GENEALOGY NOTES

Ancestors from the

WEST INDIES

A Historical and Genealogical Overview

of Afro-Caribbean Immigration, 19001930s

By Damani Davis

he ancestors of most Americans either immigrated to the United States, served in the military (or mar
ried a veteran who served), or were at least counted in one of the decennial censuses. Consequently,
the most relevant federal records for genealogical research are those that document these three activities.
This generality, however, does not always apply to the ancestors of African Americans. Immigration
records, in particular, have no immediate relevance for researching enslaved ancestors who were transported
to America via the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Since enslaved persons were considered chattel, or property,
they were not recorded as immigrants.
Most African Americans tend to dismiss immigration records and instead focus on other records held
at the National Archives, such as those of the Freedmens Bureau, Freedmans Bank, Southern Claims
Commission, and the United States Colored Troops.
But if researchers of black American ancestry adhere too rigidly to such assumptions, they may miss
valuable information contained in less-than-obvious sources.
Many American citizens currently categorized as black or African American in the federal censuses poten
tially have ancestors who were among tens of thousands of immigrants who migrated from the Caribbean
region during the first decades of 20th centuryroughly from the 1910s into the 1930s, or even earlier.1
These Afro-Caribbean, or West Indian,2 immigrants settled primarily in northeastern port cities, with New
York City being the top destination. Outside of the Northeast, South Florida was a major destination, mainly
for immigrants coming from the Bahamas.3 Some of these Caribbean immigrants held on to their particular
national identities (or a broader West Indian ethnic identity), while others intermarried with native black
A view of Bay Street, Nassau, in the Bahama Islands, ca. 1906. Tens of thousands of immigrants migrated to the United States
from the Caribbean region in the early 20th century.

66 Prologue

Americans. Either way, most of the descendants of this early

wave of Afro-Caribbean immigration are now officially cat
egorized and regarded as black and/or African American.
For black Americans with ancestors from the Carib
bean region, the citizenship records held at the National
Archives can serve as a valuable genealogical resource.
The specific recordsand the methods used to research
these recordsare generally standard for all immigration
research, regardless of nationality.4
Slaves Came to U.S. Mainland
By Many Different Routes
Historically, continuous streams of migration involving people
of African descent have moved back and forth between North
America and the West Indies. Many of the earliest enslaved
blacks in the American colonies were transported to the North
American colonies by way of the Caribbean.
South Carolina, for instance, was essentially founded in the
late 1600s as a mainland extension of the British colony of
Barbados when slaveholding families moved to North America
to acquire land for new plantations. Those families initially
brought their enslaved property with them and imported
others from the West Indies. Only laterwhen its rice and
indigo plantations became more prosperous and required more
labordid South Carolinians begin to import large numbers of
enslaved Africans directly from the continent.
The eruption of the Haitian Revolution in 1791 sent
another wave of migration from the Caribbean region. From
the 1790s until approximately 1810, thousands of white, free
colored, and some enslaved black Haitian refugees relocated
to coastal cities such as Savannah, Charleston, Norfolk,
Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, and especially to New
Orleans, where they made their most significant cultural and
demographic impact.

These Haitian migrs influenced some of the unique

character associated with New Orleans and southern Loui
sianaincluding that regions music, religious practices,
cuisine, and other customs.
Migration also moved in the opposite direction.
British Loyalists, Their Slaves
Flee during Revolutionary War
A mass migration of blacks from North America to the West
Indies occurred in the 1780s at the conclusion of the Ameri
can Revolutionary War. The American Tories, or Loyalists
who had sided with the British crown, evacuated with British
forces from the ports of New York, Charleston, Savannah, and
British East Florida.
Among these evacuees were large numbers of Black Loyal
ists who had escaped from slavery in the southern colonies and
fought alongside the British in exchange for freedom. After the
war, these black Loyalists migrated to destinations throughout
the British Empire, particularly to the British West Indies, Nova
Scotia, and Sierra Leone in West Africa.5
Southern white Loyalists who were slaveholders were also
allowed to evacuate with their enslaved property. Many of
them relocated to the slave-based plantation societies in the
British West Indies while others sold off their human property
throughout that region. Of the various islands of the British
West Indies, the Bahamas and Jamaica received the largest total
number of blacks from the American colonieswhether free or
enslaved.6 But of these islands, the sparsely populated Bahamas,
by far, felt the most significant demographic and cultural effects.
The population of the Bahamas tripled when thousands
of black and white Loyalists arrived from Charleston,
Savannah, and British East Florida. The majority of the
black evacuees were natives of the Gullah or Geechee
cultural regions of the coastal Carolinas and Georgia.

