NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSLATION & INTERPRETATION

TRANSLATION 2

COMPILED BY
Ms. NGUYN TH KIP, M.A

August, 2011

LESSON 1:
INTRODUCTION TO THE STYLES AND LINGUISTIC LEVELS
IN TRANSLATION
Styles play an important role in translation and strongly affect the second language meaning. Due to
the context, text-type and audience, the levels of language in translation can be different - the informal
language used in informal situations ; colloquial used in spoken language; familiar language used
among friends, relatives, members in a family; formal language used in formal texts such as speeches
in conference, legal documents, business letter and documents, research papers.
The examples given below clearly indicate that the same massage could be expressed in different
styles.( Look at 1,2 & 3; 4&5; 6&7 )
1. Drop me a line.
( informal )
2. Remember to write me a letter.
( neutral )
3. I look forward to your letter.
( informal )
4. They can escape from family supervision. ( formal)
5. Their parents cant keep an eye on them. (colloquial)
6. They are completely armed.
( formal)
7. They are armed to teeth.
( colloquial)
Notes: Style error is an acute problem to the translators. There are translators who did not master the
difference when using various styles such as conversational, academic, scientific, literary styles. Many
translators failed when coming across the unfamiliar styles due to being unaware of degrees of
formality (informal or formal style), usage of vocabulary (informal, colloquial, and formal)
These are some style errors taken out from some Vietnamese- English translations.
1. Nu chng ti t hng vi s lng ln, liu doanh nghip anh c bn vi gi r khng?
If we place substantial orders, can your enterprise get us with soft price?
It is impossible to use informal style in a business letter. Instead of using soft price , the
translator should use cheaper price.
2. Thi tit H ni khng thch hp cho ngi gi. Ma h tri nng nh thiu t, trong khi ma
ng lnh n xng ty.
The weather in Hanoi is not favorable for the old. It is burning hot in summer while it chills to the
bones in winter.
It is impossible to use informal style to translate a formal text. Instead of using burning hot , the
translator should use exceedingly hot.

LESSON 2:

LINGUISTIC LEVELS

1. Formality
For example:
Mr. and Mrs. Jones request the pleasure of the company of Mr. and Mrs. Williams at dinner
on Saturday, October 16th, at 7 oclock.
13411 Wells Rivers Dr. Houston, TX.
Friday, October 1st .
R.S.V.P

2. Informality
+ Example 1:
Dear Mrs. Brown,
The girls have persuaded me to arrange a little dance for them during the Christmas
holidays, and we plan to have it on Friday the 17th . Will you and your daughters and your
older boy give us the pleasure of your company on that evening at eight oclock? We
should like to see your husband also, but I seem to remember he doesnt care for dancing;
still if you can persuade him to come, we should be very pleased.
Yours
Mary
+ Example 2:
- Bit c hai bn va t chc nh hn, nn ti vit my dng ny chc mng ngay.
- Ti rt vui c bit hai bn va t chc nh hn nn rt nng lng mun chc mng
hai bn ngay.
Notes: - knowing of / that / hearing of
- to be engaged
- engagement (n)
- hasten to send you.

3. Literary style
Example 1:
Charles Dickens is one of the worlds greatest novelists. He belongs to the brilliant school
of 19th century critical realists. What we value most in Dickenss works is his criticism of
the English bourgeois society of his time with its evils and contrasts of wealth and poverty.
The world he describes is that of the middle and lower classes particularly of London.
.
Notes:

- belong to the brilliant school:

- critical realist
:
- criticism (n)
:
- evil (n)
:
- bourgeois society
:
- class
:

- thuc trng phi

- hin thc ph phn
- s ph phn
- ti c
- x hi t bn
- giai cp

Example 2:

FISHING FOR JASMINE

By John Ravenscroft

The silent young woman in bed number six is called Jasmine. So am I, but names
are only superficial things, floats bobbing on the surface of the water, and we share
deeper connections than that. Which is why she fascinates me- why I spend my off-duty
time sitting beside her.
Today is difficult. The ward heaves with patients and I am kept busy emptying bedpans, filling out forms, changing dressings. Finally, late in the afternoon, I get a few
moments to make coffee, to take it over to the orange plastic chair beside her bed. I am
thankful to be off my feet, glad to be in her company once again.
Hello, Jasmine, I say as if greeting myself.
She does not reply. Jasmine never replies. She is down too deep. Like me, she has been
sea-damaged. I too am the daughter of a fisherman, so I bait my words like fish- hooks,
cast them into her ears, imagine them sinking down through cold, dark water. Down to
wherever she may be.
I have little time today, I tell her, touching her hair.
With Jasmine, it is always difficult not to touch. She is that rare thing, a truly
beautiful woman. Because of this, people invent reasons to walk by. I catch them
looking, drinking her in, feeding on her. They are barracuda, all of them. Wheelchairpushing porters who slow to a crawl when they near her bed. Roaming visitors with
greedy eyes. Doctors who stop, draw the thin screen of curtain, and continually reexamine that which does not need examination.
Great beauty is something Jasmine and I do not share. I am glad of it.
Your father may be here soon, I say. Last week he said he would come.
Jasmine says nothing. Her left eyelid flickers, perhaps.
It is two months since the incident on her fathers fishing boat, since she fell overboard,
sank, became entangled in the nets. It was some time before anyone noticed, then there
was panic. Her father hauled her back on board and sailed for home. When he finally
arrived, he carried ashore what he thought his daughters body.
Jasmine, I whisper. I want her to take our baited name. I want her to swallow it.
Fortunately, there was a doctor in the village that morning, a young man visiting
relatives. It was he who brought this drowned woman back from the brink, he who told
me her story. She opened her eyes, he said, looked up at her father and spoke a single
word then sank again, this time into coma.
Barracuda. That is what Jasmine said.
When her father visits, he touches her hair, kisses her cheek, sits in the orange plastic
chair at the side of her bed and holds her hand. Like my own father, he has the big,
brown, life- roughened hands of a fisherman. He too smells of the sea, and pretends he
is a good, simple man.
Jasmine. We share so much, we are almost one.
I remember early mornings, my hair touched to wake me, my father lifting me halfasleep from my bed, carrying me, dropping me into his boat. His voice roughs in my
4

ear, his hands rough on my skin. I never wanted to go, but I was just a child. He did as
he wished.
I remember salt water, hot sun, my mother shrinking on the shore. I remember the
rocking of the boat, the screams of the gulls.
Jasmine, you have a life inside you. Cant you hear it calling?
Nothing.
The ward door bangs, and I see Jasmines father walking towards us, carrying
flowers. He smiles at me. Even in death, my own child had my fathers smile, and
Jasmines will have this mans. I know it.
He stops by her bed and touches her hair. Something stirs deep inside me. I watch
Jasmines eyelids, waiting for her to bite.
Notes: - superficial
- to heave

- fish- hook
- gull

: hi ht

: rng ht sc ( nng hoc ko vt g)

: li cu
: hi u

LESSON 3:

STYLES

1. Spoken styles
Example: Conversations
W: Would it be OK if I took a few hours off next Friday? My parents are coming to visit
and I need to pick them up at the airport.
M: Yes, that should be fine. We do need to form a construction committee and start planning
the company picnic next week, but there should be plenty of time for that.
W: Thanks. Ill be happy to work late on Thursday if necessary.

