System set of components that

interact to achieve a common goal.

Examples: Billing system, Payroll
system, manufacturing system,
inventory system.
Information system (IS) a collection
of hardware, software, data, people and
procedures that work together to
produce quality information.
System development set of activities
used to build an information system.
System development activities are
grouped into larger categories called
phases.
System development life cycle (SDLC)
collection of phases
SDLC includes five phases: PADIO
(1) Planning (2) Analysis (3) Design
(4) Implementation (5) operation,
support and security.
SDLC guidelines
Group activities into phases, Involve
users, Define standards
Users include anyone for whom the
system is built

Standards sets of rules and

procedures an organization expects
employees to accept and follow
System analyst responsible for
designing and developing an
information system.
System developer refer to multiple
system analyst.
Steering committee is a decisionmaking body in an organization
project team work on the project from
beginning to end

Project management the process of

planning, scheduling and then
controlling the activities during system
development.
System leader manages and controls
the budget and schedule of the project
project manager controls the
activities during system development
Project management software assist
project leaders in planning, scheduling
and controlling development projects.
Gantt chart bar chart that uses
horizontal bars to show project phases
or activities.

Pert chart (Program evaluations and

review technique) analyzes the time
required to complete a task and
identifies the minimum time required
for an entire project.
Change management process of
recognizing when a change in the
project has occurred and taking actions
to react to the change.

Feasibility measure of how suitable

the development of a system will be to
the organization.
Operational feasibility: measures how
well the proposed information system
will work.
Schedule feasibility: measures whether
the established deadlines for the project
are reasonable
Technical feasibility: measures whether
the organization has or can obtain the
hardware, software and people needed
to deliver and then support the
information system.
Economic feasibility (cost/benefit
feasibility): measures whether the
lifetime benefits of the proposed
information system will be greater that
its lifetime cost.

Documentation is the collection and

summarization of data and information
Review documentation by reviewing
documentation such as an organization
chart, memos, and meeting minutes,
system analyst learn about the history
of a project.
Observe observing machine allows
you to see how it works.
Survey to obtain data and information
from a large number of people, systems
analyst distribute surveys
Interview most important data and
information gathering. I t allows the
systems analyst to clarify responses and
probe during face to face feedback.
JAD sessions (Joint application design)
series of lengthy, structured, group
meetings in which users and IT
professional works together to design
or develop an application
Research sources can provide the
systems analysts with information such
as the latest hardware and software
products.
Project request formal request for a
new or modified information system.

The planning phase for a project begins

when the steering committee receives a
project request.
(1) Review and approve the project
requests
(2) prioritize the project requests.
(3) allocate resources
(4) form a project development team

Consist of two major activities

(1) Preliminary investigation
(2) detailed analysis
Preliminary investigation AKA
feasibility study to determine the
exact nature of the problem or
improvement and decide whether it is
worth pursuing
Detailed analysis AKA logical design
(1) study how the current system works
(2) determine the users wants needs and
requirements.
(3) recommend a solution
The system proposal
- assess the feasibility of each
alternative solution and then
recommend the most feasible solution
for the project.

Consists of 2 major activities:

(1) Acquire hardware and software
(2) develop all the details of the new or
modified information system
Acquiring necessary hardware and
software
(1) Identify technical specifications
(2) solicit vendor proposals
(3) test and evaluate vendor proposals
(4) make decision
E-zine (electronic magazine)
publication available on the web.
Value-added seller (VAR) an
organization that purchases products
form manufactures and then resells
these projects to the publicoffering
additional services.
IT consultant professional who is
hired based on the computer expertise
including service and advice
Detailed design
- includes developing designs for the
databases, inputs, outputs and programs
Prototype a working model of the
proposed system
CASE (computer-aided software
engineering) software tools that are

designed to support one or more

activities of system development.

the system is implemented.

(1) perform maintenance activities
(2) monitor system performance
(3) assess system security

To construct, or build the new or

modified system and then deliver it to
the users.
(1) Develop programs
(2) install and test the new system
(3) train users
(4) convert the new system

Chief security officer responsible for

the physical security of an
organizations property and also is in
charge of securing it computing
resources.
Computer security plan summarizes
in writing all the safeguards that are in
place to protect an organizations
information assets.

Training involves showing users

exactly how they will use the new
hardware and software.
Converting the new system
Direct conversion stop using the old
system and begins using the new
system on a certain date.
Parallel conversion consists of
running the old system alongside the
new system for a specified time
Phased conversion used by larger
systems with multiple sites. Each
location converts a separate time.
Pilot conversion only one location in
the organization uses the new system

- provides ongoing assistance for an

information system and its users after

Computer program series of

instruction that directs a computer to
perform tasks.
Computer programmer/developer
created and modifies computer
programs.
Programming language set of
words, abbreviations and symbols that
enables a programmer to communicate
instruction to a computer.
Program development tool provides
a user friendly environment for
building programs.
Computer languages.

(1) Low level programming language

that is machine dependent. It runs on
only one particular type of computer.
(2) high level each instruction
typically equated to multiple machine
instructions. Often machine
independent.
Low level languages
- have 2 types.
(1) Machine languages- first generation
of programming languages, the only
language the computer directly
recognizes.
(2) assembly languages - second
generation of programming languages,
a programmer writes instructions using
symbolic instruction codes.
Procedural languages
(Third-generation language)
- the programmer writes instructions
that tell the computer what to
accomplish and how to do it.
Compiler separate program that
converts the entire source program into
machine language before executing it.
Interpreter reads a code statement,
converts it to one or more machine
language instructions

C the C programming language

developed by Dennis Ritchie, originally
was designed for writing system
software.
COBOL (Common Business-Oriented
Language) programming language
designed for business applications.