Enos Gough arrived in New York City in July 1909 from Jamaica.The ships manifest lists his profession as a carpenter and his destination as Philadelphia.

Ancestors from the West Indies

Prologue 67

Cyril Crichlow of
Trinidad became a
naturalized U.S. citizen
in 1919, but this ships
passenger list records his
return from a visit to his
the island in 1929.

Commenting on the cultural impact of this mass

migration to the Bahamas, Bahamian writer and folklorist
Cordell Thompson states, The new arrivals . . . brought
their food, culture, folkways, and most importantly
their language. Although a British colony from 1670 to
independence in 1973, culturally and linguistically, the
character and personality of the Bahamian people owe
much to the Gullah people who live in the coastal islands
offshore of South Carolina and Georgia.
Ironically, the later 20th-century migrations of
Bahamians to the United States, particularly their heavy
migration to south Florida, can actually be viewed as a
type of return migration.7
Later Migrations Documented
In Federal Records Holdings
The 20th-century migrations were a continuance of these
earlier waves of migration, but they were driven by the
search for economic betterment rather than the slave trade
and revolutionary upheaval. The modern migrations are
more likely to be documented in federal records.
The first significant wave of recent Caribbean immigration occurred during the first three decades of the 20th century, particularly during World War I and throughout the
1920s. Before this time, Caribbean migration was primarily
internal as migrants sought economic opportunities in
other islands and nations throughout the Caribbean basin.
The Panama Canal project, for instance, attracted over
200,000 Afro-Caribbean immigrants from 1881 to 1914.
But with the completion of the Panama Canal, along with
severe economic recession throughout the region, migrants
began to seek opportunities in North America. The passage of
the highly restrictive Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924,
which sharply curtailed all immigration from non-Western
European countries, put an end to this era of immigration.
68 Prologue

The Johnson-Reed Act introduced the new National

Origins Formulas, a system of quotas based on the existing
proportions of immigrant populations in the United States.
The explicit purpose of the National Origins Formula was to
limit the immigration of various white ethnic groups coming
from Southern and Eastern Europe and to restrict all nonwhite immigrants in generalparticularly blacks and Asians.
Since the proportion of Afro-Caribbean immigrants
by the 1920s made up only a tiny segment of the traditional body of American immigrants, continued immigration from that region into the United States was, by
and large, terminated.
New Wave of Immigration
Comes with World War II
A second, but much smaller, wave of immigration from
the Caribbean occurred with the onset of World War II
and throughout the 1940s and 1950s.
This new migration was spurred by American labor
shortages during World War II along with expanding
economic demands in the immediate postwar period.
Many immigrants during this period worked as farm
laborers in Florida and other southeastern states and in
Connecticut and other northeastern states. These later
arrivals were also affected by the passage of the McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952.
Although the McCarran-Walter Act abolished racial
restrictions, it still determined the suitability of potential
immigrants based on nationality and regional distinctions, with preference given to those from non-Communist countries and from northern and western Europe.
The last, and latest, wave of Caribbean immigration was
generated by the larger changes in American policy that
resulted from the Civil Rights movement in 1960s. The HartCeller Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the
Fall/Winter 2013

National Origins quotas and the explicit racial bias that had
long prevailed in the nations earlier immigration policy.
The removal of these barriers resulted in an unprecedented
rise in the number of non-white immigrants coming from
the Caribbean, Latin America, Asia, and Africa. This wave
expanded in the 1970s and has continued into the current
century. This last wave, however, is too recent for practicable
genealogical research. Viable research of Caribbean heritage
should focus on the federal records produced during first
immigration wave of the World War I era.

A Declaration of
Intention for Jonathan
Rolle, father of
actress Esther Rolle,
dated April 30, 1928.
After the declaration,
the immigrant could
file a formal petition
for citizenship.

