Transformers

Accessories & Auxiliaries

TransformerLosses

Open Circuit Test of Transformer

LV
LVsideofthetransformerwhereratedvoltageatratedfrequency
side of the transformer where rated voltage at rated frequency
isappliedandHVsideisleftopened
Duringthistest,ratedfluxisproducedinthecoreandthecurrent
drawnisthenoloadcurrentwhichisquitesmallabout2to5%of
theratedcurrent
WattmeterwillrecordthecorelossaswellastheLVwinding
Wattmeter will record the core loss as well as the LV winding
copperloss.Butthewindingcopperlossisverysmallcompared
tothecorelossasthefluxinthecoreisrated

Short Circuit Test of Transformer

Energizing
EnergizingtheHVsidewithLVsideshorted,Voltageappliedis
the HV side with LV side shorted Voltage applied is
suchthattheratedcurrentflowsinthewindings
Voltagerequiredtobeappliedforratedshortcircuitcurrentis
quitesmall(typicallyabout5to15%),thereforefluxlevelinthe
coreofthetransformerwillbealsoverysmall
Hencecorelossisnegligiblysmallcomparedtothewinding
Hence core loss is negligibly small compared to the winding
copperlossesasratedcurrentnowflowsinthewindings
g
g
p y
Magnetizingcurrenttoo,willbeprettysmall

Separation of Core Loss

The
Thesumofhysteresisandeddycurrentlossesiscalledcoreloss
sum of hysteresis and eddy current losses is called core loss
asboththelossesoccurwithinthecore(magneticmaterial)
Foragivenmagneticcircuitwithacoreofferromagnetic
material,volumeandthicknessoftheplatesareconstantand
thetotalcorelosscanbeexpressedas

Measure
Measurethecorelosswiththehelpofawattmeter(W)by
the core loss with the help of a wattmeter (W) by
energizingtheNturncoilfromasinusoidalvoltageofknown
frequency

Separation of Core Loss

From the knowledge of N (number of turns of the coil) and A
(cross sectional area of the core), V (supply voltage) and f
(supply frequency) one can estimate the maximum value of the
flux density from the relation

Three unknowns, namely Kh, Ke and n (Steinmetzs exponent)

to be
b determined
d
i d in
i the
h equation
i off previous
i
slide
lid
7

Separation of Core Loss

Example For a magnetic circuit,
circuit following results are obtained

Estimate the constants, Kh, Ke and n and separate the core loss
into hysteresis and eddy losses at the above frequencies and
flux densities

View of Built Up Core

Core
Mainly two kind of losses in transformer
Coreloss(hysteresisandeddycurrentloss)
Ohmic loss(whentransformerisloaded,I2RlossoccursinbothHV&LV
windingresistances,ohmic lossescorrectedat75oC)

Core is constructed of sheet steel lamination to provide

continuous magnetic
g
path with a minimum of air ggap
p
p
CRGO (cold rolled grain oriented silicon steel) material used for
core making is low reluctance magnetic steel containing 3 to 4%
silicon
ili
and
d have
h
hi h permeability
high
bili and
d a low
l
h
hysteresis
i loss
l
at
the usual operating flux densities
The eddy currents loss is minimized by laminating the core with
the laminations being insulating from each other by a high coat
of core plate varnish or by an oxide layer on the surface
(thickness of laminations vary from 0.30
0 30 mm to 0.5mm)
0 5mm)
10

Transformer Losses & Efficiency

Two types of major losses core and copper losses in
transformer wasted as heat and temperature of the
transformer rises, therefore output power of the transformer
will be always less than the input power drawn by the primary
from the source and efficiency is defined as

From no load to the full load condition the core loss, Pcore
remains practically constant since the level of flux remains
practically same. On the other hand, winding currents depend
upon the degree of loading and copper loss directly depends
upon the square of the current and not a constant from no
load to full load condition
11

Transformer Losses & Efficiency

Therefore efficiency of the transformer for general loading will
become

KVA rating of the transformer be = S

Per unit degree of loading be = x

The loading for maximum efficiency,

efficiency
For a given power factor, transformer will operate at maximum
efficiencyy when it is loaded to
Power transformers intended to be used continuously at its
rated KVA, designed such that max efficiency occurs at x = 1
Distribution transformers whose load widely varies over time,
not desirable to have max efficiency at x = 1, typical value of x
for max efficiencyy mayy between 0.75 to 0.8
12