2. Science styles
2.1. Nature sciences
Example 1: Cch in l bin php ngn nga s dn in bng cc vt lm bng cht khng
dn in.
Notes: - to insulate / insulation (n)
- measure of preventing
- conduction : s dn in / non- conductor: cht khng dn in
- semi- conduction : bn dn
Example 2: Thng k cn c xem l mt phng php x l d liu. chnh l mt cng
c dng tp hp, sp xp v phn tch cc d kin v s.
Notes: - to treat = to deal with : x l
- data : d liu
- numerical facts : d kin v s
- statistics
: thong ke
Example 3: Special terminology
Nu 1 = a th x bng:
x b
a. Tng ca
b. Hiu ca
c. Tch ca
d. Thng ca
e. Thng ca

Example 4:

a v
a v
a v
a v
b v

b
b
b
b
a

Notes: bng : equal

tng : the sum
hiu : the diference
tch : the product
thng : the quotient

Examination of the patient

The patients eyes are first inspected in the daylight. The patient is seated in a chair, facing the
window so that the illumination is uniform. A certain sequence should be observed in examination: the
eyelids and the surrounding tissues are first inspected. Attention is paid to the width of the lid slit,
angles of the eyelids, the positions of the eyelids, the conditions of lashes, etc.
Notes: illumination (n)
: nh sng
sequence (n)
: chui hnh ng theo mt trt t ring
tissue (n)
:
m
eyelid
: m mt
slit (n)
: khe h
6

Example 5: Special terminology

Today biotechnology is applied in various fields. In waste management, for example,
biotechnology is used to create new biodegradable materials. One such material is made from
the lactic acid produced during the bacterial fermentation of discarded corn stalks. When
individual lactic acid molecules are joined chemically, they form a material that has the
properties of plastics but is biodegradable. Widespread production of plastic from this material
is expected to become more economically viable in the future.
Notes: - biotechnology
: cng ngh sinh hc
- biodegradable materials : nhng cht c th t phn hy do vi khun
- lactic acid
: a- xit lactic
- molecule
: phn t
- discarded corn stalk
: thn cy ng/ bp thi b
Example 6: Special terminology
Food additives are chemicals that are added to food in small amounts. Direct additives are added
deliberately during processing to make food look and taste better, maintain or improve nutritive value,
maintain freshness, and help in processing or preparation. Some additives help preserve food by
preventing or slowing chemical changes and the growth of microorganisms in food. As many as 3,000
substances are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as direct additives. An
additional 10,000 substances are present in foods as indirect additives. These substances enter food
incidentally during handling or from processing equipment or packaging.
Notes:
Food additive
chemical
microorganism
nutritive value
substance

: cht ph gia thc phm

: ha cht
: vi khun
: gi tr dinh dng
: cht

Example 7: Special terminology

Chemicals enter our food in various ways and for various reasons. Farmers use herbicides to kill
weeds, pesticides to kill insects, fungicides to kill mold and fertilizers to promote growth. All of them
are very harmful to health and also to the environment. After harvesting, most crops are subjected to
further "post-harvest" chemical treatment in order to protect them from fungus. Japanese rice, for
example, is sprayed with methyl bromide, which can cause mental disorders and speech impediments.
Fresh fruits and vegetables are sprayed with sulfites, to which many people are allergic. Bananas,
mangoes and other tropical fruit are sprayed with even more poisonous chemicals.
Notes: - for various reasons : v nhiu l do
- Herbicide : thuc dit c
- Fungicide : thuc dit nm mc
- Fertilizer : phn bn
- To be harmful to : c hi
7

- To be subjected to : chu phi

- Post-harvest treatment : x l sau thu hoch
- Fungus : nm mc
- To spray : phun
- Mental disorder : ri lon thn kinh
- Speech impediment : ri lon ngn ng
- To be allergic : b d ng

2.2. Social sciences

Example 1. bo v vic sn xut trong nc, cc nh sn xut trong nc ngh vi chnh ph
mt s bin php. Th nht, nh nc nn c k hoch pht trin dnh ring cho vic u t nc
ngoi v lnh vc kinh doanh v phn b theo vng a l v khng nn khuyn khch u t nc
ngoi vo vic sn xut ra cc sn phm m cc doanh nghip trong nc c kh nng sn xut c
nh nc gii kht, bt git, giy v thuc l. Th hai, vic cp giy php nn c p dng cho cc
cng ty lin doanh hay cc doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi tham gia vo cc d n i hi c
nhiu vn, cng ngh cao hay sn xut cc mt hng xut khu. Th ba, l nn c mt o lut chng
i vic cnh tranh khng lnh mnh c th dn c quyn kinh doanh, ph gi lm hi ngi tiu
dng.

Notes:
- bo v:

defend/protect

- k hoch pht trin:

development plan

- v lnh vc:

in the field of/ in terms of

- vic cp giy php:

issue/grant licence

- doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi:

foreign-owned enterprise

- c quyn kinh doanh:

monopoly

- ph gi:

dumping

Example 2: Trong ting Vit, t nc va c ngha l quc gia, va c ngha l nc, mt lin
kt v ngn ng m mi rng buc cng thy r rng sau mt chuyn i thm vng t ph nhiu nht
Vit Nam: ng bng sng Cu Long. Do ph sa bi p ca dng sng Cu Long lm phong ph
va la y p ny, tng trng cho ngun lng thc ca c nc cng nh phong cch sinh hot k
cn sng nc ca c dn trong vng. i vi du khch, ng bng sng Cu Long l mt trong
nhng a ch tham quan p nht ng Nam , kt hp ci k o ca vng sng nc lung linh vi
8

cnh quan y phn khi ca mt nn vn ho vui ti th hin qua cch sinh hot ca dn a phng
cng hot ng thng mi. Trong khi nhng thnh ph ln nh Cn Th, M Tho, Long Xuyn lp
thnh th vng cho cc tnh ca ng bng sng Cu Long th mng li knh rch mnh mng li l
ci duyn c mt khng hai ca vng ny. Sinh hot vui nhn ca vng ny khng ging my vi cch
sinh hot ca Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Tuy nhin iu khng c ngha l phi kh khn lm mi
ti c ng bng sng Cu Long thot khi ci n o no nhit ca thnh ph ln nht Min
Nam ny. Ch mt chng ba gi ng h bng xe trn Quc l 1 l bn l bn n M Tho, th ph
ca tnh Tin Giang v l im xut pht tt cho cuc thm d vng ng bng ny.
Notes:
- c ngha:

mean/signify/carry a meaning

- lin kt v ngn ng:

linguistic association/relation/tie

- thy r rng:

recognizable

- chuyn i thm:

journey/visit

- vng t ph nhiu:

rich/fertile land

- ng bng sng Cu Long:

The Mekong Delta

- ph sa:

silt

- phong ph :

ample/rich/diversified

- va la:

granary

- tng trng:

represent/symbolize

- ngun lng thc:

source of food

- phong cch sinh hot :

lifestyle

- k cn sng nc:

riverside

- c dn :

inhabitant

- kt hp :

in combination with/coupled with

- ci k o:

marvel/miracle

- vng sng nc lung linh:

glittering water

- th hin:

demonstrate /show / indicate /perform /express

- hot ng thng mi:

commercial activity

- lp thnh th vng:

provide a vantage for

- mng li knh rch:

network of rivers and canals

- ci duyn:

great boon

- c mt khng hai:

second to none/unique

- ging:

be similar to / the same as/ like

- thot khi:

escape

- th ph:

capital city

- im xut pht:

departure point

Example 3:
Although fertility rates in poor countries have declined in recent years, the UN has estimated that the
worlds population should stabilize at approximately 10.2 billion people by the year 2100, when the
number dying will match the number being born. This figure is two and a quarter times the present
world population. A long-held and popular belief is that population growth in poor countries is the
major cause of poverty. The population explosion, it is argued, is wiping out any economic
development which the poor countries may achieve. The remedy to poverty is seen, therefore, to be
increased birth control. This view has come under severe criticism by poor countries and their
supporters in wealthy nations. They argue that large families and rapid population growth are
consequences of poverty rather than its cause. Many of the poor consider a large family to be essential
for survival in poor countries. In a society lacking social welfare payments, children are seen as a
source of security in old age and when illness or unemployment strike. Children are also regarded as a
means of bringing in additional income at an early age. In addition, because child mortality rates are
high, a large family is considered necessary to ensure that at least one son survives to adulthood.
Another argument is that employment opportunities and adequate social security schemes are the key
to falling birth rates.