Many Records Available

At the National Archives
Federal immigration and naturalization records (Record
Group 85) are the primary genealogical resource for those
researching immigrant ancestors at the National Archives.
These records consist of the passenger arrival records of
immigrants and the naturalization records of those who
later chose to become U.S. citizens. These records provide
valuable personal information about each immigrant.
The passenger lists, or ships manifests, generally listed
each passengers full name, age, sex, marital status, occupa
tion, and nationality; the passengers last place of residence
in the native country; the destination in America; whether
the passenger had ever been in the United States before,
and if so, when and where; and, whether the passenger was
going to join a relative already residing in the United States,
and if so, that relatives name, address, and relationship.
These passenger arrival records are available on micro
film at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., and
at the regional facilities that hold the arrival records
pertaining to the ports in their area.
Ship passenger arrival lists from the major east coast ports of
Boston, New York, and Baltimore cover a period ranging from,
approximately, 1820 to 1982. A small, incomplete series for
the port of Philadelphia begins even earlier, in 1800. Passenger
arrival lists for the Gulf Coast begin in 1846 for Galveston and
1813 for New Orleans. Records for immigrants who arrived
earlier than these years may be found on the local levelat
either the port of entry or at a state archives.
Researchers also should keep in mind that the port of
entry where the ancestor arrived may differ from the city
or state where he or she eventually settled. For instance,
an ancestor who settled in New York may have actually
entered the country at the port of Philadelphia, or vice
versa. Also, a fair amount of Caribbean immigrants
entered through the Port of New Orleans, even though
they may have settled elsewhere.

Ancestors from the West Indies

Once the ancestors port of entry is identified, the

genealogist can search the microfilmed passenger lists
at the National Archives in downtown Washington,
D.C., or at any of our archival research rooms across the
United States.8 Passenger lists have also been digitized
and are available on sites such as Ancestry.com and Fold3.
Naturalization Records Provide
Much Information on Immigration
If the immigrant ancestor later chose to become a U.S.
citizen, the naturalization documents can provide addi
tional genealogical information.
Naturalizations taking place after 1906 recorded the
applicants name, place and date of birth, occupation,
address, date of arrival in the United States, port of arrival,
and the name of the vessel, along with the names of spouse
and minor children with their dates and places of birth.
The naturalization process typically required that the immi
grant reside in the United States for at least five years. After
two years, the immigrant could file a formal declaration of
intent to proclaim that he or she desired to become a citizen.
This application required the immigrants name, age,
country of birth, date of application, and sometimes,
date and port of arrival into the United States. After the
declaration, the immigrant would file a formal petition
for citizenship, which typically contained the petitioners
current residence, occupation, date and country of birth,
and port and date of entry into the country.
Federal courts first began to administer naturalization pro
ceedings beginning in 1906, and the records are available from
that year to 1995. Before 1906, state and local also had juris

diction over naturalization proceedings, and not all of those

records were necessarily transferred to the National Archives.
The National Archives regional archives hold the
records of naturalizations performed in their regions.
Contact the specific regional archives to get the details
on availability (a list of locations is inside the back cover
of this magazine), but these records are also digitally
available on sites such as Ancestry and Fold3.9
Other relevant federal records can supplement the data
found in the passenger lists and citizenship records. Census records (Record Group 29) contain information on
the households of individuals and families once they had
settled in the United States. Passport application records
(Record Group 59) can be informative, particularly for
researchers whose ancestors may have traveled back to
their native countries for visits during certain years.10
Military records can be of value for those with ancestors
who enlisted or were drafted by the United States armed
forces after they settled in the United States. Maritime and
merchant marine records can be useful for descendants of
the many Caribbean natives who served as seamen.
Research opportunites can continue outside the United
States. Check records held locally in the West Indiesor
in the archives of the European nation that formerly held
colonial authority over the Caribbean nation (such as the
National Archives of the United Kingdom for nations
once part of the British West Indies).
There also are select federal records at the National
Archives that relate to specific nations and may be of use
to some researchers.
Records documenting Caribbean ancestors who labored
in the Panama Canal Zone may be found in Records of the
Panama Canal, 18511960 (Record Group 185). Those
researching ancestors from the Virgin Islands or the former
Danish West Indies nations of St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St.
John, should check the Records of the Government of the
Virgin Islands, 16721957 (Record Group 55).
These Virgin Island records relate to both the Danish colonial administration up to 1917 and the subsequent American
administration up to 1957. Records from the earlier period
are written in Danish. The records covering the American
period consist of reports from local newspapers and general
administrative, legislative, police, and military functions.
Local land records, however, remain in the Virgin Islands.
The Stories of Two Immigrants:
Cyril Crichlow of Trinidad
Trinidad native Cyril Crichlow was born in Trinidad in

70 Prologue

Cyril Crichlows
World War I draft
registration card
records such
information as date
of birth, country of
origin, profession,
and current address.