Transformer Losses & Efficiency

If power factor is allowed to vary then maximum efficiency
occurs at unity power factor

efficiency
ffi i
off the
th transformer
t
f
i dependent
is
d
d t upon the
th degree
d
off
loading and the load power factor
All day efficiency of a transformer is defined as:

13

Transformer Insulation
Transformer winding have insulation within the
winding, between windings and winding to earth
Minor insulation like inter turn insulation, is achieved
using cellulosic paper
Major
M j
i l i
insulation
b
between
primary
i
and
d secondary,
d
phase to phase and inner coil to core is achieved by
Bakelite wooden blocks,
Bakelite,
blocks cellulosic paper cylinders
Transformer oil is used for insulation and for cooling
purpose in oil filled transformers

14

Transformer Insulation
Transformer
f
Oill derivative
d
off petroleum
l
crude
d
It has good dielectric strength
It iis also
l a good
d cooling
li medium
di
and
d absorbs
b b heat
h t from
f
th
the
windings in transformer
The mineral oil has a flash p
point of 140C to 160C and also
can sustain the combustion with its own energy, once it
catches fire, thus this is unsuitable for the transformer
located indoors
The indoor transformers are filled with a synthetic liquid
known as silicon based transformer oil which is fire resistant
and has flash point well above 300C

15

Transformer Insulation
Transformeroilmainlyconsistsof
T
f
il
i l
it f
Paraffins
Napthins
Aromatics

16

CH2
CH3

CH2
CH2

CH2
CH2

CH2
CH2

CH2
CH2

CH3
CH2

Paraffinic
CH3
CH2
CH3

CH

CH
C

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH2

CH

CH

CH

CH2

CH

CH2

CH2

Naphtenic

CH

Aromatic

17

IS 335 OIL
IS335OIL
IS335OilsarepredominantlyParaffinic
IS 335 Oils are predominantly Paraffinic
Roughcompositioncanbegivenas
h
ii
b i
Paraffinic morethan65%
Napthenic 20to25%
Aromatic
10to15%
10 to 15 %

18

IEC 60296 OIL

IEC60296OIL
IEC
IEC60296Oilsarelesspredominantin
60296 Oils are less predominant in
ParaffinicwithhigherNaptheniccontent
Roughcompositioncanbegivenas
Paraffinic 50to65%
Napthenic
p
25to42%
Aromatic
8to10%
19

Transformer Insulation
Use
U off transformer
t
f
oilil with
ith crude
d base
b
as
naphthenic/ paraffinic
N
Naphthenic
h h i base
b
oils
il generally
ll have
h
hi h
higher
resistivity
i i i
values when compared to paraffinic base oils and have
better oxidation stability
Equally good parameters can be achieved with paraffinic
base oils also, when properly refined
Oilil parameters are important.
i
Base off oilil is
i not important
i
(none of the standards specify the base of oil)

20

Deterioration of Transformer Oil

EffectofOxygenonOil
Effect of Oxygen on Oil
Oxidationresultsinformationofacidsininsulatingoiland
theformationofsludgeatmoreadvancestateofoxidation
Anincreaseintemperatureof10Cgenerallydoublesthe
rateofoxidation
Sludgestickstothesurfacethroughwhichheatshouldbe
Sludge sticks to the surface through which heat should be
dissipatedandasaresult,thetransformerinsulationgets
toohotandisdamaged

MoistureinOil
M i
i Oil
Watercanbepresentinoilinadissolvedform,astiny
dropletsmixedwiththeoil(emulsion),orinafreestateat
p
(
),
thebottomofthecontainerholdingtheoil
Averysmallamountofemulsifiedwaterhasamarked
influence in reducing dielectric strength of oil
influenceinreducingdielectricstrengthofoil
21

Functional Property Requirement

of Mineral Insulating Oil

Goodcoolingcapability
Good cooling capability
Goodflowproperty
Lesssolvencyofmaterialincontact
Goodinsulation/dielectricproperty
Good insulation / dielectric property
Goodoxidationstability