Notes:
- Fertility rate: t l sinh
- To decline: gim xung
- To estimate: c tnh
- It is estimated that..: Ngi ta c tnh rng
- To stabilize: lm n nh
- It is important to stabilize our population growth rates.
- To match: snh bng
- Worldly pleasures cannot match those joys.
10

Nhng th vui trn tc khng th snh bng nhng nim vui ny.
- Belief : nim tin
- to have belief in something: tin tng ci g
- freedom of belief: t do tnh ngng
- The patient comes to the hospital in the belief that he will be cured of his chronic disease. Bnh nhn
n bnh vin vi nim tin l mnh s c cha khi cn bnh mn tnh
- poverty: s ngho kh
- Hunger eradication and poverty alleviation: xa i gim ngho
- population explosion/boom: bng n dn s
- To wipe out: xo sch
- Economic development: S pht trin kinh t
- Consequence: hu qu
- Social welfare payment: tr cp phc li x hi
- To be regarded as : c xem l
- additional income : khon thu nhp thm

Example 4:
The natural world is under violent assault. The seas and the rivers are being poisoned by radioactive
wastes, by chemical discharges and by the dumping of dangerous toxins and raw sewage. The air we
breathe is polluted by smoke and fumes from factories and motor vehicles. It is little wonder forests
and lakes are being destroyed and everywhere wildlife is disappearing. The irreversible loss of
biodiversity has a serious impact on the ability of maintaining species including humans to survive
because humans depend on species diversity and healthy ecosystems. The destruction continues
despite the warnings of the scientific community and the deep concern of millions of ordinary people.
Governments and industries throughout the world are intensifying their efforts to extract the earth's
mineral riches and to plunder its living resources. The great rain forests and the frozen continents alike
are seriously threatened. However, we can create environmentally-clean industries, harness the power
of the sun, wind and waves for our energy needs and manage the finite resources of the earth.
Notes: assault
radioactive wastes

: s tn cng
: cht thi ht nhn

the dumping of dangerous toxins and raw sewage: rc thi c hi cha x l

11

chemical discharges

: cht thi ha hc

irreversible

: khng cu vn ni

loss of biodiversity

: s bin mt ca a dng sinh hc

species diversity

: a loi

healthy ecosystems

: mi trng sinh thi lnh mnh

to plunder

: cp i

environmentally-clean industries : nn cng nghip thn thin vi mi trng

to harness

: khai thc

3. Newspaper styles
- Brief news items
- Announcements
- Reports
- Advertisements
Notes: Some main characteristics of newspaper headlines are as follows.
1. Present tense = past events
2. Present participle = event in progress
3. To infinitive = future events
4. Past participle = passive voice
5. Nouns
6. Verb + noun
Example:
1. Japanese Professors Turn to Business
Cc gio s Nht chuyn sang kinh doanh
2. US President Visiting Vietnam
Tng thng Hoa K ang thm Vit Nam
3. Oil Price To Rise?
Gi du s tng
4. Three More Investment Projects Licensed This Year
Thm ba d n u t na c cp giy php trong nm nay
5. Investment Boom
Bng n u t
6. See You in Court
Hn gp ti ta
Example 1. B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn yu cu tt c cc u ban nhn dn
tnh v thnh ph cng cc b lin quan duy tr vic phng dch nghim ngt. Cc a phng c
yu cu qun l cht gia sc nhim bnh v cm bun bn vn chuyn gia sc b bnh. Vic tiu hu
gia sc b bnh c thc hin theo cc qui nh ca c quan y t. ng tin rng vic tim phng ng
mt vai tr quan trng trong vic kim sot s bng pht bnh l mm long mng Vit Nam trong
tng lai.

Notes:
12

- B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn : The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
- u ban nhn dn tnh:

provincial peoples committee

- cc b lin quan:

relevant ministries

- duy tr:

maintain

- phng dch nghim ngt:

strict prevention of the epidemic

- gia sc nhim bnh:

infected domestic animal/livestock

- cm:

ban /prohibit/ forbid

- bun bn vn chuyn:

trade and movement

- Vic tiu hu:

culling

- vic tim phng:

vaccination

- bng pht bnh l mm long mng:

foot-and-mouth outbreak

Example 2. Nm 2005, doanh thu thng mi ca in t Samsung t 233 triu USD. Nhng n
nm 2006, c tnh con s ny l 335 triu USD. Vi phng chm chm nhng chc, mt d n lin
doanh mang tn Savina (Samsung Vietnam) hnh thnh v bt u hot ng vi tng s vn u t
l 78 triu USD. Samsung huy ng vn l 300 triu USD nhiu lnh vc nh in t, si tng
hp, nh cho thu. Cn nhng d n khc thuc cc lnh vc nh cng nghip nng, cng nghip ch
bin v xy dng th vn ang l nghin cu kh thi. Hin nay, Samsung l nh ti tr ln Vitnam.
Ngoi vic ti tr cho nhiu gii v ch th thao qui m ln-nh, Samsung cp 1,2 triu USD cho
cc chng trnh hc ngoi ng v hun luyn th dc.

Notes:
- doanh thu thng mi:

turnover/revenue/trade returns

- t:

reach/ achieve

- c tnh:

estimate

- con s:

figure

- phng chm:

motto/slogan

- d n lin doanh :

joint venture project

- hnh thnh:

come into being/existence

- s vn u t :

investment capital

- si tng hp:

synthetic fibre
13

- cng nghip ch bin :

processing industry

- nghin cu kh thi:

feasibility study

- nh ti tr:

sponsor

- gii v ch th thao:

sports championship

Example 3:
Vit Nam n lc duy tr s n nh chnh tr x hi, pht trin kinh t v quan h ngoi giao trong
nhng nm gn y. Nhng thay i tch cc ca lut php nh hng khng nh n tnh hnh sn
xut, ti chnh v thng mi. Nh nng nghip thch ng vi th trng t do nn Vit Nam c xp
l nc xut khu go ln th hai trn th gii sau Thi Lan. Ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh v vng ph
cn nhng hot ng dch v v sn xut pht trin v thay i nhanh chng. Kinh t pht trin
mnh mt phn nh vo ngun u t vn v cng ngh ca gn 2 triu Vit Kiu cc nc trn th
gii. a s h quay tr v Vit Nam u t v lin lc vi b con.

