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due to the difference (E Ep ) in the

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PHYSICS
A Transformer based on the Principle of

Department

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CERTIFICAT

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called a step-up transformer. A transformer which
Since the above relations are true at every
decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
11.
SOURCES
OF 2 by 1, we get
instant,
so by dividing
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np
ERROR
apparatus12.
both for high and low current circuits.
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
Signature of external examiner Signature of
BIBILIOGRAPHY
induced in the primary coil p1, so the

Ayashkant

ILLUSTRAT
IN A STEP DOWN
Es < E so K < 1,
I
Ip = value of primary current at the
A
Is = value of secondary current at this
Input power at the
A
Output power at the same
If there are no losses of power in the
Input power =
O
Ep Ip
O
Es / Ep = Ip

IN A STEP
UP
ILLUSTRATI

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1,

i.e. current in secondary is weaker when
secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down
the current &a step down transformer steps up

EFFICIEN
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio
of output power to the input power.
i.e.
= output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no
power losses , = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power
losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is

ENERGY

APPARATUS

Following are the major sources of energy

1. Copper loss is the energy lossIRON
in the form of
heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This is
due to joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat
in the iron core of the transformer. This is due to
formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of
COPPER
best insulations. Therefore, rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is less
than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to
repeated magnetization and demagnetization of
the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.

VOLTMET

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise

AMMET

CIRCUIT

PROCEDURE
BIBILIOGRAP
PRECAUTIO
CONCLUSI
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1. Keep
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The output
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cover
transformer
it with a thick
across
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a large coil
number
depends
of turns
upon
of thin
theCu
1)
NCERT
textbook
taking
the readings of current
2. While
ratio
wire
on
(Ns/Np)
thickregulator
with
paper
respect
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This
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Involtage
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3)
INTERNET
across
paper
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number
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2. A step down transformer is used for
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4. A step up transformer is used for the
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production
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NEON

THE
SOURCES OF
END

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and

5. Transformers are used in voltage
current through s1and s2.
regulators and stabilized power supplies.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again
6.
Transformers
in thethrough primary
measure
voltage are
andused
current
1.
Values
of
current
can
be
changed
due
transmissions
a.c.
distances.
and secondary of
coil
of over
step long
up transformer.
2. Eddy current can change
7.
are used
in Radio
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all steps for other
self made
sets,
telephones,
loud speakers
transformers
by changing
number ofand
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