22

Transformer Oil Specification

Characteristics
h

Suggestedvalue
d l
ForEHVtransformers

Breakdownvoltage

>60KV

Watercontent

<10ppm

Tandeltaat90deg.C

0.005(max)

Specificresistanceat90deg.C

>1X10E12ohmcm

Flashpoint(degreeC)

>140

Viscosity

27centistokesat27degC
<9cst
9
at40degC
40 d C

Acidity(Neutralizationnumber) <0.03mgKOH/g
Interfacialtension
f i l
i

>0.03N/mor>30dyne/cm
/
d
/
23

Deterioration of Transformer Oil

Aciditytest
Acidity test
Acidsaredirectlyresponsibleforsludgeformation,theseacids
precipitateout,astheirconcentrationincreases,andbecome
sludge
Aciditytestmeasurescontentofacidsformedbyoxidation
Neutralizationnumberisthemilligrams(mg)ofpotassium
hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize the acid contained in 1 g of
hydroxide(KOH)requiredtoneutralizetheacidcontainedin1gof
transformerliquid

InterfacialTension(IFT)
A
Aciditytestalonedeterminesconditionsunderwhichsludgemay
idit t t l
d t
i
diti
d
hi h l d
form,butdoesnotnecessarilyindicatethatactualsludging
conditionsexist
Attractionbetweenwatermoleculesattheinterfaceisinfluenced
i b
l l
h i
f
i i fl
d
bythepresenceofpolarmoleculesintheliquidinsuchawaythat
thepresenceofmorepolarcompoundscauseslowerIFT
Thepolarcompoundsaresludgeparticlesortheirpredecessors
24

Ideal Transformer Oil

LowDensity(<0.91)
(
)
LowViscosity(<27cst)
LowPourPoint(< 40OC)
High
HighFlashPoint(>145
Flash Point (> 145 OC)
HighOxidationStability(<0.03mgKOH/g)
LowDissipationFactor(<0.2%)
L
Di i ti F t ( 0 2%)
HighElectricStrength(>60kV)
HighVolumeResistivity(>1X10E12ohmcm)

25

AutoTransformer

Inter Connecting Transformer (ICT)

Autotransformerusedforinterconnectionbetweentwo
systemofdifferentvoltages,possiblywithregulation
27

Auto Transformer
Auto
Autotransformerisatransformerwithonewindingonly,part
transformer is a transformer with one winding only part
ofthisbeingcommontobothprimaryandsecondary
Whenaloadisconnectedacrossbandc,thenacurrentI2 will
flowthroughtheloadandcurrentI1 istakenfromthesource
Currentinthesecondarywinding(commonwinding)isvector
difference of I2 andI
differenceofI
and I1,butastwocurrentspracticallyinphase
but as two currents practically in phase
opposition,commonwindingcurrentmaybetakenasI2I1

28

Auto Transformer
Current
CurrentII2 willproduceanMMFinthecorewhichwillbe
will produce an MMF in the core which will be
balancedbyacurrentI1 flowinginthecompletewinding
MMFofwindingabisI1(N1N2)isequaltoMMFofwindingcb
whichis(I2I1)N2 as(I1N1 =I2N2)
WeightofcopperinabandbcisproportionaltoI1(N1N2)and
(I2II1)N2 respectively,hencetotalweightofcopperinauto
respectively hence total weight of copper in auto
transformerisproportionaltoI1(N1N2)+(I2I1)N2

29

Auto Transformer
In
In2windingtransformer,weightofcopperisproportionalto
2 winding transformer weight of copper is proportional to
(I1N1 +I2N2)
Thereforeratioofweightofcopperinanautotransformerto
theweightofcopperin2windingtransformeris
[I1(N1N2)+(I2I1)N2]/(I1N1 +I2N2)=[1 (N2/N1)]=1 k
Wherek=(N2/N1)

Savingofconductormaterialifautotransformerisused=kX
conductor weight in 2wdg
conductorweightin2
wdgtransformer
transformer
Ifk=0.1,savingofconductormaterialisonly10%andfork=0.9,
savingofconductormaterialis90%
Stepuporstepdownofasupplyvoltagebyasmallamount
(Thesmallerthedifferenceinvoltagebetweentheoutputand
input voltages the greater is the saving of winding material) (k
inputvoltages,thegreateristhesavingofwindingmaterial)(k
neartounity)
30