Notes:
- n lc:

make every effort/try hard/seek (to do something)

- s n nh chnh tr x hi:

socio-politic stability/control

- pht trin kinh t v quan h ngoi giao:

develop economic and diplomatic establishment

- thay i tch cc:

positive change

- thch ng:

respond to/ be adapted to

- vng ph cn:

in the neighbourhood/vicinity

- hot ng dch v v sn xut:

manufacturing/production and service activities

- ngun u t vn:

an influx of investment

Example 4. Ch 1 nm sau khi lnh cm vn ca M c bi b, cc cng ty nc gii kht khng l

nh Coca-cola, Pep si- Cola c hng u i v vn, chnh sch tip th v cc u i khc theo lut
u T Nc Ngoi, nn cc cng ty ny dn dn thm nhp th phn ca cc nh sn xut trong
nc. Cc sn phm khc cng ri vo hon cnh tng t. Bia Si Gn phi cnh tranh quyt lit vi
cc cng ty bia lin doanh vi nc ngoi. Cc nh sn xut bt git trong nc, mc d c th p
ng nhu cu trong nc n nm 2005, nhng li b cc cng ty khng l nh Procter & Gamble v
Unilever dn vo th b.

Notes:
14

- lnh cm vn :

embargo

- c bi b:

be lifted

- cng ty nc gii kht khng l:

soft drink giant

- hng u i:

enjoy preferences

- chnh sch tip th:

marketing policy

- thm nhp th phn:

eat into/ penetrate market shares

- theo lut u T Nc Ngoi:

under the Foreign Investment Law

- cnh tranh quyt lit:

compete fiercely

- cng ty bia:

brewery

- nh sn xut bt git:

detergent producer manufacturer

- p ng nhu cu:

meet/satisfy the need/demand

- dn vo th b:

drive sth /sb into the corner

Example 5: VIETNAM SEEKS ASSISTANCE FOR HIGHLANDS

DEVELOPMENTS
Hanoi - Vietnam wishes to exchange experiences and co-operate with other countries in making its
mountainous regions prosperous and stable, says Hoang Duc Nghi, Minister and Chairman of the
Committee for Ethnic Minorities and Mountainous Affairs.
Speaking at the World Mountain Forum held in French cities of Paris and Chambery last week, Nghi
said that the Vietnamese Government welcomes the UN declaration of 2002 as the International Year
of Mountains.
Vietnam is facing difficulties and challenges in checking deforestation and degradation of land
resources, and is committed to pursuing areas strategy of protecting natural resources through
sustainable exploitation, he said.
Nghi met with French and other delegates and discussed measures to heighten co-operation in the
development of mountainous regions.
The forum adopted a resolution calling on 140 countries having forests and mountains in the world to
raise awareness of the important role of mountainous regions, define orientations for sustainable
development of the areas in coming years, and increase exchange of experiences and co-operation.

15

The seven-day forum, jointly organized by France, the UN, EU, and the World Bank, wrapped up on
Monday.
Notes:
- stable :

n nh

- to face :

ng u

- challenge :

thch thc

- orientation :

nh hng

- sustainable :

pht trin bn vng

Example 6:

ADB ASSISTANCE TO HELP FIGHT POVERTY,

CREATE MORE JOBS

Hanoi - Continued assistance from the Asian Development Bank will play an important role in
poverty alleviation, especially in creating more employment, says Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung.
Receiving visiting ADB executive director Jeung-Hyun Yoon in Hanoi yesterday, Dung lauded the
valuable assistance that the Manila-based bank has rendered to the nations economic reforms, rural
development, human resource development and environmental protection.
The ADB has pledged loans worth US$2 billion since 1993 for 29 projects and preferential loan
programmes, of which $76 million is non-refundable, he noted.
Dung expressed his hope that the ADB will continue offering effective assistance for the countrys
reform programmes including the ongoing restructuring of State-owned enterprises and renovation of
the financial and banking sectors.
The ADB official said he was delighted to be visiting Vietnam at a time when its economy was
registering strong improvements.He briefed the Prime Minister on the results of his one- week visit,
saying it aimed to strengthen co-operation in lending and borrowing operations through exchange of
information and assessment of the banks operations in the country. Yoon also expressed his desire to
see further development in Vietnam-ADB relations and pledged to co-ordinate more actively among
sponsors in finding investment on preferential terms.

Notes:
- the Asian Development Bank :

Ngn hng Pht trin Chu

- play an important role :

ng mt vai tr quan trng

- poverty alleviation :

xo i gim ngho

- executive director :

gim c iu hnh
16

- human resource development :

pht trin ngun nhn lc

- preferential loan programmes :

chng trnh cho vay u i

- effective assistance :

s gip c hiu qu

- reform program:

chng trnh ci cch

- State-owned enterprise :

doanh nghip nh nc

Example 7: BBC News

Asia- Pacific

THOUSANDS FLEE INDONESIA VOLCANO ON SUMATRA

Thousands of Indonesians are spending the night in emergency shelters after fleeing an
erupting volcano on the island of Sumatra.
Officials issued a red alert after Mount Sinabung began to spew lava shortly after midnight.
Smoke and ash reportedly shot 1,500m into the air. Witnesses said they could see the lava from several
miles away. Mount Sinabung, some 60km south-west of Sumatras main city Medan, has not erupted
for 400 years. Officials from Red Cross told the BBC that more than 19,000 people were being moved
from the slopes of Mount Sinabung and surrounding areas.
Ash and acrid smoke from the volcano have blanketed villages and crops. Local people
arriving at refuge centres were covered in grey ash, many had their faces covered.
At least one person is reported to have died from breathing problems.
The volcano had been pumping out smoke all day Saturday, but alert levels had not been
raised, and local media reported that villagers had been taken by surprise. The Medan Tribune quoted
one local recident as saying he panicked and ran when he saw lava coming towards him like a ball of
fire.
Sunoro, head of the nations volcano disaster alert centre, told AFP news agency that the alert
level had been raised to red because the situation was clearly dangerous.
Initially, we thought the ash and smoke were triggered by rain, but now we know the driving
pressure was from magma, he said.
He said that as the volcano had not erupted since 1600, scientists knew very little about it.
The Indonesian archipelago lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire and has at least 129 active
volcanoes.
Notes: an erupting volcano : ni la phun tro
to spew lava

