Chin up
1 month
Chest up
2 month
6 month
7 month
Crawls on stomach
8 month
10 month
11 month
Stands alone
14 month
Walks alone
15 month
Stranger anxiety:
0 -1 year
Separation anxiety: 1 - 3 years
Solitary play:
0 1 year
Parallel play:
2 3 years
Group play:
3 4 years
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
AGE
Infant
0 1.5
Toddler
1.5 -3
Pre-school
3-6
School age
6 - 11
ERIKSON
FREUD
PIAGET
preoperational
Phallic (Oedipus
complex)
preoperational
sensorimotor
Concrete operational
genital
Formal operational
25 50
50 - ?
Integrity vs.despair
LABORATORY VALUES
ELECTROLYTES
Sodium (Na+):
Platelet count:
Bleeding time:
Albumin:
3.4 to 5 g/dL
Alkaline phosphatase: 4.5 to 13 King-Armstrong units/dL
Ammonia:
15 to 45 ug/dL
Amylase:
50 180 Somogyi U/dL in adult
20 160 Somogyi U/dL in the older adult
Bilirubin: direct: 0 - 0.3 mg/dL
Indirect: 0.1 1.0 mg/dL
Total: less than 1.5 mg/dL
Cholesterol: 120 200mg/dL
Lipase:
31 -186 U/L
Lipids:
400 800 mg/dL
Triclycerides: Normal range: 10 190 mg/dL
Borderline high: 200 400 mg/dL
High: 400 1000mg/dL
Very high: greater than 1000mg.dL
Protien:
6.0 8.0 g/L
Uric acid: male: 4.5 8 ng/dL
Female: 2.5 6.2 ng/dL
GLUCOSE STUDIES
Fasting blood sugar: 70 105 mg/dL
Glucose monitoring (capillary Blood):
60 110 mg/dL
Olfactory (S)
smell
II.
Optic
vision
III.
IV.
(S)
Eye movement
Oculomotor (M)
Trochlear
(M)
V.
Trigeminal
(S-M)
VI.
Abducent
(M)
VII. Facial
(S-M)
VIII. Acoustic
(S)
Facial sensation
Jaw movement
Eye movement
Taste
Facial expression
Hearing and balance
Taste
Throat sensation
Gag and swallow
Gag and swallow
Parasympathetic activity
Neck and back muscles
Vagus
(S-M)
XI.
XII.
Hypoglossal
(M)
Tongue movement
On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops
Some Says Marry Money, But My Brother Says Bad Business Marry Money
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS (ABG)
pH:
7.35 7.45
PCO2:
35 - 45 mmHg
PO2:
80 - 100 mmHg
HCO3:
22 - 27 mEq/L
O2 saturation:
96% - 100%
Acid-base RAMS(Respiratory Alternate, Metabolic Same)
GLASGOW COMA SCALE
Eye opening response
Motor response
Verbal response
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC/
ADRENERGIC
PARASYMPATHETIC/
CHOLINERGIC
Heart
Bronchi
dilation
constriction
GI tract
Reduced motility
Increased motility
Rectum
Allows filling
Empties rectum
Relaxes internal sphincter
Bladder
Allows filling
Empties bladder
Relaxes internal sphincter
Erection
Maintains erection
Ejaculation
Triggers ejaculation
Pupils of eye
Big (mydriasis)
Small (miosis)
Salivary glands
Blood vessels
Secretion
Depends on receptors
-a contrict
-b dilates
DURATION
Regular
Fast acting
30 min.
120 min.
NPH
Intermediate acting
8 -12 h
18 -24 h
PZI
Long acting
24 h
36 h
SULFONYLUREAS
For treatment of NIDDM
Sulfonylureas should not be given to patients with liver or kidney failure.
Accummulation of drug will increase risk of hypoglycaemia.