1889, immigrated to the United States in 1905, and became

a naturalized citizen in 1919. On June 5, 1917two years
before becoming a naturalized citizenCrichlow submitted
his mandatory World War I Draft Registration Card.
The card listed him as a resident alien and citizen of
Trinidad, B.W.I. [British West Indies], residing at 5245
Dearborn in Chicago, Illinois. He was employed as an
Editor at Half Century Magazine on Wabash Avenue;
he had a wife and children as dependents; and he claimed
exemption from the draft on the grounds that he was an
alien and because of his religion.
After becoming a naturalized citizen, Crichlow continued to visit his native country as shown by a 1929 ship
passenger arrival record that documents him arriving at
the Port of New York on a return visit from Trinidad. On
a 1920 passport application, Crichlow gives a thorough
statement that confirms the information provided on his
immigration documents and World War I draft card:
I, Cyril Askelon Crichlow, a Naturalized and Loyal
Citizen of the United States, hereby apply to the
Department of State, at Washington for a passport.
. . . I , solemnly swear that I was born at Trinidad,
British West Indies on September 12, 1889; that I
emigrated to the United States, sailing from Port of
Spain, Trinidad about July 27, 1905; That I resided
15 years, uninterruptedly, in the United States, from
1905 to 1920 at College View, Nebraska, . . . Chicago,
Ill., New York, NY (except from June 1918 to Feb.
Fall/Winter 2013

1919 with the A.E.F. in France); that I was natu

ralized as a citizen of the United States before the
Supreme Court of New York . . . on April 1st, 1919
. . . that I am domiciled in the United States, my
permanent residence being at 2376 7th Ave., New
York . . . where I follow the occupation of Principal
Business School & Shorthand Reporter; that I am
about to go abroad temporarily, and intend to return
to the United States within Four (4) years with the
purpose of residing and performing the duties of
citizenship therein; and that I desire a passport for
use in visiting the countries hereinafter named for
the following purpose: Liberia, West Africa: Engag
ing in teaching & reporting.
The passport application lists his age as 31 and provides
his physical description along with a photograph. A signed
statement addressed to the Department of State notes, This
certifies that the undersigned Applicant for passport to Libe
ria, W.A. desires same in order to go there for the purpose of
establishing a business school and engaging in the profession of
shorthand reporting. Historical research on Cyril A. Crichlow
indicates that he had been an active member of Marcus Gar
veys United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), and his
trip to Liberia was on behalf of that movement.
The last form of federal documentation on Crichlow
appears in the 1930 census, which shows that he was living in
Washington, D.C., was married to a native of New Jersey, and
had a 17-year-old son named Martin, who had been born in

Mississippi and was employed as an elevator operator.

The census schedule lists Cyril as 40 years old in 1930;
he had been 20 years old when he got married; he was a
veteran of the U.S. armed forces; and he was currently
employed as a messenger for the U.S. Government. His
place of birth is listed as Trinidad, although his father
and mother had been born on the island of Barbados.
Cyril Crichlows active life, which involved not only
his initial immigration and naturalization as a U.S. citi
zen but also his continued travel and his military service,
produced several forms of federal documentation that
provide detailed information about him.
Not all Caribbean immigrants were as thoroughly
documented. Caribbean immigrants who never pursued
U.S. citizenship would have no naturalization records.
Not all of them served in the military or were required
to register for the World War I draft, and others may not
have been able to return to their native lands or travel as
frequently as Crichlow. But if all you can find is the ini
tial passenger arrival record, you will still have important
details such as the hometown in the native country and
the name of the closest relative still living there.
The Stories of Two Immigrants:
Enos Gough of Jamaica
Enos Goughs story is documented only in immigration,
citizenship, and census records. A passenger manifest
records his arrival in the Port of New York on July 7, 1909,
from Port Antonio, Jamaica.