: phun dung nham

a red alert

: bo ng

ash and acrid smoke : tro bi v khi cay

refuge centres

: trung tm t nn

The Indonesian archipelago : qun o In- n- si-a

17

Example 8: VOA News - The USA

OBAMA URGES CONGRESSIONAL REPUBLICANS TO SUPPORT AN

EXTENTION OF PAYROLL TAX CUTS.
President Barack Obama is again urging opposition Republican lawmakers to support an extension of
payroll tax cuts for American workers, which is due to expire at the end of the year. Mr. Obama spoke
as Senate Democrats unveiled a modified version of the legislation on Capitol Hill.
The president came to the White House briefing room to make his latest appeal to Republicans to
support an extension of the tax cut approved by Congress as part of a budget agreement last year.
Last week, a Democratic measure that included a proposal for a surtax on high-earning Americans was
voted down, as was a competing Republican measure that would have paid for the payroll tax cut
extension with sharp reductions in the federal workforce.
In his remarks, Mr. Obama pointed to recent comments by Republican leaders in the Senate and House
of Representatives about the importance of renewing the tax cuts, and urged them to support the
extension. "Keep your word to the American people and don't raise taxes on them right now. Now is
not the time to slam on the brakes; now is the time to step on the gas. Now is the time to keep growing
the economy, to keep creating jobs, to keep giving working Americans the boost that they need," he
said.
The president said he is willing to work with Republicans to extend the payroll tax cut "in a
responsible way," but he said he refuses to do so in a way that "actually hurts the economy."
Meanwhile, Senate Majority Leader Democrat Harry Reid formally announced a scaled-back version
of the Democratic bill that failed to pass in the Senate last week.
Reid said that based on last week's vote, he is skeptical that Republicans want to prevent expiration of
the tax cuts, which would effect about 160 million Americans. "Republicans need to be prepared to
meet us part way. We are offering a serious proposal with meaningful concessions, including spending
cuts to which Republicans have already agreed," he said.
Among the concessions, Democrats lowered the surtax on Americans earning more than $1 million a
year, a move Reid said was aimed at making the new proposal more palatable to Republicans. The
revised measure is expected to cost less, about $180 billion compared with the $265 billion bill voted
down last week.
But on the Senate floor, Republican Jon Kyl suggested that ongoing payroll tax cuts are not very
helpful to the economy. "It can be argued that this is very bad economic policy. There is no evidence
that this temporary tax cut has actually produced any new jobs, which is the whole idea," he said.
President Obama's remarks on Monday echoed a message he has tried to send during recent trips
across the country, combining campaigning for next year's general elections with promotion of his
economic policies.
White House Press Secretary Jay Carney says a speech Mr. Obama will deliver on Tuesday in the
Mid-Western state of Kansas will be an effort to frame the national debate over the economy. "The
president's speech will encapsulate the debates that we have been having this year over our economic
policy and over our economic future," he said.
In 1910, President Theodore Roosevelt used a Kansas speech to call for more income equality and
equal opportunity, and said the federal government had an obligation to play a major role in
guaranteeing social justice.
18

The White House says Mr. Obama will speak about a "make-or-break moment" for the U.S. middle
class and all of those working to join it, and emphasize the importance of shared sacrifice in efforts to
repair the nation's economy.
Notes: - an extension of payroll tax cuts
- a modified version of the legislation

: vic gia hn ct gim thu lng bng

: mt phin bn c iu chnh ca d lut

19

4. Official styles
- Business documents: Contracts, agreement
- Diplomatic documents

Example 1: English- Vietnamese translation

COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
NO. 02/KSVN-JMS/10
DATE: OCT 04, 2010

Today, Oct 04th, 2010 at KISOO VINA CO., LTD s office, We hereby :
THE SELLER :
KISOO VINA CO., LTD
1B Hamlet , An Phu Village, Thuan An Dist., Binh Duong Province,
VIETNAM
Tel. : (84-0650) 3713922
Fax. : (84-0650) 3713923
Represented by Mr. KIM SUNG JOON
Title: G.Director
Hereinafter called Party A
THE BUYER ::
JUNGBOLD & MORENO STOLZ GMBH (Buyer)
AM Flossbach 15,67112 Mutterstadt,GERMANY
Tel.: 0049-0-6234-9261-463
Fax: 0049-0-6234-9261-450
Represented by Mr. ALEXANDER MORENO-STOZ Title: G.Director
Hereinafter called Party B
After careful discussion, the two parties agreed to sign the sales contract with the
following terms and conditions :
ARTICLE 1: COMMODITY QUANTITY UNIT PRICE :
In words : US dollars ninety two thousand three hundred and one and cents thirty.

STYLE

DESCRIPTION

QUANTITY
(PCS)

1013S1002
1013S1004
1013S1051
1013S-

U/PRICE

AMOUNT

(USD)

(USD)

DELIVERY

GIRL TUBE TOP

600

$4.00

$2,400.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL LONG T. SHIRT

600

$3.65

$2,190.00

30-Dec-10

1,360

$4.75

$6,460.00

30-Dec-10

450

$3.50

$1,575.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL OVER SIZE T.SHIRT

GIRL LONG TOP

20

1052
1013S1053
1013S1054
1013S1055
1013S1056
1013S1057
1013S1058
1013S1059
1013S1221
1013S1222
1033S1005
1033S1006
1033S1050
1033S1051
1033S1052
1033S1055
1033S1056
1033S1230
1033S1232
1113S1002
1113S1003
1113S1007
1113S1008
1113S1011
1113S1012

GIRL OVER SIZE T.SHIRT

200

$6.50

$1,300.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL OVER SIZE T.SHIRT

700

$4.90

$3,430.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL LONG TOP

840

$3.20

$2,688.00

30-Dec-10

1,000

$2.95

$2,950.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL TUBE TOP

720

$3.90

$2,808.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL LONG TOP

464

$3.20

$1,484.80

30-Dec-10

GIRL LONG TOP

420

$4.95

$2,079.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL BABY DOLL DRESS

610

$6.15

$3,751.50

30-Dec-10

GIRL DRESS

550

$5.15

$2,832.50

30-Dec-10

GIRL T. SHIRT

150

$3.90

$585.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL T. SHIRT

350

$4.50

$1,575.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL OVER SIZE TANK TOP

200

$6.30

$1,260.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL OVER SIZE TOP

120

$8.50

$1,020.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL LONG TANK TOP

410

$4.50

$1,845.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL OVER SIZE TOP

380

$7.20

$2,736.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL OVER SIZE TANK TOP

480

$5.95

$2,856.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL DRESS

690

$6.50

$4,485.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL DRESS

370

$6.25

$2,312.50

30-Dec-10

GIRL LONG TANK TOP

420

$6.80

$2,856.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL OVER SIZE SHIRT

400

$8.30

$3,320.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL LONG SHIRT

250

$7.50

$1,875.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL LONG TANK TOP

280

$7.60

$2,128.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL OVER SIZE SHIRT

260

$6.85

$1,781.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL OVER SIZE SHIRT

260

$8.00

$2,080.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL LONG TANK TOP

21

1113S1013
1113S1014
1113S1015
1113S1016
1113S1017
1113S1026
1113S1201
1113S1207
1113S1208
1113S1210
1113S1212
1113S1213

GIRL LONG SHIRT

600

$5.70

$3,420.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL LONG TANK TOP

360

$5.70

$2,052.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL LONG TUBE TOP

370

$7.00

$2,590.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL LONG SHIRT

540

$4.60

$2,484.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL LONG TANK TOP

310

$4.65

$1,441.50

30-Dec-10

GIRL TUNIKA

200

$8.00

$1,600.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL TUBE DRESS

250

$10.50

$2,625.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL NECK HOLDER DRESS

210

$6.50

$1,365.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL NECK HOLDER DRESS

300

$7.20

$2,160.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL DRESS

170

$7.10

$1,207.00

30-Dec-10

GIRL TUBE DRESS

170

$10.55

$1,793.50

30-Dec-10

GIRL DRESS

100

$9.00

$900.00

30-Dec-10

TOTAL

17,114

$92,301.30

ARTICLE 2 : SHIPMENT TERM :

- Shipment date : Not later than Dec 30, 2010 .
- Partial shipments are allowed.
- Destination : Germany
- More or less : 3% allowed on the quantity and total amount.
- Shipments will be effected by party A under FOB HCMC term to any Port/Airport of Ho
Chi Minh City .
- Shipping service(by sea or by air) : nominated by party B.
ARTICLE 3 : PAYMENT TERM:
In USD under IRR L/C at sight by party B to party As account No. USD 240-67-022170 at
party As advising bank : KISOO VINA CO. LTD
ADVISING BANK : BANK FOR FOREIGN TRADE OF VIET NAM, SONG THAN BRANCH
(VIETCOMBANK).
NO. 01, TRUONG SON HIGHWAY, AN BINH VILLAGE, DI AN DIST., BINH DUONG
PROVINCE, VIETNAM.
TEL : (08) 3 724 1627

FAX : (08) 3 724 1498

22

ACCOUNT NO: 046.137.3747283 (USD)

SWIFT CODE : BFTV VNVX 007 - CHIPS UID : CH343773
CIF NO : 2678137.
With following payment term :
-

IRR L/C at sight payment 15 days after shipment.