C++ developed by Bjarne Sroustrup,

extension of the C programming
language.
C# developed by Anders Hijlsberg
F# is a programming language that
combines the benefits of an objectoriented language with the benefits of a
functional language.

Object oriented programing language

-to implement objects in a program.
Major benefit: ability to reuse and
modify existing objects.
object an item that can obtain both
data and procedure.

Functional language a programming

language whose natural programming
structure is useful in mathematical
programs.
Visual studio is Microsofts suite of
program that assists programmers in
building programs for Windows.
Code snippets prewritten code and
templates associated with the common
programming tasks.

RAD (Rapid application development)

a method of developing software in
which the programmer writes and
implement a program in segments
instead of waiting until the entire
program is completed.
IDE (integrated development
environment) includes tools for
building graphical interfaces.
Java object-oriented programming
language developed by Sun
Microsystems.
.NET a set of technologies that allows
almost any type of program to run on
the Internet.

Visual programming languages

language that uses visual or graphical
interface for creating all source code.
Visual programming environment
allows programmers to drag and drop
objects to build programs.
Delphi a powerful program
development tool that is ideal for
building large scale enterprise and Web
applications.

Power Builder developed by Sybas,

another powerful program development
Rad tool bust suited for Web-base,
.NET, and large scale enterprise objectrelated applications.

4GLs (fourth generation language) is a

nonprocedural language that enables
users and programmers to access data
in a database. Non-procedural language
means that the programmer writes
English-like instructions or interacts
with a graphical environment to
retrieve data from files or a database.
Application Generators is a program
that creates source code or machine
code form a specification of a required
functionality.
Macro series of statements that
instructs a program how to complete a
task.

HTML (Hypertext Markup

Language) is a special formatting
language that programmers use to
format documents for display on Web
XTHML (extensible HTML) is a
markup language that enables web sites
to be displayed more easily on micro
browsers in smart phones and other
mobile devices.
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
increasingly popular format for sharing
data that allows Web developers to
create customized tags as well as use
predefined tags.
WML ( Wireless Markup Language)
allows web developer to design pages
specifically for micro browsers.
Scripts, Applets, Servlets and ActiveX
controls are programs that run inside of
another program.
SCRIPTING LANGAUGES
interpreted language that typically is
easy to learn and use.
Java script interpreted language that
allows a programmer to add dynamic

content and interactive elements to a

Web page.
Perl (Practical extraction and Report
Language) originally was developed by
Larry Wall as a procedural language
similar to C and C++
Php (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a free,
open source scripting language.
Rexx (Restructures eXtended Executor)
developed by Mike Cowlishaw as a
procedural interpreted scripting
language for both professional
programmer and the nontechnical user
Tel (Tool Command Language) is an
interpreted scripting language created
by Dr. John Ousterhoot.
VBScript (Visual basic, Scripting
Edition) a subset of Visual Basic
Language that allows programmers to
add intelligence and interactivity to
Web Pages
Dynamic HTML newer type of
HTML that allows Web developers to
include more graphical interest and
interactivity in the Web page.
Ruby on Rails an open source
framework that provides technologies
for developing object-oriented,
database-driven Web sites

WEB 2.0 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and

XML) a method of creating interactive
web applications designed to provide
immediate response to users request.
API (application programming
interface) is a collection of tools that
programmers use to interact with an
environments
Webpage Authoring Software
-create sophisticated webpages that
include graphical images, video, audio,
animation and other effects.
Dreamweaver allows developers to
create maintain, and manage
professional websites.
Expression Web create professional,
dynamic, interactive Websites.
Flash enables web developers to
combine interactive content with text,
graphics, audio and video
SharePoint Designer part of the
Microsoft office and SharePoint
families of products.
Multimedia Program Development
-allows programmers to combine text,
graphics, animation, audio and video
into an interactive presentation.

Program development consist of

series of steps programmers use to
build computer programs
Program development life cycle
(PDLC) guides computer
programmers through the development
of a program.
PDLC have six steps
(1) Analyze requirements
(2) Design Solution
(3) Validate Design
(4) Implement Design
(5) Test Solution
(6) Document Solution
Maintaining the program means
correction of errors or addition of
enhancements to an existing program.

Programming team consists of group

of programmers that may develop the
programs.

Control structure also known as

construct, depicts the logical order of
program instructions.
3 basic controls are sequence, selection
and repetition.
Sequence control structure shows
one or more actions following each
other in order.
Selection Control Structure tells the
program which action to take, based on
a certain condition.
Two types:
(1) If-then-else yields one of two
possibilities: true or false.
(2) Case control structure can yield
one of three or more possibilities.
Repetition control structure enables
a program to perform one or more
actions repeatedly as long as a certain
condition is met.
Two types:
(1) Do-while control structure
controls one or more times as long as a
specified condition is true. This control
structure tests a condition at the
beginning of the loop.

(2) Do-until control structure

normally is used when the occurrence
of an event is not quantifiable or
predictable. It tests the condition and
when it stops looping.