Advantages of Auto Transformer

Because
Becauseofonewinding,ituseslesscopperoraluminumand
of one winding it uses less copper or aluminum and
hencetheoreticallyitischeaper
Reducedweight,size,noloadandonloadlosses,noload
currentandshortcircuitimpedance
Areductioninconductormaterialmeanslowerwindowareaand
therefore reduced core length hence for same core area weight
thereforereducedcorelength,hence,forsamecorearea,weight
ofautotransformercoreisdecreased
Sincethesecondarywindingcurrentispartoftheprimary
y
g
p
p
y
currentandreductionincoreandconductormaterial,copper
lossandcorelossarelower,thereforeefficiencyishigher
Alsolowervalueofohmicresistance(aslessconductormaterial)
Al l
l
f h i
it
( l
d t
t i l)
andlowleakagereactance(lowleakagefluxincommonwinding),
voltageregulationisgood
31

Disadvantages of Auto Transformer

If
Ifkdiffersfarfromunity,economicadvantagedecreases
k differs far from unity, economic advantage decreases
DirectelectricalconnectionbetweenHVandLVwindings,if
primarysuppliedwithhighvoltagethenanopencircuitin
commonwindingcausesdangerouslyhighvoltageinLVside
Shortcircuitcurrentishigherthan2windingtransformer
Autotransformerisparticularlysensitivetoatmosphericover
Auto transformer is particularly sensitive to atmospheric over
voltages
Tapwinding,withitstapchangerpreferablynearthemedium
p
g,
p
g p
y
voltageterminal,issubjectedtomuchhardertreatmentthanits
counterpartwhichisnearlyalwaysplacedneartheneutralpoint
of the double wound transformer
ofthedoublewoundtransformer
Autotransformerthereforerequireshigherstandardof
insulationthananormaltransformerandprotectionbysurge
arrestersisespeciallyrequired
32

TertiaryWinding
y
g

Harmonics in Transformer
BH
B Hcurveofthemagneticmaterialformingthetransformercore
curve of the magnetic material forming the transformer core
isnotlinear,henceifasinusoidalvoltageisbeingapplied,the
fluxisasinewave(andhenceasinusoidalsecondaryvoltage),
th
themagnetizingcurrentisnotsinusoidalduetosaturationandis
ti i
ti
t i
id l d t
t ti
di
peakycontainingapronouncedthirdharmonic
Forasinusoidalmagnetizingcurrent,thefluxwaveisflattopped
g
g
,
pp
andinducedemfbothinprimary&secondarywindingarepeaky
containingastrongthirdharmonicemf
Thirdorderharmoniccomponentsineachphaseofathree
Thi d d h
i
t i
h h
f th
phasesystemareinphase,therecanbenothirdorderharmonic
voltagesbetweenlines
Thirdharmonicmagnetizingcurrentcanflowincloseddeltabut
notinthelines

34

Harmonics in Transformer

35

Harmonics in Transformer
Exciting
Excitingcurrentharmonicsmaycauseinadvertentoperationof
current harmonics may cause inadvertent operation of
protectiveequipment(incaseofpilotwire)andmaycause
interferencewithcommunicationcircuitsbyinducingemfs (due
t h
toharmonicmagneticfluxes)
i
ti fl
)
Presenceofharmoniccirculatingcurrentintransformerwindings
increasesohmic lossesandhencetemperaturerises
p
Voltageharmonicsproducesmorestrainoninsulation
Harmonicscanbereducedbyusinglowercorefluxdensities,but
resultsinlargecorearea(forthesamevoltage),moreconductor
material,thereforemorecost(noteconomical)
Triplen harmoniccurrentandvoltagesinthelinessuppressedby
harmonic current and voltages in the lines suppressed by
usingstar(3wiresupply)ordeltaconnectionsoftransformers
Tosuppresstriplen harmonicvoltages,oneofthetransformer
wdg (eitherprimaryorsecondary)mustbeconnectedindelta
36