Cyril Crichlows
January 1921
passport application
includes a photo
graph, his age,
physical description,
and statement of
intention to travel to
Liberia, West Africa,
where he intended
to work on behalf of
Marcus Garveys PanAfrican movement.

Prologue 71

I, Enos Theophilus Gough, aged 31 years, occupa

tion, Butler, do declare on oath that my personal
description is: color, Black; complexion, dark;
height 5 feet 11 inches; weight, 164 pounds. . . . I was
born in Montego Bay, St. James, Jamaica BWI, on
the 19 day of January, [A.D.], 1881; I now reside at
1928 Montrose St, Philadelphia, Pa. I emigrated to
the United States of America from Montego Bay,
Jamaica BWI on the vessel Bradford: My last resi
dence was St. Anns Bay, Jamaica, BWI . . . I arrived
at the port of New York . . . on or about the 17th
day of June [A.D.] 1909.

A petition for
naturalization can
provide useful family
data, including place
of residence; marital
status; name and
birthplace of wife; and
names, birthplaces, and
and ages of children, as
shown in this petition
of Enos Gough.

After submitting the required declaration of inten

tion, Gough submitted his formal petition for natu
ralization several years later, in 1918. The information
provided on that form reads:

The ships manifest lists Gough as 27 years old, single,

literate, and a carpenter by trade. His last place of per
manent residence is identified as Montego Bay, Jamaica,
and his final destination is listed as Philadelphia, Penn
sylvania. The nearest relative or friend back in his native
country is Henry Gough of Anchovy, Jamaica. Since
they share the same surname, there is a good chance that
this person is an immediate relative.
Enos Goughs initial declaration of intention to
become a naturalized citizen in 1912 reads:

To learn more about

How to find ancestors in the Panama
Canal Zone, 19041914, go to
www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2007/fall/.
The African American experience in the Panama
Canal, go to www.archives.gov/publications/
prologue/1997/summer/.
Immigrants arriving in the 1940s and 1950s, go
to www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2013/
spring/a-files.pdf.

72 Prologue

My place of residence is 2117 M[ton?] St, Phila. Pa.

My occupation is Carpenter. I was born on the 19

day of Jan. [A.D.] 1881, at Montego Bay, Jamaica

BWI. I am married. My wifes name is Isabella,

2/18/89. She was born in Phila. and now resides

with me. . . . I have 3 children, and the name, date

and place of residence of each of said children as

follows:

Henry, Sept. 13, 1912 in Boston, Mass.

Clarence George, Feb. 23, 1916 Phila.

Mabel, Aug. 16, 1917 Phila.

Data from the 1920 and 1930 censuses provide more

information on Enos Goughs household. In the 1920
census, Gough, is listed as 38 years of age and a widow.
This suggests that his wife Isabella had died sometime
between 1918, when he submitted his petition for
naturalization, and 1920, when the census was taken.
The 1920 census lists his occupation as a Carpenter,
Building Contractor and confirms his year of immigra
tion and naturalization as 1909 and 1918 respectively.
The other members of the household are listed as his
Author
Damani Davis is an archivist in the Research
Support Branch, Customer Services Division, at
the National Archives in Washington, D.C. He
has lectured at local and regional conferences on
African American history and genealogy. Davis is a
graduate of Coppin State College in Baltimore and received his M.A.
in history at the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio.

Fall/Winter 2013

children, Henry, age 7; Clarence, age 4; and Mabel,

age 2. There is also a 42-year-old boarder named
Mary E. Davis, who is a Virginia native and listed as
housekeeper, at home.
The 1930 census suggests that the widowed Gough
and Davis had gotten married sometime during the
intervening decade.11 The adults in the household are
listed as Enos Gough, aged 54, born in Jamaica, with
an occupation listed as carpenter at house. His wife
is listed as Marie Gough, born in Virginia. The old
est child, Henry, age 17, was attending school and
employed as a presser at a tailor shop. Clarence,
age 13, was in school and employed as an errand
boy at a drugstore. Mabel and Annabel, ages 12 and
10 respectively, were also both in school and had no
outside occupations.

