Double-angle Bracings
ABOLHASSAN ASTANEH, SUBHASH C. GOEL AND ROBERT D. HANSON
Behavior
133
buckled in-plane and those with even numbers buckled outof-plane. W and B in the designation of test specimens
indicates welded and bolted connection details, respectively.
MODE OF BUCKLING AND EFFECTIVE LENGTH
FACTOR
The deformed shape of all in-plane buckling specimens was
close to a full cycle cosine curve with points of inflection at
134
an and the other two at the ends in the angles just before the
connections. In out-of-plane buckling members one hinge
forms at the midspan but the other two form in the end gusset
plates.
PLASTIC HINGES
BUCKLING LOAD
135
136
137
138
139
b
t b2
= Fy
2
2
(1)
Fy t b 2
3 b2
t L2
L2
2
6
To ensure elastic behavior:
f1 Fy
3 b2
L2
Fy
(2)
(3)
10
.
(4)
which reduces to
b 3
10
.
L
(5)
3b 2
Fy
L2
(6)
and
f 2 = f1
tc
s 2 /6
18b 2 c t
L2 s 2
Fy
(7)
10
.
(8)
140
(a)
b 3
10
.
L
b 18 t c
b) for bolted connections:
10
.
sL
a) for welded connections:
141
DESIGN EXAMPLES
Given:
Design force in bracing member from analysis: 137 kips
Length of bracing member: 142 in.
Angle between diagonal bracing, horizontal beam: 45
Steel: A36 (Fv = 36 ksi; Fu = 58 ksi)
Fasteners: 7/8-in. dia. A325 bolts (bearing-type)
Design the bolted connections and stitches of the bracing
member to withstand severe cyclic loading.
Solution:
1. Ultimate load = 137 kips 1.3 = 178 kips
Load factor = 1.3 (as per Sect. 2.1 of
AISC Specification4)
2. Select double angles:
Areq. = 178/36 = 4.95 in.2;
try 2 L 4 3 3/8 (short legs back to back)
( /rz)angle (KL/r)member
= 77.9/44.7
= 1.74 in. < 3.0 in. (conservatively use 3.0 in.)
142
18ct
10
.
sL
where
143
(3 f v2 + f a2 ) 1/ 2 < Fy
Solution:
fv = T cos /Lstg
fv = (178.9)(cos 45)/(14)(0.5) = 18.1 ksi
and the axial stress:
fa = T sin /Lstg
fa = (178.9)(sin 45)/(14)(0.5) = 18.07 ksi
144
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
145
3.
M1 = 0
o.k.
5. Design stitches
(K L/r)members = 105
f =
Ta = 89.5 kips
Using weld size;
single angle
or
L = 7.7
29446 / Lst 4 + 1998 / Lst 2 = 7.9
b=3
b 3 3 3
=
= 0.74 < 1. 0
L
7.7
o.k.
146
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper is based on findings of research project 301A
sponsored by the American Iron and Steel Institute.
NOTATION
A
Cross-sectional area
Aeff
An
Bending moment
Mst
Moment on stitch
Py
Radius of gyration
tg
b/t
Fst
Force on stitch
fb
Bending stress
fv
Shear stress
Lfg
Lst
Length of stitch
Length
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
147