Tertiary Winding
It
Itisdesirablethatathree
is desirable that a threephase
phasetransformershouldhaveone
transformer should have one
setofthreephasewindingsconnectedindeltathusprovidinga
lowimpedancepathforthirdharmoniccurrents
Ifitisnotpossibletoconnectprimaryorsecondaryindelta,
thenthirdwindingmaybeusedwhichisconnectedindelta
Thepresenceofadeltaconnectedwindingalsoallowscurrentto
The presence of a deltaconnected winding also allows current to
circulatearoundthedeltaintheeventofunbalanceinthe
loadingbetweenphases,sothatthisunbalanceisreducedand
notsogreatlyfedbackthroughthesystem
t
tl f d b k th
h th
t
Iftheneutralofthestarconnectedwindingisunearthedthen,
without the use of a delta tertiary, this neutral point can oscillate
withouttheuseofadeltatertiary,thisneutralpointcanoscillate
aboveandbelowearthatavoltageequalinmagnitudetothird
orderharmoniccomponent.Becausetheuseofadeltatertiary
prevents this it is sometimes referred to as a stabilizing winding
preventsthisitissometimesreferredtoasastabilizingwinding
37

Tertiary Winding
Star/star
Star/starconnectedtransformersandauto
connected transformers and autotransformers
transformersare
are
providedbytertiarywindingwhichisconnectedindelta
Tertiarywindingstabilizesthephasetophasevoltagesinthe
caseofanunbalancedload(e.g.singlephaseloadbetweenone
phaseandneutral)otherwisecurrentflowinginuncompensated
windingispurelymagnetizingandbysaturationcauses
g p
y
g
g
y
deformationofphasevoltages,displacementofneutralpoint
andheatingoftankduetostrayfluxlosses
Tertiarywindingsupplyreactancetoprovidethereactiveenergy
T ti
i di
l
t
t
id th
ti
ofthesystem,ortosupplystationauxiliariesoralocalsystem

38

VectorGrouping
p g

Vector Grouping
Thewindingsofthreephasetransformersmaybeconnectedin
byYor

40

Vector Grouping
Theinterconnectedstarconnectionisobtainedbysubdividing
thetransformerwindingsintohalvesandtheninterconnecting
these between phases
thesebetweenphases
Byvaryingtheinterconnectionsandsenseofthewindings,a
numberofalternativescanbeproduced

41

Vector Grouping
Theinterconnectedstar
arrangementusedtoprovide
a neutral for connection to
aneutralforconnectionto
earthonasystemwhich
wouldnototherwisehave
one for example when the
one,forexamplewhenthe
LVwindingofastepdown
transformerisdelta
connected

42

Vector Grouping

43

Vector Grouping
Star, delta and zigzag/interconnected star connections are
designated by the symbols Y, D and Z respectively
HV winding represented by capital letter and LV winding by
lower case letter
Clock method of angle designation Clock face number
reference instead of degrees to describe the phase shift

44

Vector Grouping
HV line phasor is considered as the minute hand always set at 12
Oclock (zero hour) position and the corresponding LV line phasor
is represented by hour hand
First symbol represents HV winding connection, second symbol
represents LV winding connection and third symbol is for phase
displacement between HV and LV line emfs expressed as clock
hour number

45

Vector Grouping
Yd11 symbol represents a polyphase transformer with HV
winding in star, LV winding in delta and LV line phasor at 11
Oclock
O
clock i.e. 30O ahead (30O lead)of the zero hour position of the
HV line phasor
Group No
GroupNo.

I
II
III
IV

PhaseDisplacement
Phase
Displacement
Clock
Degree
Number
0
Zero
6
180O
1
30O Lag
11
30O Lead

TwoWinding
Two
Winding
Connection
Yy0
Yy6
Dy1
Dy11

Dd0
Dd6
Yd1
Yd11
46

Vector Grouping

Sequence Diagram ( Dy1)

SequenceDiagram(Dy1)

47

Vector Grouping

Sequence Diagram ( YD11)