DURATION
tolbutamide
8h
Glycburide, glipizide
20 h, most potent
chlorpropamide
48 h
CONVERSION
Metric System
Meter m
Liter L
Gram g, gm, Gm
Milligram mg, mgm
Microgram ug, mcg
Kilogram kg, Kg
Millilitre mL
Cubic centimetre cc
1 mg = 1000ug or 0.oo1g
1gm = 1000mg
1mL = 0.001L or 1 cc
1kg = 1000 g
1ug = 0.000001 g
1kg = 2.2 lb
1L = 1000mL
Fahrenheit to Celcius
Celcius to Fahrenheit
1 gr = 60 mg
5 gr = 300 mg
15 gr = 1000mg or 1g
1/150 gr =0.4 mg
1 oz = 30 mL
1 dr = 4 mL
1 T = 15 mL or 3 tsp
1 min = 1 gtt
15 min = 1mL
60 min = 1 dr
8 dr = 1 oz
1 qt = 1000mL or 1L
1 qt = 2 pt or 32 oz
1 pt = 16 oz
16 oz = 1 lb
2.2lb = 1 kg
(F 32) divide 1.8 = C
1.8 C + 32 = F
Formula for Calculating a Medication Dosage
= Infusion time
IMMUNIZATION
Birth
1 months
2 months
4 months
6 months
12 months
15 months
18 months
12 18 months
4 -6 years
11 12 years
11 16
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B
OPV, DPT, HIB
DPT, HIB, OPV
DPT, HIB, hepatitis B
HIB, OPV
MMR
DPT
Varicella vaccine
DPT, OPV, MMR
MMR ( if not administered at 4 -6 years)
TD booster
9%
18%
18%
18%
36%
1%
56% or
3% or
2.7% or
0.3% or
34% or
4% or
18000 7800/uL
0 700/uL
0 450/uL
0 200/uL
1000 4800/uL
0 800/uL
THYROID STUDIES
Thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin; THS):
0.2 to 5.4 ug/dL
Thyroxine (T4):
5.0 to 12.0 ug/dL
Thyroxine free (FT3) : 0.8 to 2.4 ng/dL
Triiodothyronine (T3): 80 to 230 ng/dL
HERBAL MEDICINE
Aloe vera Gel abrasionsand dermatologic conditions
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) boost energy, relieve stress, improve concentration and
enhance physical or cognitive performance.
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) stress arthritis
Asian gingseng (Panax ginseng) enhance health and combat stress and disease
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) vision and peripheral vascular disorders and as antioxidant
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) menopausal
Black Currant and Borage oil (Ribes nigrum and Borago offinalis) anti-inflammatory, rheumatoid arthritis
Capsicum Peppers (Capsicum spp.) arthritis, neuralgia and other painful treatment
Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) manzanilla- skin inflammation, colic, or dyspepsia and anxiety
Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) menstrual related disorders, PMS, cyclical mastalgia
Chodroitin osteoarthritis
Coenzyme Q10 antioxidant
Coltsfoot ( Tussilago farfara ) cough and other respiratory disoders
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) UTI
Devils Claw ( Harpagophytum procumbers) anti inflammatory and analgesic
Echinacea (Echinacea spp.) acute viral URI symptoms
Ederberry (Sanbacus nigra) respiratory tract infection
Ephedra or Ma Huang (Ephedra sinica) Source of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine
Evening Primrose Oil (Oenothera biennis) eczema, breast pain associated with PMS and inflammatory condition
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) lowering blood glucose
Feverfew ( Tanacetum parthenium) migraine headache prophylaxis
Garlic (Allium sativaum)- help prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) nausea and motion sickness, anti-inflammatory
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) dementia and intermittent claudication, memory enhancement and treatment of vertigo nad tinnitus
Glucosamine osteoarthritis
Goldenseal ( Hydrastis Canadensis) tonic and antibiotic
Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) mental support, wound healing and venous disorders
Hawtorn ( Crategus species) CHF and related cardiovascular conditions
Horebound (Marribium vulgare) primary cough suppression and expectoration
Horse Chestnut Seed (Aesculus hippocastanum) chronic venous insufficiency
Ivy (Hedera helix) coughs, rheumatic disordes and skin disease
Kava ( piper methysticum) mild psychoactive and antianxiety property
Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) sedative and for dyspepsia
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) respiratory disorders, hepatitis, inflammatory diseases, and infections
Melatonin insomia, jet lag
Milk Thistle hepatitis, liver desease
Mints (Mentha species) minor calcium channel antagonists, used for upper respiratory problems, irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia, and colonic
spasm and as a topical counterirritant
Nettle (Urtica dioica) arthritis pains, allergies, BPH, or as diuretic
Papaya (Carica papaya) digestive aid, dyspepsia, and for inflammatory, topically applied to wounds
Passion flower (Passiflora incarnata)- sedative-hypnotic or anxiolytic herb
Pokeroot (Phytolacca Americana) inflammatory conditions also as an emetic/cathartic
Pygeum (Pygeum africanum) mild symptoms of BPH
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) used as a natural estrogen substitute for womens health
St. Johns Wort (Hypericum perforatum) antidepressant effect
Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) antifungal and antibacterial
Turmeric (Curuma longa ) anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, anti cancer, and antioxidant
Uva Ursi (Arctostaphylos uva ursi) urinary antiseptic and diuretic
Yohimbe erectile dysfunction
FOUR STRATEGIES:
1.
If the question asks what you should do in the situation. Use the nursing process to determine which step in the nursing process would be
next?
2.
If the question asks what the client needs. Use maslows hierarchy to determine which need to address.
3.
If the question indicates that the client doesnt have urgent physiologic need, focus on the patient safety.
4.
If the question involves communicating with a patient. Use principles of therapeutic communication.
REMEMBER:
AIRWAY, BREATHING,CIRCULATION AND SAFETY (ABCS)