Polynomials
Yakub Koyyur
GOVERNMENT HIGHSCHOOL NADA Email:yhokkila@gmail.com Ph:9008983286
Polynomials
P(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + . . . . . . . . .+ anxn
X Variable, n Positive number, a1, a2, a3, -------- Constants. Variables should be non-negative
Degree of a polynomials:
The highest exponent of the variable in a polynomial is called its
degree.
Constant polynomial:The polinomials of the form f x 10
zero polynomial: The constant polynomial 0 or f(x) = 0
Types of
polynomials
Linear
polynomial
Quadratic
Polynomial
Cubic
Polynomial
ax + b
( a 0)
ax2 + bx + c
(a 0)
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
( a0)
Zero of a polynomial:
If p(x) is a polynomial and k is any real number such that p(k) =
O, then k is called a zero of the polynomial p(x).
Example:
The zeros of f(x) = x2 -5x + 6 is 2 and 3.
Becouse f(2) = 0 and f(3) = 0
Division algorithm for polynomial: P(x) = g(x).q(x) + r(x)
P(x) = Dividend , g(x) = Divisor, q(x) = quotient, r(x) = remainder
Remainder Therorem:
If a polynomial p(x) is divided by a linear polynomial (x a), then the
remainder is p(a)
If p(x) is divided by (x + a), then the remainder is p(a)
If p (x) is divided by (ax + b), then the remainder is P( ) .
Factor Theroem: If p(a) = 0, then (x a) is a factor of p(x).
When (x a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0
Yakub S.,GHS Nada, Belthangady Taluk, D.K., 574214. Ph: 9008983286
p(x) = x 3 By factorisation, x 3 = x 3 = (x + 3 ) (x 3 )
So, the value of (x 2 3) is zero when x = 3 and x = 3
the zeroes of (x 2 3) are 3 and 3
Verification: P(3) = (3)2 3 = 3-3 =0
P(-3) = (3)2 3 = 3 3 = 0
Exercise 8.1
1. Find the degree of the following polynomials.
Sl.No.
Polynomials
Degree
2
(i)
x 9x +20
2
(ii)
2x + 4 + 6x2
2
3
2
(iii)
x + 2x -5x 6
3
3
2
(iv)
x + 17x 21 x
3
3
(v)
3
3x +19x + 14
3
2
2. If f(x) = 2x + 3x 11x + 6 then find the value of (i) f(0) (ii) f(1) (iii) f(-1) (iv) f(2) (v) f(-3).
f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 11x + 6
(i) f(0) = 2(0)3 + 3(0)2 - 11(0) + 6
f(0) = 0
+ 0 - 0
+6
f(0) = 6
(ii) f(1) = 2(1)3 + 3(1)2 - 11(1) + 6
f(1) = 2(1) + 3(1) - 11(1) + 6
f(1) = 2 + 3 - 11 + 6
f(1) = 11 - 11
f(1) = 0
(iii) f(-1) = 2(-1)3 + 3(-1)2 - 11(-1) + 6
f(-1) = -2 + 3 + 11 + 6
f(-1) = 18
(iv) f(2) = 2(2)3 + 3(2)2 - 11(2) + 6
f(2) = 2(8) + 3(4) - 11(2) + 6
f(2) = 16 + 12 - 22 + 6
f(2) = 12
=3
+1
= -1 + 1
=0
=5
=48
= -4
=3
11
=0
3
3
=4
- 49
=4
= 49 - 49
- 49
f
=0
f(a) = 4a2 - 49
f
=4
- 49
=4
= 49 - 49
=0
- 49
Verification,
f(a) = 2a2 - 22a + 1
2
f
=2
- 22
+1
f
f
f
=2
-2 +1
=1-2 +1
=2-2
f
=0
k =
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example1:On dividing 3x3 + x2 + 2x + 5 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and remainder are
(3x 5) and (9x + 10) respectively. Find g(x).
Sol:p(x) = [g(x) q(x)] + r(x) [Division algorithm for polynomials]
( )
g(x) =
g(x) =
( )
( )
(
g(x) =
) (
(
3x3 + x2 7x - 5
3x3 5x2
6x2 7x
6x2 -10x
3x - 5
3x - 5
0
2
g(x) = x + 2x + 1
3x - 5
x2 + 2x + 1
3x +2x+5
4
2
6x +13x3+13x +30x +20
4
2
6x + 4x3+10x
3
+9x + 3x2 +30x
3
+9x + 6x2 +15x
- 3x2 +15x +20
-3x2 - 2x - 5
+ 17x +25
2x2 + 3x - 1
x + 2x 3
x + 2x 2x + x 1
x +1
4
3
2
x + 2x 3x
x2 + x - 1
x2 + 2x - 3
- x +2
Hence, we should add (x 2) to p(x) so that the resulting polynomial is exactly dividible by g(x).
