A ritual performed by members of some African

cultures
Infected male has sex with a virgin in order to
cure HIV/AIDS
Reported cases of rape involve victims as young
as 5 months old
Disabled individuals are at high risk

Mode of Transmission
Sexual Abuse

Bodily System
Cardiovascular
Digestive

Before Birth

Hematopoetic

Immune
During Birth

After Birth

Integumentary

Neuronal
Pulmonary

Contaminated
Blood Products

Vertical (Perinatal) Transmission: Mother to Child

Transmission (MTCT)

Main routes of transmission in Pediatric Population

Occurs before, during or after birth
80% of Pediatric HIV cases in the United States

Period 1: In Utero : Before Birth

Underdeveloped immune system
Period 2: Peripartum : During Delivery
Cervicovaginal secretions and maternal blood
Period 3: Postpartum : Breast Milk
Viral load, epithelial barrier, and antimicrobial
properties

 Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic
Restrictive
Dilated
Pericardial Effusion
Accumulation of fluid
Myocarditis
Inflammation of myocardium
Cardiac Dysrhythmia

 Candidiasis (Oral and

Esophogeal)
Oral Thrush
Dehydration
Fever
Hoarseness
Esophagitis
Oral Herpes Simplex Virus 1
(HSV-1)
Ulcerated lips, mouth, and
tongue, and esophagus
Nausea; vomiting
Drooling
Parotid gland swelling

 Anemia
Major Hematologic Complication
Reduced Blood Cell Production
Erythrocytopenia
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia
Coagulation Abnormalities

Viremia
Increased viral Load
Immune cell death (Apoptosis)
Increased presence of proinflammatory
cytokines

 HIV Dermatitis
Papular rash (papules present)
Chronic skin lesions
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1)
Ulcerated mouth, lips, and tongue
Dermatophytosis: tinea capitis (Ringworm)
Cutaneous fungal infection
Red patches on the skin, hair (scalp),
groin, feet

 HIV Encephalopathy
White matter degeneration
White matter functions in
transfer of nerve impulses to
neurons
Neurological disorders
Slower nerve impulses
Motor Deficits
Brain atrophy
Loss of brain volume
Loss of tissue
Increased fluid volume
in the brain
Developmental Delay
Impaired brain growth

 Chronic Lung Disease

Cyanosis
Labored Breathing
Lungs collapse, trap air, fill
with mucus
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Lungs and Right side of the
heart
Dizziness
Shortness of Breath
Chest Pressure

 Colitis
Ulcerated colon
Encephalitis
Pneumonia
Retinitis

Established
immune system
Variation in
Efficacy of Host
Defense
Mechanisms
Evolution of HIV to
AIDS is slower in
Adult population

Age
related
immune
responses
and
changes

Fetal tissues and cell are

more easily subdued by HIV
infection
(Especially Infants)
o Underdeveloped
Immune System
Disease progression of HIV
to AIDS is rapid
Infant exposure occurs
during immunological
development
Suboptimal response to
treatment