during the early 20th-century. Actress Cicely Tysons

father, William Tyson, is documented arriving at the
Port of New York from Nevis. Charles St. Hill, father
of the politician and activist Shirley Chisolm, is docu
mented as a 22-year-old native of Barbadosbut then
living in Guantanamo Bay, Cubawho departed on the
SS Munamar for the Port of New York.
There are naturalization records of the parents of
actress Esther Rolle, who was the first of her parents
children to be born in the United States after they emi
grated from the Bahamas to Broward County, Florida.
Federal records document the family of Cynthia Delores
Tucker, the late civil rights activist and leader of the
National Political Congress of Black Women, whose par
ents immigrated to the United States from the Bahamas
and resided in Richmond, Virginia, and New York City
before finally settling in Philadelphia.
These federal records document an immigrant
experience that is not widely recognized, but it is an
experience that is a very important element of the
larger Afro-American history and culture in the United
States.

Many other examples can be used to illustrate the

diverse experiences of individuals and families who
emigrated from the Caribbean to the United States

Notes
1
This early 20th-century immigration of blacks from the Caribbean
region coincided with the beginnings of the Great Migration of black
Americans from the American South to cities in the North. Both migra
tions, to some extent, were in response to new economic opportunities
available in certain American cities resulting from a halt in immigration
from Europe as a result of the World War.
2
The term West Indian is a label used to designate inhabitants
or any other entity associated with the West Indies or the general
Caribbean region.
In the context of American history and culture, the term has tradition
ally been used to describe the English-speaking peoples of African descent
who emigrated from the Anglophone areas of that region, particularly
persons from nations formerly comprising the colonies of the British
West Indies. This term should cover all migrants from the former British,
French, Danish, and Dutch nations in the West Indies. The Spanishspeaking Caribbean nations, however, have traditionally been viewed as
part of the greater Hispanic or Latin American cultural realm. In order
to include immigrants who may have been from certain Francophone
Caribbean islands, such as Haiti, I use the broader term Afro-Caribbean.
3
The Schomburg Center for Research in black Culture has an
excellent website that describes various aspects of Black migration in the
history of the United States (Afro-American, Caribbean, and African):
www.inmotionaame.org.
4
Although this article focuses on Caribbean immigrants in general,
with special emphasis on immigrants from the former British West
Indies, the records and research techniques can apply to all Afrodescended immigrants who came to the United States in the first half
of the 20th century, whether they were from the French-, Spanish-, or
Danish-speaking Caribbean nations or were African immigrants from
Cape Verde, from whence there was a significant stream of immigration
to the Boston area.

Ancestors from the West Indies

5
A similar migration occurred after the War of 1812, when formerly
enslaved black Americans who escaped and joined the British forces
were allowed to settle on the island of Trinidad.
6
Historians estimate that approximately half of free and enslaved blacks
who evacuated with the British ended up in the Bahamas and Jamaica;
the rest were scattered throughout the British West Indies, Nova Scotia,
and Europe. See Sylvia Frey, Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a
Revolutionary Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991); Maya
Jasanoff, Libertys Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World (New
York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011); John W. Pulis, ed., Moving On: Black Loyal
ists in the Afro-Atlantic World (New York: Garland Publishing, 1999); and,
Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American Revolution, (Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1961).
7
See Cordell Thompsons blog at gullahgeecheeconnection.wordpress.com.
8
Reference Information Paper (RIP) 110, Using Civilian Records for
Genealogical Research in the National Archives Washington, DC, Area,
(National Archives & Records Administration, Washington, DC: 2009).
9
Ibid.
10
Passport records are held among the General Records of the
Department of State (RG 59). Passport application records are avail
able on microfilm at the National Archives. See Passport Applications,
17951905 (National Archives Microfilm Publication M1372, 694
rolls); Passport Applications, 1906 to March 31, 1925 (National Archives
Microfilm Publication M1490, 2,740 rolls); Registers and Indexes
for Passport Applications, 18101906 (National Archives Microfilm
Publication M1371, 13 rolls, DP); and Index to Passport Applications,
185052, 186080, 190623 (National Archives Microfilm Publica
tion M1848, 61 rolls).
11
A search of the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Marriage Index,
18851951 on Ancestry.com confirms that Enos Gough and Mary E.
Davis had indeed gotten married in 1924.

Prologue 73