Exercise 8.2
1. Divide p(x) by g(x) in each of the following cases and verify division algorithm.
(i) p(x) = x2 + 4x + 4 ; g(x) = x + 2
x+2
x2 + 4x + 4
x2 + 2x
2x + 4
2x + 4
0
x+2
x2 + 3x - 8
g(x) = x 1
x3 + 0x2 + 0x 1
x3 - x2
x2 + 0x
x2 - x
x -1
x -1
0
x2 + x + 1
( )
( )
( )
g(x) =
g(x) =
+
+
4x + 8x2
-6x2
-6x2
3
+ 2x
- 12x - 3
- 12x - 3
0
2x -3
g(x) = 2x-3
3. On dividing the polynomial p(x) = x3 3x2 + x + 2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and
remainder were (x 2) and (2x + 4) respectively. Find g(x).
p(x) = g(x).q(x) +r(x)
( ) ( )
g(x) =
( )
g(x) =
g(x) =
+
x3 - 2x2
- x2 - x
-x2 + 2x
-3x + 6
-3x + 6
0
x2 x - 3
g(x) = x2 x 3
4. A polynomial p(x) is divided by g(x), the obtained quotient q(x) and the remainder r(x) are given in
the table. Find p(x) in each case.
Sl.No.
p(x)
g(x)
q(x)
r(x)
x3 3x2 + 3x + 2
x-2
x2 x + 1
4
i
3
2
2
2x + 7x + 11x + 16
x+3
2x + x + 5
3x + 1
ii
4
3
2
3
2
2x + 7x + x + x + 1
2x + 1
x + 3x x + 1
0
iii
x4 - 2x3 + 2x - 3
x-1
x3 - x2 - x - 1
2x - 4
iv
x6 + 2x5 x4 + x3 + x2 5x + 5 x2 + 2x + 1
x4 - 2x2 + 5x - 7
4x + 12
v
(i) p(x) = g(x).q(x) +r(x)
p(x) = (x - 2)(x2 x + 1) +4
p(x) = x3 2x2 - x2 + 2x + x - 2 +4
p(x) = x3 3x2 + 3x + 2
(ii) p(x) = g(x).q(x) +r(x)
p(x) = (x + 3)( 2x2 + x + 5) +(3x + 1)
p(x) = 2x3 + 6x2 + x2 + 3x + 5x + 15 + 3x + 1
p(x) = 2x3 + 7x2 + 11x + 16
(iii)p(x) = g(x).q(x) +r(x)
p(x) = (2x + 1)( x3 + 3x2 x + 1) + 0
p(x) = 2x4 + x3 + 6x3 + 3x2 - 2x2 - x + 2x + 1
p(x) = 2x4 + 7x3 + x2 + x + 1
(iv)p(x) = g(x).q(x) +r(x)
p(x) = (x - 1)( x3 - x2 - x - 1) + 2x - 4
p(x) = x4 - x3 - x3 + x2 - x2 + x - x + 1 + 2x - 4
p(x) = x4 - 2x3 + 2x - 3
p(x) = (x2 + 2x + 1)( x4 - 2x2 + 5x - 7) + 4x + 12
p(x) = x6 + 2x5 + x4 - 2x4 - 4x3 - 2x2 + 5x3 + 10x2 + 5x 7x2 14x -7 + 4x + 12
p(x) = x6 + 2x5 x4 + x3 + x2 5x + 5
5. Find the quotient and remainder on dividing p(x) by g(x) in each of the following cases,
without actual division.
(i) p(x) = x2 + 7x + 10; g(x) = x - 2
The degree of p(x) = 2
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
3
+2
-4 =
-1=
a =
Example: 4 Two polynomials(2x3 + x2 6ax + 7) and (x3 + 2ax2 12x + 4) are divided by
(x+1) and (x1) respectively. If R1 and R2 are the remainders and 2R1 + 3R1 = 27, find
the value of a
Sol: Let p(x) = 2x3 + x2 6ax + 7 and f(x) =x3 + 2ax2 12x + 4
R1 is the remainder when p(x) is divided by (x + 1)
Exercise 8.3
I In each of the following cases, use the remainder theorem and find the remainder when p(x) is
divided by g(x). Verify the result by actual division.