Shipment Insurance : to be effected by party B
Requested documents for payment : invoice, packing list, Bill of Loading or Airway Bill,
certificate of origin for textiles, export license, test report.

ARTICLE 4 : RESPONSIBILITY OF EACH PARTY :

1. RESPONSIBILITY OF PARTY A:
- Party A will take full responsibility of the quality of garments, export standard of packing, as
well as delivery time for each style, which is specified in the Article 2.
- Party A guarantees the absence of harmful substances in their textiles and that entire
production is made according to regulations EU and AZO free
- Party A has to take responsibility of finishing license of im-ex procedures under Viet Nam
laws.
2. RESPONSIBILITY OF PARTY B:
- Party B is responsible for supply of correct samples, correct patterns as well as all technical
instructions to meet party As production capacity and help party A to keep delivery time.
ARTICLE 5 : COMMITMENTS :
- Both parties will guarantee to follow strictly all articles shown in the contract. Any
changes of a single term or condition must be made by written form and countersigned by
authorised representatives of each party.
- Disputes or controversies, if any, should be settled by amicable and mutually helpful
negotiations .
This contract comes into effect from the signing date until Feb 20, 2011.
This contract is made in 04 English originals with the same value, two of which will be
kept by each party for further execution.

For the SELLER

For the BUYER

KISOO VINA CO., LTD

JMS HANDELS GMBH & CO.KG

23

Example 2: Vietnamese- English translation

HP ONG THNG MAI

-----------------------------So : 070610
Ngay : 07/06/2010
BEN BAN : CONG TY CO PHAN AI THUAN
a ch : 42 Cu Chi, tp Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam
Tel : (84.58) 3839124 - 3728188
Fax : (84.58) 3839118
Email : tashun@dng.vnn.vn
So tai khoan : So tai khoan : 4700221370001014 tai Ngan hang NN & PTNT Chi nhanh Khanh
Hoa .
-a ch ngan hang : 02 Hung Vng ., Nha Trang , Khanh Hoa , Viet Nam.
-Swift Code : VBAAVNVX580
ai dien bi ba : Pham Th Thanh Hng Giam oc
BEN MUA : GOSHOKU CO.,LTD. Chi nhanh Tokyo
a ch : Dai2 Yamaman Building 6-7 Nihonbashikoamicho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
ien thoai : 81-3-5640-1168
; Fax : 81-3-5640-1164
ai dien bi ong : TATSUHIKO MAKINO Tong giam oc.
Hai ben ong y ky hp ong vi cac ieu khoan sau :
ieu 1 : Ten hang, so lng , n gia

Qui cach
(cm)

So lng
(KGS)

n gia
(USD/KG CFR
TOKYO/KOBE
PORT, JAPAN)

Ca Ghim tam gia v

(Loai A1)

11-13
13-16
16-19

Toi thieu 15,000

8.65

129,750.00

Ca Ghim tam gia v

(Loai A2)

11-13
13-16
16-19

Toi a 9,000

8.15

73,350.00

Ten hang

1/

2/

Tong cong

24,000

Tong so tien
(USD)

203,100.00

* Tong so tien : USD 203,100.00 (Hai tram le ba ngan, mot tram o la My )

* So lng va so tien nhieu hn hoac t 10 % : chap nhan
ieu 2 : Chat lng, ong goi , kiem hang va cang d hang .
24

1- Chat lng : Nh mau

2- ong goi : ( Ben mua thiet ke nhan tren thung carton )
(500g/tui X10)/thung X 2 // thung (Trong lng tnh : 10Kgs)
3- Kiem hang : Kiem tai nha may cua ben ban trc khi xuat hang .
4- Cang d hang : Cang Kobe hoac Tokyo , Japan
ieu 3 : Xuat hang va cac chng t
1- Giao hang tng phan : Cho phep
2- Xuat hang : khong qua ngay 10/11/2010.
3- Chng t : Van n, hoa n, bang liet ke hang, giay chng nhan ve sinh an ton thc
phm, giay chng nhan xuat x mau VJ (Ma HS : 160419).
ieu 4 : Thanh toan
Thanh toan bang th tn dung khong huy ngang, tra tien ngay
ieu 5 : Cac ieu khoan khac ( Neu co )
- Thi han khieu nai hang hoa : trong vong 45 ngay sau ngay giao hang .
- Neu c quan chc nang Nhat Ban phat hien hang khong at chat lng th ben mua se tra lai
hang cho ben ban va hai ben chon mot trong nhng cach sau :
+ Ben ban se thay the ngay lo hang kiem khuyet o/ hoac
+ Neu ben ban khong co hang , ben ban phai tra lai so tien ben mua a a trc.
Moi chi ph tra hang se do ben ban chu.
ieu 6 : Cac ieu khoan chung
Tat ca cac ieu khoan trong hp ong nay se le thuoc vao Thuat ng thng mai quoc te , hieu
nh nam 2000. Neu co s sa oi cac ieu khoan nao trong hp ong nay phai c hai ben ong
y trc bang van ban
Hp ong nay c lap bang tieng Anh va c xac nhan qua Fax hoac email.
Hp ong nay co hieu lc ke t ngay ky en het ngay 15/12/2010.
Ben mua
( a ky va ong dau )

Ben ban
( a ky va ong dau)

25

LESSON 4:

PRACTICE

Vietnamese- English translation

Example 1: News
1. Do nh hng ca c ch th trng trong nc cng nh th gii, trong 3 thng u
nm 2010, gi c th trng trong nc lun bin ng, 1 s mt hng thit yu trong
i sng sinh hot ca ngi dn nh gas, xng, in, nclin tc tng.
Bt u t ngy 1 thng 3, gi cc taxi ca Mai Linh ti thnh ph Nha Trang
chnh thc tng thm 500 ng/km vn chuyn. Vic tng gi cc ln ny v c bn s
gip cc doanh nghip taxi cn i c chi ph vn hnh sau khi gi xng tng thm
590 ng/lt vo ngy 21 thng 02 va qua. Hin nay, ton thnh ph Nha Trang c 11
doanh nghip kinh doanh vn ti taxi vi tng lng xe khong 800 chic. Theo thng
tin t S Giao Thng Vn Ti tnh Khnh Ha, c th trong thi gian ti, mt s hng
taxi cn li ca thnh ph cng s ln k hoch tng gi cc.

