapolicehastobe
bribedtoevenregisteranFIR.Thinkofothersituations!
Thisisthebigbigrisk.

Reply Share

Reader 3monthsago

CouldyouthenclarifywhyAadhaarlikeproposalsnevertookoffin
UKandothercountries?

Reply Share

dkbond 3monthsago

"Evenaftertakingallcostsintoaccountandmakingmodest
assumptionsaboutleakagesofabout712%valueoftransfer/subsidy,
thestudyfoundthattheAadhaarprojectwouldyieldaninternalrate
ofreturninrealtermsof52.85%tothegovernment"
that'saproblemwiththeNIPFPstudy.itonlyusesassumptionsto
estimatethebenefits.Nottheirfault,sincethereisn'tanydatathat
cantellusreliablythemagnitudeoftheleakages,anddefinitelynot
(asthestudyitselfadmits)themagnitudeoftheleakagesthatAadhar
wouldbeabletocorrect.

Reply Share

Hector 3monthsago

Verygoodreadandthisarticleshouldgosomewayindispellingfears
overtheuseofaadhar.Oneconcernisregardingdatasecurity
inherentinonlinesystemsandaadharisthebiggestsuchglobally.
GiventhatIndiangovernment,companiesareunderdailycyber
attackscarriedoutbythirdcountriesit'sahugeexposureforany
countrytomaintainsuchasystemonline.Whatmeasuresarebeing
takentoprotectaadhargiventhatIndianrailwaysirctcfacedsuch
anattackrecentlywhichimpactedservicesandscoresofusers.

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BhuwanJoshi>Hector 3monthsago

ThanksHectorforyourgoodwords.Asyouunderstandthat
incyberworldthereisnocompany,whichhasnotfacedcyber
attacksorcansaythattheycanneverbeattackedbutasall
largecompaniesensurethattheyhavenosinglepointof
failure,evenincaseofattack,nobodycanstealbusiness
criticaldataandevenifitgetitsomewaycouldnotuseit.
UIDAIhasalsoensureallthisbyonlyallowingaccesstoits
APIthroughsometrustedpartnerswhicharecalledASA,
AUA,KSAandKUA.TherepartnersareconnectedtoUIDAI
throughasecurepipeline,UIDAIensuressecurityusing
standardsecurityprocessaswellasthroughstateoftheart
securitytools.UIDAIuses2048keybasedencryptionto
encryptdata.Formoredetailspleasegothroughthislink
whichhasadetailedinformationaboutauthenticationAPI
anditssecurityfeatures(https://www.uidai.gov.in/image....
UIDAIalsohasaninhousededicatedsecurityteamwhich
monitorandtakeactionagainstpossiblethreatsandkeepson
updatingsecuritypolicesandtechnologies.Hopethiswill
help.

Reply Share

RJoseph 3monthsago

InacountrywheretheGovernmentcannotmaintainroadsand
drainagesystemsproperly,IamsorrytosaythisAadharbusinessisa
joke.Moreovernootherdemocraticcountryintheworldhassucha
systemwhereitisalwaysopentotheGovernmenttocarryoutmass
surveillanceonitscitizens..

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12/12