(i) p(x) = x3 + 3x2 5x + 8
g(x) = x - 3
By Remainder theorem r(x) = p(3)
p(x) = x3 + 3x2 5x + 8
p(3) = 33 + 3(3)2 5(3) + 8
p(3) = 27 + 3(9) 5(3) + 8
p(3) = 27 + 27 15 + 8
p(3) = 62 15
p(3) = 47
(ii) p(x) = 4x3 - 10x2 + 12x - 3
g(x) = x + 1
By Remainder theorem r(x) = p(-1)
p(x) = 4x3 - 10x2 + 12x - 3
p(-1) = 4(-1)3 - 10(-1)2 + 12(-1) - 3
p(3) = -4 - 10 12 - 3
p(3) = -29
(iii) p(x) = 2x4 - 5x2 + 15x - 6
g(x) = x - 2
By Remainder theorem r(x) = p(2)
p(x) = 2x4 - 5x2 + 15x - 6
p(2) = 2(2)4 - 5(2)2 + 15(2) - 6
p(2) = 32 - 5x4 + 30 - 6
p(2) = 32 - 20 + 30 6
p(2) = 36
p(3) = -29
(iv) p(x) = 4x3 - 12x2 + 14x - 3
g(x) = 2x - 1
By Remainder theorem r(x) = p( )
3
p( ) = 4
p( ) = 4
- 12
-3+7
p( ) =
p( ) =
- 12
+ 14
-3
+ 14
- 3
- 3
+1
p( ) = +
p( ) =
p( ) =
+2
+1
-1
- 1
p( ) = p( ) =
p( ) =
2. If the polynomials (2x3 + ax2 + 3x 5) and (x3 + x2 4x a) leave the same remainder when
divided by (x-1), find the value of a.
If g(x) = x-1 then r(x) = p(1)
p(x) = 2x3 + ax2 + 3x - 5
p(1) = 2(1)3 + a(1)2 + 3(1) - 5
p(1) = 2 + a + 3 - 5
p(1) = a ------------(1)
p(x) = (x3 + x2 - 4x - a)
p(1) = 13 + 12 4(1) - a
p(1) = 1 + 1 4 - a
p(1) = -2 - a ---------(2)
From (1)and (2)
a = -2 - a
2a = -2
a = -1
3. The polynomials (2x3 - 5x2 + x + a) and (ax3 + 2x2 - 3) when divided by (x 2) leave the
remainder R1 and R2 respectively. Find the value of a in each of the following cases.
R1 = p(2)
p(x) = 2x3 - 5x2 + x + a
p(2) = 2(2)3 - 5(2)2 + 2 + a
R1 = 2(8) - 5(4) + 2 + a
R1 = 16 - 20 + 2 + a
R1 = - 2 + a
R2 = p(2)
p(x) = ax3 + 2x2 3
R2 = a(2)3 + 2(2)2 3
R2 = 8a + 2(4) 3
R2 = 8a + 8 3
R2 = 8a + 5
(i) R1 = R2
- 2 + a = 8a + 5
- 8a + a = 2 + 5
- 7a = 7
a = -1
(ii) 2R1 + R2 = 0
2( - 2 + a) + 8a + 5 = 0
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1: Show that (x + 2) is a factor of the polynomial (x3 4x2 2x + 20)
Sol. Let p(x) = x3 4x2 2x + 20
By factor theorem, (x + 2) is a factor of p(x) if p(2) = 0.
It is sufficient to show that (x + 2) is a factor of p(x).
