Sequence

Basic Concepts

Arithmetic Sequence

Geometric Sequence

Mathematical Induction
G0001

finite sequence
finite ordered list of numbers

a1, a2, a3, . . . an

terms
*Property of STI

G0001

1 __________________________ 2 _________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
finite sequence

finite sequence

finite ordered list of numbers

finite ordered list of numbers

a1, a2, a3, . . . an

first term
*Property of STI

a1, a2, a3, . . . an

third term

second term
G0001

*Property of STI

last term

G0001

3 __________________________ 4 _________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________

Example

infinite sequence
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

infinite ordered list of numbers

2, 4, 6, 8, 9

a1, a2, a3, . . .

2, 3, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19

*Property of STI

G0001

*Property of STI

G0001

5 __________________________ 6 _________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
Example

an = 2n
n

3, 6, 9, 12 . . .

an

4, 8, 12, 16 . . .
1, 2, 3, 4 . . .

*Property of STI

G0001

2(1) = 2 2(2) = 4 2(3) = 6 2(4) = 8 2(5) = 10

3, 6, 9, 12 . . . = {an } = {2n }
*Property of STI

G0001

7 __________________________ 8 _________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________

Arithmetic Sequence

Arithmetic Sequence

Geometric Sequence

*Property of STI

G0001

*Property of STI

G0001

9 __________________________ 10 ________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________

3, 10, 17, ___, 31, 38, ___

3, 10, 17, ___, 31, 38, ___

7

*Property of STI

G0001

*Property of STI

7
G0001

11 _________________________ 12 ________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________

sequence {an} satisfying:

24 31, 38, ___

3, 10, 17, ___,
45
7
*Property of STI

Arithmetic
Sequence

for a constant c and for all n

7
G0001

an+1 an = c

*Property of STI

G0001

13 _________________________ 14 ________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
Theorem 1

Arithmetic
Sequence

an+1 an = c

If c is the common difference of

arithmetic sequence {an} then

an = a1 + c (n 1)
common difference

*Property of STI

G0001

*Property of STI

G0001

15 _________________________ 16 ________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________

Theorem 2

Example

3, 6, 9, 12, 15 . . .

If c is the common difference of

arithmetic sequence {an} then

1, 4, 7, 10, 13 . . .
1, 2, 5, 8, 10 . . .

*Property of STI

G0001

Sn =

n (an + a1)
2

where Sn is the sum of the first n terms

of {an}
*Property of STI

G0001

17 _________________________ 18 ________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
Example

Sn =

*Property of STI

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

n (2a1 + c (n 1))
2

G0001

{3n + 1}

*Property of STI

G0001

19 _________________________ 20 ________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________

Geometric Sequence

*Property of STI

2, 4, 8, ___, 32, 64, ___

*Property of STI

G0001

G0001

21 _________________________ 22 ________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________

16 32, 64, 128

2, 4, 8, ___,
___

2, 4, 8, ___, 32, 64, ___

2 2
*Property of STI

2
G0001

2
*Property of STI

G0001

23 _________________________ 24 ________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________

sequence {an} satisfying:

an+1
=r
an

Geometric
Sequence

an+1
=r
an

Geometric
Sequence

for a constant r and for all n

common ratio

*Property of STI

G0001

*Property of STI

G0001

25 _________________________ 26 ________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
Example
Theorem 3

3, 9, 27, 81, 243 . . .

If r is the common ratio of geometric

sequence {an} then

6, 12, 24, 48, 96 . . .

an = a1r n 1

*Property of STI

G0001

6, 18, 54, 162, 324 . . .

*Property of STI

G0001

27 _________________________ 28 ________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________

Theorem 4

Example

If r is the common ratio of geometric

sequence {an} then

Sn =

2, 4, 8, 16, 32

a1 (1 r n)
1r

{3n

1}

where Sn is the sum of the first n terms

of {an}
*Property of STI

G0001

*Property of STI

G0001

29 _________________________ 30 ________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
Prove:

P(x) is true for all natural number x

Mathematical Induction

Basis Step:

P(a) is true
Inductive Step:
If P(x) is true then P(x +1) is also true

*Property of STI

G0001

*Property of STI

G0001

31 _________________________ 32 ________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________

Example
Prove that:
(1)(2) + (3)( 4) + (5)(6) + + (2n 1)(2n ) =

End

n(n + 1)( 4n 1)
3

true for all natural number n

*Property of STI

G0001

*Property of STI

G0001

33 _________________________ 34 ________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________
____________________________ ___________________________