2. 2 thng qua, kim ngch xut khu ton tnh Khnh Ha t 100,5 triu USD, tng
92,4% so vi cng k 2009, ring xut khu hng ha t gn 96,2 triu USD, tng gp
2,5 ln so vi cng k 2009. Trong , c 2,6 triu USD sn phm g, tng gn
60,8%; gn 8 triu USD hng dt may, tng 25,5%; 5.603 tn hi sn cc loi, tng gn
20,3%; 11 tn ht iu, tng gn 10,7%; hn 2,2 triu USD thc phm ch bin khc,
tng 87,5%... Ton tnh Khnh Ha nhp khu t 44,2 triu USD, tng 44,7% so vi
cng k 2009. Trong , nguyn ph liu thuc l tng gn 47%; vi v ph liu may
mc tng 25%; thit b v ph tng tng 84,9%; thc n nui tm tng hn 7,7%; bng
x si tng 3,5 ln

26

Example 2:
NHNG NGNH KINH T TRNG IM
Nhng ngnh kinh t trng im nm nay cho thy rng Vit nam ang i ng hng
trn con ng pht trin khi m hu ht cc mc tiu s tr thnh hin thc v cc
thnh tu t c s cao hn d on.
Theo mt bn bo co ca chnh ph c Th tng Phan Vn Khi trnh by ti k
hp Quc hi ln th 8, chng ta s t c tt c cc mc tiu kinh t trng im ca
nm nay vi mc tng trng kinh t d on l 6,7%. Gi tr cng nghip d kin s
tng 15,5%, trong khi mc tiu ra l 11%. Mc tng trng cao nht l 18,8% s
thuc v cc thnh phn kinh t ngoi quc doanh, tip l u t nc ngoi 17,3%
v thnh phn nh nc vi 12,4%. Nng sn s tng 4,9% so vi mc tiu l 4%,
ngnh dch v cng s tng 6% so vi mc tiu l 5 - 5,5%.
Tng u t trong nm c tnh vo khong 27,9% ca tng sn phm quc ni (GDP),
tng 20% so vi nm ngoi. Trong ng gp ca ngn sch nh nc l 23.8%, tn
dng nh nc 17%, thnh phn lin doanh nh nc 17,9% v thnh phn t nhn l
23,2%.
Tng thu nhp ngn sch s tng 8,9% so vi nm ngoi v s vt mc tiu. Lng
xut khu hng ho s t 14 t USD, ln n 21,3% so vi mc tiu t ra vo u nm
l 11 - 12%. Thu nhp t xut khu vn trung bnh t 180 USD, vt qua mc 170
USD l mc im. Thng d thng mi s c hn nh mc lnh mnh l 7% t
ngun thu xut khu.
Bn bo co cho rng c c thnh tu kinh t tt p/ kh quan nh vy l nh vo
s u t ngy cng tng ca chnh ph, s pht trin ca nhng cng ty nh v ngun
tng thu nhp ln mnh t xut khu du th. iu nay dn n vic k kt Hip nh
thng mi Vit-M v s thnh lp th trng chng khon nh l nhng nhn t quan
trng kch thch s tng trng trong tng lai. Tuy nhin, cng cn nhn mnh rng
nn kinh t tng lai v nhng ci cch hnh chnh cn c duy tr v y nhanh tc
tng trng. u t nc ngoi ang cn thp v s chuyn i ca nhng x nghip
nh nc vn cn chm chp. Trong lc , nn kinh t li phi i mt vi nhng
thch thc ln, bng chng l cnh tranh yu km, gi tr gia tng trong sn phm cng
nghip thp, gi c nng sn cng cn thp v cht lng dch v th non km.
Bn bo co cng a ra mt vi gii php vt qua nhng thch thc ny v t
c mc tng trng cao hn vo nm ti. Nhng bin php ny bao gm c s thay
i mnh m ca nhng x nghip thuc s hu nh nc, khuyn khch cc thnh phn
kinh t t nhn tham gia vo lnh vc gio dc, chm sc sc kho, v sinh th v
nhng dch v cng cng khc.
27

D kin k hp Quc hi, bt u t ngy 14 /11, s thng qua lut Bo him doanh
nghip, lut kim sot ma tu v chng trnh ngh s cho nm 2001. K hp ko di
trong vng mt thng ny cng s tho lun phng hng v nhim v cho nm 2001
v nhng vn lin quan n ngn sch an ninh, quc phng v nhng chng trnh
quc gia.

28

Example 3:

CHNH SCH KINH T M VVIC HUY NG VN U T

TRONG S NGHIP CNG NGHIP HO - HIN I HO
Cng nghip ho -hin i ho phi c tin hnh theo m hnh kinh t m c trong
nc v vi nc ngoi. Pht huy hn na quyn t ch, tnh nng ng, sng to tng
cng lin doanh lin kt , hp tc cng c li gia cc ngnh , cc a phng v c s
pht trin sn xut kinh doanh c hiu qu. Khuyn khch cc hnh thc a dng v
cc gii php c th, thi ua ui kp v vt cc n v , a phng khc nhng phi
chng cc b, bn v, v t chc, vi phm k lut, k cng, php lut ca nh nc,
phng hi n li ch chung.
Nh nc cng nh doanh nghip phi tm cch thch ng v khai thc tt nhng thun
li ca xu th quc t ho sn xut v i sng, hiu r i tc , c chin lc v sch
lc khn ngoan chin thng trong cuc cnh tranh kinh t ngy cng gay gt.
Trong bi cnh khu vc v quc t hin nay, s hn ch qu t v v phn ln cc loi
ti nguyn , s di do v ngun nhn lc, li th v gi nhn cng r, v tr a l
thun li, i hi v cho php chng ta la chn chin lc cng nghip ho hng v
xut khu l chnh pht trin nhanh ng thi thay th nhp khu nhng hng ho
dch v trong nc t cung ng c hiu qu hn. Hng v xut khu l cch thc tn
dng nhng li th so snh, tranh th sc mua ln trn th trng th gii tch t vn
nhm nhanh chng m rng quy m v nng cao trnh sn xut trong nc, to thm
nhi vic lm v thu nhp, tng kh nng nhp vt t thit b to ra nhng hng ho
dch v c gi tr gia tng ln, cht lng cao, c sc cnh tranh mnh c trn th trng
ni a v th trng th gii, p ng nhu cu sn xut v i sng ca nhn dn.
thc hin thnh cng chin lc hng v xut khu, to c s tin cy trong quan
h quc t trn ba mt sau y: Trong thanh ton bng ngoi t, trong vic thc hin cc
hp ng bun bn , trong vic bo m phm cht hng ho. t bit ch trng khng
ngng nng cao cht lng hng xut khu .
Hng v xut khu phi i i vi khuyn khch pht trin mnh v bo h ng mc
sn xut ni a, khng hng ngoi nhp lu trn lan, bp cht hng ni, khin sn
xut trong nc b gim st hoc nh n, ngi lao ng mt cng n vic lm v thu
nhp.

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English- Vietnamese Translation

