SANSKRIT

Except tamil Sanskrit vocab in every lang. Perhaps oldest language.

Hymns of rigveda, prose literature on ritual matters- brahmanas.
Grammar of Panini- Ashtadhyayi
Mahabharata and Ramayana important development,
Mahakavya- Secular literature Sanskrit epic poetry
Ashvaghosha epics Kavya techniques.........Buddhacharita and Saundarananda shows shallowness of world
Kalidasa's Kumarasambhava story of origin of Kartikeya, son of shiva
Katha Tradition Panchatantra by vishnusharman; Kadambari, udayasundari novels
on love; kathasaritsagar huge collection of stories skilfully narrated
Prose used for scientific, technical and philosophical purpose Patanjali Mahabhasya
a commentary on panini's grammar from Katyayana's vartika. Aryabhata & Bhaskara
wrote maths and astronomy. Charaka & Susruta on medicine, Kautilya on politics &
Administration.
Literary criticism Bharata's Natyashastra ancient Indian treatise on the
performing arts, encompassing theatre, dance and music.
Muslim invasion and British rule had an unfavourable influence on Sanskrit. Still the
works have been preserved.
Source of vocab for modern language and provides technical terms not found in
modern languages.

BODO
a branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages, is a language that belongs to the
branch of Barish section under Baric division of the Tibeto-Burman languages and
spoken by the Bodo people of north-eastern India and Nepal.
One of official language of Assam.
Ancient language. But written literature by christian missionaries in 2nd decade of 20th
century. Published books on religion, tales, rhymes and songs and also grammar &
dictionary.
Reverend Sidney Endle compiled "An Outline of The Kachari Grammar" in 1884.
The grammar is based on the dialect of Darrang district.
After socio-political awakening BODO lang, used in primary teaching but now upto
secondary.
Large number of books of poetry, drama, short stories, novels, biography, travelogues,
children's literature and literary criticism.
Written in Devanagiri script but earlier written in Roman and assamese script. Original
used lost script called Deodhai.

DOGIRI
Dogri is an Indo Aryan language and a member of the Western Pahari Group of
languages.
Spoken chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, but
also in northern Punjab.
originally written using the Takri script but now Devanagari.. Own grammar having
strong sanskrit base and own dictionary.
Originally derived from Sauraseni Prakrit but gradually absorbed Arabic, persian and
english words.
Earliest reference of Dogiri found in Indian languages given by Amir Khusrau like
Sindhi, kashmiri, lahauli, gujrati, awadhi and so on.
Translation: Lilavati a sanskrit work on mathematics by Vishveshar, New Testament by
christian missionaries.
Kavi Dattu : 18th century - This poet regarded in high esteem due to his work Barah
Massa, Kamal Netra, Bhup Bijog and others.
Karan Singh: Contemporary name. Author of novels, travelogues and philosophical
treaties. Translated dogri songs into english. His works are 'Towards a new India' ,
Hinduism: The eternal religion.

NEPALI
Refers to the literature written in the Nepali language. today's Nepali literature is
widely written outside of Nepal and many prominent writers were born in other
countries e.g. Parijat and Indra Bahadur Rai.
Evolved from Sanskrit. Language has grown from Khas Prakrit. Rich in folk tradition.
Difficult to exactly date the history of Nepali literature. Possible to roughly divide Nepali
literature into five periods.
Pre-Bhanubhakta Era
No evidence of literary tradition before Bhanubhakta.

Bhanubhakta Era
1st nepali poet... early poets wrote in sanskrit. Bhanubhakta Translated ramayana.
wrote poems on subjects: family morals advocacy, satires of bureaucracy, poor
conditions of prisoners.
Early 20th Century
Motiram Bhatta revived legacy of Bhanubhakta
1960-91
independent magazine "Sharada" was the only printed medium available for
publication of Nepali literature.

Short stories by Laxmi Prasad Devkota, Guru Prasad Mainali and Bishweshwar Prasad
Koirala has become recognized as of tremendous importance.
"Muna Madan" by Laxmi Prasad Devkota tells the tales of human lives ;
Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala introduced psychology into literature e.g. "Teen Ghumti",
"Doshi Chasma", "Narendra Dai"
Post-Revolution Era
Nepalese diaspora is rapidly widening Diasporic literature has developed the new ways
of thinking and 'mutual transformation

SANTHALI
Santali is a language in the Munda subfamily of Austro-Asiatic, related to Ho and
Mundari. It is actually a dialect of Munda lang. Spoken in Jharkhand, assam, bihar,
odisha, tripura n WB.
Roman script during british now devanagari. The language has its own script, known as
Ol Chiki. This script was invented by Pandit Murmu known as Guru Gomke.
Gomke wrote over 150 books. Works include grammar, novels, drama, poetry and short
stories. Some acclaimed works are Darege Dhan, Sidhu- Kanhu, Bidu Chandan and
Kherwal Bir Pandit.
No written language until 20th century. Used roman, devanagari and Bangla writing
system.
Very similar to Bengali so educated santhali writers prefer writing in bengali.