SequenceDiagram(YD11)
R

A2

a2

A1

a1

B2

b2

B1

b1

C2

c2

C1

c1

b1

A2
a2
C1 A1
B1
C2

b2

a1
c2

a2 b1
b1
c1

c1

a1
B2

a2 b1

c2

b2
c1
a1

c2
48

Vector Grouping

49

Vector Grouping

50

Vector Grouping

51

Vector Grouping

52

Vector Grouping

53

TransformerConnections

Transformer Connections
Th
There are many factors
f
i fl
influencing
i the
h choice
h i between
b
diff
different
vector groups, from the users point of view, the following
aspects will be important
Vector displacement between the systems connected to each
winding of transformer and ability to achieve parallel operation
Provision of a neutral earth point or points,
points where the neutral is
referred to earth either directly or through an impedance
Only the star or interconnected star (Z) winding configurations give
a neutral location, if for various reasons, only delta windings are
used at a particular voltage level on a particular system, a neutral
point can still be provided by a transformer called a neutral
earthing transformer
Practicality of transformer design and cost associated with
insulation requirements
55

Transformer Connections
Delta/Star usedinGeneratingstationsforStepup(AllGTsare
Delta/Starconnected)
Star/Delta
Star/Delta usedinReceivingstationsforStepdown(AllTie
used in Receiving stations for Step down (All Tie
transformersareStar/Starconnected)
Instarconnection,neutralcanbesolidlygroundedandthe
maximumvoltagebetweenwindingandcore(orframe)isonly
1/3timesthelinevoltage,insulationrequiredisthereforeless
Indeltaconnection,ifonelineisgroundedbyfault,maximum
In delta connection if one line is grounded by fault maximum
voltagebetweenwindingandcorebecomesthefulllinevoltage,
transformerthereforerequiresmoreinsulation

56

Transformer Connections
StarStar(YY)Connections Crosssectionalareaofbothprimary
andsecondaryconductorsismaximum,thenumberofturnsand
total quantity of coil insulation per phase is minimum, windings
totalquantityofcoilinsulationperphaseisminimum,windings
aremechanicallystrongandcanbearheavyloads&S/Ccurrent
Itiseconomicalforsmalloutputhighvoltagetransformersasthe
numberofturnsperphase&amountofinsulationrequiredless
Thereisnophaseshiftbetweenprimaryandsecondaryvoltages
hence easiest connection for parallel operation
henceeasiestconnectionforparalleloperation
Thedrawbackisthattheneutralisunstablebecauseofthird
harmoniccomponentintheexcitingcurrent
Starstartransformersaretypicallyfoundindistribution
applications,orinlargesizesinterconnectinghighvoltage
transmission systems some starstar transformers are equipped
transmissionsystems,somestarstartransformersareequipped
withathirdwindingconnectedindeltatostabilizetheneutral
57

Transformer Connections
Delta
DeltaDelta(
Delta ( )Connections
) Connections generallyusedinsystems
generally used in systems
whichcarrylargecurrentsonlowvoltagesandspeciallywhen
continuityofserviceistobemaintainedeventhoughoneofthe
phasesdevelopsfault(canbeoperatedinopendeltaorV
connectionmeeting58percentofthebalancedload)
Nophasedisplacementbetweenprimary&secondaryvoltages
No phase displacement between primary & secondary voltages
henceeasiestconnectionforparalleloperation
Nodistortionoffluxasthethirdharmoniccomponentof
magnetizingcurrentcanflowinthedelta
Theconductorisrequiredofsmallerxsectionasthephase
current is 1/3 times of the line current & no difficulty is
currentis1/3timesofthelinecurrent&nodifficultyis
experiencedduetounbalancingofloadsonthesecondaryside
Thedisadvantagesarethatmoreinsulationisrequiredandthe
voltageappearingbetweenwindingsandcorewillbeequalto
fulllinevoltageincaseofearthfaultononephase
58

Transformer Connections
StarDelta(Y)Connections Suchconnectionsareused
principallywherethevoltageistobesteppeddown,asfor
example, at the end of a transmission line
example,attheendofatransmissionline
Theneutraloftheprimarywindingisearthed
Thedeltawindingcarrythirdharmonicsandstabilizesstarpoint
potential
Nosecondaryneutralpointisavailableforearthing orforgiving
a four wire supply unless additional auxiliary apparatus is used
afourwiresupplyunlessadditionalauxiliaryapparatusisused
Deltasideismechanicallyweak