Now, p(x) = x3 4x2 2x + 20
p(2) = (2)3 4(2)2 2(2) + 20 = 8 16 + 4 + 20 = 0
(x + 2) is a factor of p(x) = x3 4x2 2x + 20
Example 2: Show that (x 1) is a factor of (xn 1).
n
p(a) = a a . a + a + 2 = a - a + a + 2 = a + 2
a + 2 = 0 a = -2
Example 4: Without actual division, prove that (x4 - 4x2 + 12x - 9) is exactly divisible by
(x2 + 2x - 3
4
2
2
Sol: Let p(x) = x 4x + 12x 9 and g(x) = x + 2x 3
g(x) = (x + 3) (x 1)
Hence, (x + 3) and (x 1) are factors of g(x)
In order to prove that p(x) is exactly divisible by g(x), it is sufficient to prove that p(x)
is exactly divisible by (x + 3) and (x 1)
Let us show that (x + 3) and (x 1) are factors of p(x)
Now, p(x) = x4 4x2 + 12x 9
4
2
p(-3) = (3) 4 (-3) + 12 (3) 9 = 81 36 36 9 = 81 81 p(-3) = 0
Exercise 8.4
1. In each of the following cases, use factor theorem to find whether g(x) is a factor of the
polynomial p(x) or not.
(i) p(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 6x - 20
g(x) = x 2
3
2
p(x) = x - 3x + 6x - 20
If g(x) = x 2 is the factor of p(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 6x - 20 then p(2) = 0
p(2) = 23 - 3(2)2 + 6(2) - 20
p(2) = 8 - 12 + 12 - 20
p(2) = -12
p(2) 0
g(x) = x 2 is not the factor of p(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 6x - 20
g(x) = x + 2
g(x) = x -
If g(x) = x -
p( ) = 3( ) 4 + 3( ) 2 - 4( ) - 11
p( ) =
- 2 - 11
p( ) =
- 13
p( ) =
p( ) =
p( ) 0
g(x) = x - is not the factor of p(x) = 3x4 + 3x2 - 4x - 11
(iv) p(x) = 3x3 + x2 - 20x + 12
g(x) = 3x - 2
If g(x) = 3x - 2 is the factor of p(x) = 3x3 + x2 - 20x + 12 then p( ) = 0
p( ) = 3( )3 + ( )2 - 20( ) + 12
p( ) = 3( ) + ( ) - 20( ) + 12
p( ) =
+ 12
= -18
= -11--------Multiply by 2
= -18
= -22
=4
a =
Substitute a = 2 in (1),
4(2) - 2b = -18
8 - 2b = -18
- 2b = -18 - 8
- 2b = -26
b = 13
4. If both (x 2) and (x - ) are factors of (ax2 + 5x + b) then, prove that a = b.
If (x 2) is the factor of (ax2 + 5x + b) then p(2) = 0
p( ) = ax2 + 5x + b
p(2) = 0
a(2)2 + 5(2) + b = 0
4a + 10 + b = 0
4a + b = -10 ----------------(1)
If (x - ) is the factor of (ax2 + 5x + b) then, p( ) = 0
p( ) = ax2 + 5x + b
p( ) = 0
a( ) 2 + 5( ) + b =
+
+b=0
=0
a + 10 + 4b = 0
a + 4b = - 10 ---------------(2)
a + 4b = - 10 --------Multiply by 4
4a + 16b = -40 --------------(3)
From (1) and (3)
4a + b = -10
4a + 16b = -40
-15b = +30
b=
Substitute b = 2 in (1) then,
4a 2 = -10
4a 2 = -10 + 2
4a = - 8
a =-2
a=b
-2
0
0 0 -1
2
2
0
0
0
0 -2
1
0
0
0
0 -1
0
5
the quotient is x 1 and remainder is 0
Exercise 8.5
1. Find the quotient and remainder using synthetic division.
(i) (x3 + x2 3x + 5 ) (x - 1)
1
1
1
1
2
the quotient is q(x) = x +
-3
5
2
-1
4
2x - 1and remainder is r(x) = 4
-2
7
-5
-9
33
-120
3
-11
40
-125
the quotient is q(x) = 3x2 - 11x - 40 and remainder is r(x) = -125
-16
-9
-36
-8
48
-78
-24
39
-114
the quotient is q(x) = 4x2 - 24x + 39 and remainder is r(x) = -114
4
-29
40
0 -12
18
-33
21 63
6
-11
7
21 51
3
the quotient is q(x) = 6x -11x2 +7x +21 and remainder is r(x) = 51
0
-27
6
9
-8
8
19 -25
8
-8
-19
25 -16
3
the quotient is q(x)= 8x - 8x2 -19x +25 and remainder is r(x) =-16
-4
-10
2
3
-2
2
-2
-5
-2
8
-2
-7
-13
63
-6
16
55
- 48
1
1
10
-4
6
35
-24
11
50
-44
6
29
-24
5
-2
-7
-4
-4
2
0
0
6
-3
-10