SINDHI

Controversy. Some say its Indo aryan laguage, others trace it to indus valley I.e period
before advent of sanskrit.
Shah Abdul Latif gr8 poet collection of poems Rasalo shows a combination of deep
thought, graphic description and beauty of language. Other poets Abdul Wahhab and
Bhai Chainrai (vedantist) formed trinity in poetry with Latif - 18th century
Influence of persian poetry from 18th century with the entry of Ghazal, gasida, ruba'i
and mathnawi.
Subject matter changed from mysticism to romanticism. 'Gul' was 1st poet to compose
a diwan. 'Bewas' composed poems on nature. Bewas along with Jatoi and Dukhyal gave
modern form and content of sindhi poetry a new impetus as Novel and short story
became the main form of prose.
After British annexation of Sindh grammar books and dictionaries were published,
besides book on religion, art and science.
Drama Mirza Beg made a beginning with 'laila Manjun'. Darvani, Chagla and Aziz are
other contributors.
For last several decades free verses, sonnets and ballads have been written along with
classical forms of poetry such as kafi, vaee, bait, geet and dohira.
Few famous poets of todays are Makhdoom mola, ustaad Bukhari, Shaikh Ayaz, Darya
Khan,etc.

Restructured literary forum of sindhi language called Sindhi Adabi Sanga attratcs most
of literary figure all over world.

KONKANI
Konkani is an Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-European family of
languages.
Official language of the Indian state of Goa, and a minority language in Karnataka and
northern Kerala.
All books, written in Konkani, Marathi, or Sanskrit, were seized by the Goan inquisition
and burnt on the suspicion that they might deal with idolatry. It is probable that
valuable non-religious literature dealing with art, literature, sciences, etc.
were destroyed.
It is quite possible that Old Konkani was just referred to as Prakrit by its
speakers.
First reference to the name Konkani in the abhanga ,of the 14th century Marathi saint
poet, Namadeva.
Close to marathi and hindi.
Devanagiri script
Krishnadas Shama! (not Sharma given in spectrum) authored Ramayana,
Mahabharata and Krishnacharitrakatha in prose style. The manuscripts have not been
found, though transliterations in Roman script are found.
Christian literature has also been written in Konkani. Father Miranda wrote
longest Konkani Hymn,
The first book exclusively on Konkani Grammar, Arte da lingoa Canarim, was printed
in 1640 by Father Stephens in Portuguese.

MAITHILI
Eastern india and south east nepal. Derived from Avahattha, the maithili Apabhramsa
which is derived from Magadhi Apabhramsa. Traditionally was written in maithili
and kaithi script.
Earliest work by Jyotirishwar Thakur is Varnaratnakara, is earliest specimen of
North Indian prose.
Early maithili literature comprised Ballads, songs and Dohas while mid maithili
literature was dominated by Theatrical writings
Vidyapati is tallest figure; produced immortal songs on theme of erotic sports
of Radha and Krishna; domestic life of Shiva and Parvati; sufferings of migrant
labourers of Morang and their families
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu made his love songs themes of Vaishnava sect of bengal.
Lochana wrote Ragatarangni a treatise on science of music describing ragas, talas
and lyrics prevelent in mithila.

Maithili revived by Parameshvar Mishra, Chanda Jha, Raghunandan das after its
downfall during colonialism.

KASHMIRI
Patanjali and Dridhbala (who revised Charaka Samhita of Ayurveda) emerged from
this region.
In medieval times the great Kashmir Valley School of Art, Culture and Philosophy
Kashmir Shaivism arose. Its great masters include Vasugupta, Abhinavagupta
and Kshemaraja.
The use of the Kashmiri language began with the work Mahanayakaprakash (Light of
the supreme lord) by Shitikantha , and was followed by the poet Lalleshvari or Lal Ded
(14th century), who wrote mystical verses in the vakh or four-line couplet style.
Buddhism and Vaishnavism also had an impact. Islam from Central Asian region
Persian and Urdu influence could be felt. Distinct comic-satiric ballad called
Ladi-Shah was created at end of 19th century.
20th century Began with work of Mahjur whose work embodies western thoughts,
older kashmiri secular poetry and development in literature of other modern N. Indian
lang.
Contemporary Kashmiri literature appears in Sheeraza published by the Jammu &
Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, Anhar published by the Kashmirri
Department of the Kashmir University, and an independent magazine Neab
International Kashmiri Magazine