59

Transformer Connections
DeltaStar(Y)Connections Suchconnectionsareusedwhere
itisnecessarytostepupthevoltage,asforexample,atthe
beginning of a HT transmission line or generating station
beginningofaHTtransmissionlineorgeneratingstation
IfHVwindingisstarconnectedtherewillbesavingincostof
insulation
Inthiscaseneutralpointisstableandwillnotfloatincaseof
unbalancedloading
Thereisnodistortionoffluxbecauseexistenceofaconnection
There is no distortion of flux because existence of a connection
allowsapathforthethirdharmoniccomponents
Inrecentyears,thisarrangementhasbecomeverypopularfor
g
distributionsystemasitprovides3 ,4wiresystem
Noprimaryneutralisavailableforearthing,notnecessarilya
disadvantage as the system on primary side of the transformer
disadvantage,asthesystemonprimarysideofthetransformer
isgenerallyearthed
60

Transformer Connections
V
Vee/Vee
/V connection
i
Only
O l practical
i l advantage
d
i that
is
h some
initial saving in cost may be effected when installing a
transformer group to supply a load which , likely to grow, may
not do so for some time
Two single phase transformer units only need initially be
installed instead of three for giving a three phase supply
Third harmonic voltages & currents usually very small
Electro
Electrostatically
statically unbalanced, not suitable for HV systems

61

Transformer Connections
Th
The Scott
S
connection
i is
i one means off making
ki the
h threephase
h
h
to
twophase transformation and utilizes two singlephase
transformers connected to the threephase system
The first transformer is known as the main transformer and the
other is known as the teaser
It can only give an output of 3/2
/ of their combined single phase
kVA rating
Small third harmonic voltages & currents exist but are negligible

62

Transformer Connections
Wh
When the
h generator is
i synchronized
h i d to the
h system and
d
producing power, a small part of its output is generally tapped
off the generator terminals to provide a supply for the electrical
auxiliaries and this is usually stepped down to a voltage which
is less than generator voltage by means of the unit transformer
660 MW generator generating at 23.5
23 5 kV stepped up to 400 kV
via its generator transformer and with a unit transformer
providing a supply to the 11 kV unit switchboard
Whilst the unit is being started up, the 11 kV unit board will
normally be supplied via the station transformer which will take
its supply from the 400kV system,
system either directly or via an
intermediate 132 kV system. At some stage during the loading
of the generator, supplies will need to be changed from station
to unit
i source which
hi h will
ill involve
i
l briefly
b i fl paralleling
ll li these
h
and
d so,
clearly, both supplies must be in phase
63

Transformer Connections
Wh
When the
h generator is
i synchronized
h i d to the
h system and
d
producing power, a small part of its output is generally tapped
off the generator terminals to provide a supply for the electrical
auxiliaries and this is usually stepped down to a voltage which
is less than generator voltage by means of the unit transformer
660 MW generator generating at 23.5
23 5 kV stepped up to 400 kV
via its generator transformer and with a unit transformer
providing a supply to the 11 kV unit switchboard
Whilst the unit is being started up, the 11 kV unit board will
normally be supplied via the station transformer which will take
its supply from the 400kV system,
system either directly or via an
intermediate 132 kV system. At some stage during the loading
of the generator, supplies will need to be changed from station
to unit
i source which
hi h will
ill involve
i
l briefly
b i fl paralleling
ll li these
h
and
d so,
clearly, both supplies must be in phase
64

Transformer Connections
Th
The generator transformer
f
will
ill probably
b bl be
b connected
d
star/delta, with the 23.5kV phasor at 1 o'clock, that is YNd1
The 23.5/11 kV unit transformer will be connected delta/star,
with its 11 kV phasor at the 11 o'clock position, that is Dyn11
This means that the 11kV system has zerophase shift
compared with the 400kV system; regardless of whether the
station transformer is connected directly to the 400 or 132 kV, it
must p
produce zerophase
p
displacement
p
Simplest way of doing this is to utilize a star/star transformer
Such an arrangement ensures that both 400 and 11 kV systems
are provided with a neutral for connection to earth, but fails to
meet the requirement that the transformer should have one
windingg connected in delta in order to eliminate third harmonic
voltages. It is possible, to provide a deltaconnected tertiary
65
winding in order to meet this requirement

Transformer Connections

66

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