News : Example 1: EUROPEAN FINANCE CHIEFS MEET ON DEBT CRISIS
European leaders converge on Brussels Sunday for a crucial summit aimed at forging a plan to save
the euro currency. As Greece struggles to avoid a default on its debts, EU leaders must try to stop the
crisis from spreading to much bigger economies like Italy and Spain, which could threaten the future
of the European Union itself.
Two days of violent protests and strikes preceded Greece's latest effort to slash government spending.
Defying the protesters, Prime Minister Papandreou succeeded in getting the latest round of austerity
measures passed in Parliament, vital to secure the next slice of European and IMF bailout money.
That will give encouragement to European leaders. After months of turmoil and credit downgrades,
Sunday's summit is billed as the moment Europe must finally come together to stem the tide of its debt
crisis. German Chancellor Angela Merkel struck an upbeat tone ahead of the meeting.
"If we want to use the crisis as an opportunity," Merkel said, "if we are determined to have more
Europe, then we must seize the crisis as an opportunity and be prepared for unconventional and
quicker action."
Few leaders appear confident of a quick agreement; a second summit has already been penciled in for
Wednesday next week. By then, France and Germany say they will have bridged their differences on
how Europe's bailout fund should be strengthened.
Analysts say the initial focus will be on how to pump more capital into troubled banks. And that's just
the start.
Europe needs to show it will bail out bigger countries like Italy and Spain if they caught in a debt
spiral, says Tobias Blattner of Daiwa Capital Markets.
"They need to increase the firepower of the bailout fund so that we finally stop contagion and there are
no worries about an eventual Italian default," said Blattner. "This is what they have to do. But
unfortunately how it looks now is that the proposals, how they want to leverage this temporary bailout
fund, will not be enough. And this is why the summit will most likely disappoint financial market
participants."
Tim Ohlenburg of London analyst group the Center for Economic and Business Research says more
radical measures are needed for investors to regain confidence in Europe.
"We think there's hope for the eurozone in the long term overall if Europe manages to put a new
institutional framework in place and manages either to let go of economies that are not viable in the
euro, or find a transfer mechanism," said Ohlenburg.
No eurozone leader dares to talk in public of weaker members dropping the currency. But the only
alternative, says Olehnburg, is a truly federal Europe.
"I think the only way to put an end to this situation, in general, is treaty change," added Ohlenburg.
"More power to Europe, closer integration, fiscal union."
Such is the gravity of its debt crisis that Europe's very foundations are up for debate.
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Example 2:

ADJUSTMENTS NEEDED TO SOCIAL

INSURANCE SCHEME

Generally, after a time of stagnation, HCMCs private textile embroidery industry has
recovered and develop somewhat since 1991. Yet development is not stable because
most private units work according to foreign orders. Consequently, they can't control
their production plan, and labour price for making garments is limited by foreign
partners (the labour cost of 1995 is equal to 65 - 70% of that in 1991 - 1992). Due to the
very nature of the industry, the average wage of those working in this branch is only
about VND 400,000 per month. Under the current fierce competition, the amount of
15% of total wages for social insurance and 2% for medical insurance that enterprises
must contribute, if the proposed social insurance scheme comes into effect, will push up
production costs to very high levels, making it difficult for Vietnamese ventures to
compete effectively and occupy the market.
To help private textile embroidery businesses survive, Mr. Nam has suggested, the
State should amend the contribution rate of none - State ventures to Social Insurance
schemes, as follows:
- Social Insurance: 10% by enterprise, 3% by employee.
- Medical Insurance: 1 % by enterprises, 1 % by employee
The State should also issue a regulation concerning employees who are trained and
recruited by an enterprise, and are obligated to work for at least two years. It is
necessary that employees working at non-- State ventures should be given a work card.
Employer agreement may be required if an employee want to leave his or her job.
All members of HCMC's Textile - Embroidery Association agree on the
implementation of contributing a part of total wages to Social and Medical Insurance, in
compliance with the Labour Code.

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Example 3: TOURISM GROWING AS HOTEL OCCUPANCY DROPS

HCM CITY - The number of foreign tourists arriving in Viet Nam has been increasing year after
year. On average, it grows by 30 per cent a year, according to recent statistics released from Viet Nam
Tourism Administration.
Though the number of tourists is on the rise, occupancy rates of hotels have dropped significantly as
compared to previous years. Over the past six years, joint - venture hotels and guest houses operated at
an average capacity rate of 85 to 90 per cent. They are now operating at a capacity rate of only 60 per
cent. A rate which is much worse than that of state - owned hotels and private guest - houses.
One of the main reasons for the decline in hotel capacity rates is the mushrooming of joint-venture
hotels which has caused severe competition among hotels for room - rates and hotel services.
Several hotels have become burdens to their owners, with low gross earnings and high taxes, many
are about to be forced to close down.
Most foreign visitors have come here eager to experience something new and to travel to places of
wild and natural beauty during their stay. For this reason, Viet Nam's tourist industry needs to
reorganize its management and set goals in order to satisfy the current demands of tourists.
Though there has been growth in the number of tourists over the past several years, the number of
visitors that come for a second visit is low. It is evident that the attraction of Vietnam's tourist industry
is still inadequate and tourist sites, transport and accommodation facilities have not yet reached
international standards. The country now has some 22 provinces and cities which have completed
detailed master plans for tourist resorts.
However, these projects are yet to be developed and are still under discussion. Even though each year
the government has spent tens of billion of dongs on upgrading national historical relics and tourist
resorts, due to a lack of management expertise and investment knowledge, these sites have failed to
help boost the development of the tourist industry. To improve quality of tourist resorts and to boost
hotel operations, Viet Nams tourism industry now requires more investment from the government.

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Example 4: REFORESTATION AN UPHILL BATTLE IN

MOUNTAINOUS TAY NGUYEN

Tay Nguyen- the authorities and people in Tay Nguyen (the Western Highlands) have a battle on
their hand to protect and restore forests that have been relentlessly chopped down.
Spread over nearly 55,000sq.km, the forests in these regions are the countrys largest. Actually
covering 2.93 million ha, it is 230,000 ha less than five years ago. Of the four Tay Nguyen provinces,
Dac Lac is the one with the largest wooded area and also the one losing the most canopy each year an
average of 40,000 ha.
The reason for losing the provinces lung is not hard to find- the inexorable emigration of people to
these areas from the rest of the country since 1990. The population growth in these provinces has been
a staggering 5 to 6 per cent every year. And Dac Lac alone houses 2,200 migrants.
With the influx came the usual accompanying problems: pressure on forestland for housing,
cultivating and fuel.
Another reason has been the creased cultivation of commercial crops like coffee, pepper, and rubber.
The total area under these has risen to 567,000 ha- double the 1996 figure.
But the government has become aware of the havoc that denudation of the forest cover could wreak.
Tay Nguyen is seen as a common roof for the Central and South-eastern areas, but the regions
forests is enduring serious damage, illegal wood exploitation remains a headache, and the environment
is under great threat, said Prime Minister Phan Van Khai when speaking about the regions
development.
He exhorted the Tay Nguyen provinces to keep a close eye on forest protection and development, and
set targets for the next five years to increase the area under forest cover in a bid to ensure sustainable
socio-economic development.
The provincial authorities too have begun to get their act together. In Dac- Lac, for instance, billions
of dong has been invested in reforestation activities under Programmes 327 and 661 and the total
reforested has reached about 10,000 ha.
But the figure is still minuscule when juxtaposed with the more than 200,000 ha that have been felled
since 1995.
Under the socio- economic development scheme for the 2001-05 period, Tay Nguyens provinces have
earmarked over 2.93million ha of existing forest areas for protection while reforesting 500,000 ha, so
that the total forest cover would reach 64.3 per cent by 2005, an increase of 10 per cent over the
current figure.
To reach the goal through, the provinces need to raise awareness among the population, innovate
sustainable products and manufacturing methods and improve forest management and protection.
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The forest plantation and communal forest management departments should be further strengthened
while economic sectors and households should be urged to take an active part in protecting and
managing forest areas.
At the moment some areas in Dac Lac Province have been moving in that direction and local residents
have proven willing to protect and develop forest areas to which they are given possession rights.

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REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Nguyn Trng n . International Business Contracts. Nh xut bn H Ni - 1997.
2. Nguyn Vn Tun. Translation I, II, III & IV. Nh xut bn Nng- 2004, 2005.
3. Peter Newmark, 1988. A Textbook Of Translation. Prentice Hall.
4. Roger T.Bell, 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. Longman.
5. Other sources : - BBC News & VOA News
- News from the Khanh Hoa TV Station
- From the internet

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