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Protocol Reference Model of

OSI

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

Each layer support the layers above it and
offers services to the layers below
Each layer performs unique and specific task
A layer only has knowledge of its neighbour
layers only
A layer service is independent of the
implementation

OSI Model

An attempt for a framework for developing

networking technologies
OSI became a tool for explaining the
Networking in general
Before OSI was created people created their
Software/Hardware as they wanted it to be.
There was not any compatibility. Now OSI is
used as a rule set for all vendors to create
their Software/Hardware by using the
standards.

OSI Model

Strategy for connecting host computers and other

communicating equipment.
Defines
necessary
elements
communication between devices.

Introduction to the OSI layer

How OSI was created and why
Comparison with TCP/IP
Layers :
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
Conclusion
Resources

for

data

A communication architecture, therefore, defines a

standard for the communicating hosts.
A programmer formats data in a manner defined
by the communication architecture and passes it
on to the communication software.
Separating
communication
functions
adds
flexibility, for example, we do not need to modify
the entire host software to include more
communication devices.

Layer architecture simplifies the network design.

It is easy to debug network applications in a
layered architecture network.
The network management is easier due to the
layered architecture.
Network layers follow a set of rules, called
protocol.
The protocol defines the format of the data being
exchanged, and the control and timing for the
handshake between layers.

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OSI Model

OSI Model

The OSI model is now considered the primary

Architectural
model
for
inter-computer
communications.

International
standard
organization
(ISO)
established a committee in 1977 to develop an
architecture for computer communication.
Open Systems Interconnection
model is the result of this effort.

(OSI)

The OSI model describes how information or data

makes its way from application programmes (such
as spreadsheets) through a network medium (such
as wire) to another application programme located
on another network.

reference

In 1984, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

reference model was approved as an international
standard for communications architecture.

The OSI reference model divides the problem of

moving information between computers over a
network medium into SEVEN smaller and more
manageable problems .

Term open denotes the ability to connect any

two systems which conform to the reference model
and associated standards.

This separation into smaller more manageable

functions is known as layering.

II OSI Overview
1. OSI - layered framework for
the design of network systems
that allows communication
across all types of computer
systems.

Each layer contains a logical grouping of

functions
Each function receive an input(one or more)
and produces an output

2. The OSI 7 Layers. ( Brief

functional overview. )
3. Vertical and horizontal
communication between the
layers using interfaces. (defines
what information and services
should the layer provide to the
layer above it. )

I History
1. The need for standardization
- many vendors, no
interoperability
- no common framework

Layer abstraction and the path of the

message

2. ISO and CCITT came up with

OSI (Open System
Intercommunication) in 1984.
3. OSI Protocol Suite
unaccepted by vendors and
users. (TCP won)
4. OSI a standard, which allows
communication between
different systems without
requiring changes to the logic
of the underlying hardware and
software.

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OSI Overview
4. Data Encapsulation
a) PDU conception each
protocol on the diff. layer
has its own format.

Pretty similar to OSI

TCP/IP has less layers(four)
Main difference in layers is after layer 4

b) Headers are added

while a packet is going
down the stack at each
layer.
c) Trailers are usually
added on the second
layer.

Applications and Services run on it

Enables human network to interface the underlying data network
Applications on that layer (E-mail clients, web browsers, Chats,
etc.) top-stack applications (As people are on the top of the
stack)
Applications provide people with a way to create message
Application layer services establish an interface to the network
Protocols provide the rules and formats that govern how data is
treated
Protocols on the destination and the host must match

III The OSI Layers

7. Application Layer

Coding and conversion of Application layer data to ensure that

data from the source device can be interpreted by the
appropriate application on the destination device.
Compression of the data in a manner that can be decompressed
by the destination device.
Encryption of the data for transmission and the decryption of
data upon receipt by the destination.
This is the layer at which application programmers consider data
structure and presentation
Examples: GIF, JPEG, TIFF, etc.
Sometimes n distinction is made between the presentation and
application layers. For example http/https. HTTP is generally

Provides user interfaces and

support for services
Resource sharing and device
redirection
Remote file access
Remote printer access
Inter-process communication
Network management
Directory services
Electronic messaging (such as
mail)
Network virtual terminals

The OSI Layers

6. Presentation Layer

Translation (connects different

computer systems)
Compression (transmission
efficiency)
Encryption (SSL security)

regarded as an application layer protocol although it has

Presentation layer aspects such as the ability t identify
character encoding for roper conversion

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Functions at this layer create and maintain

dialogs between source and destination
applications
Authentication
Permissions
Session Restoration (Checkpoint or recovery)

Tracking the individual communication between applications on

the source and destination hosts
Segmenting data and managing each piece
Reassembling the segments into streams of application data
Identifying the different applications
Conversation Multiplexing
Segments

Connection-oriented conversations
Reliable delivery
Ordered data reconstruction
Flow control

TCP Web Browser

UDP Video Streaming Applications

Addressing (IPV4)
Encapsulation (Inserts a header with source
and destination IPs)
Routing (Move a packet over the Internet)
Decapsulation (Open the packet and check
the destination host)
IP is connectionless

The OSI Layers

3. Network Layer

End to end packet delivery

Logical Addressing
Routing (where the packet is
destinated to)
Datagram Encapsulation
Fragmentation and Reassembly
(handling too big packets )
Error Handling and Diagnostics (
using status messages for
example )

It is the role of the OSI Data Link layer to prepare Network layer
packets for transmission and to control access to the physical media.
Allows the upper layers to access the media using techniques such as
framing
Controls how data is placed onto the media and is received from the
media using techniques such as media access control and error
detection
Frame - The Data Link layer PDU
Node - The Layer 2 notation for network devices connected to a
common medium
Media/medium - The physical means for the transfer of information
between two nodes
Network - Two or more nodes connected to a common medium
The Data Link layer is responsible for the exchange of frames
between nodes over the media of a physical network.

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The OSI Layers

2. Data Link Layer

2.1. Logical Link Control (LLC )

Establishment and control of

logical links between local
devices on a network.

2.2. Media Access Control (MAC)

The procedures used by devices

to control access to the network
medium.

Frame sequencing
Frame acknowledgment
Addressing
Frame delimiting
Frame error checking
PDU: frame

The OSI Layers

1.

The role of the Physical layer is to encode the

binary digits that represent Data Link layer
frames into signals and to transmit and
receive these signals across the physical
media that connect network devices.
Copper cable
Fiber
Wireless

OSI Summary

Physical Layer

Definition of Hardware
Specifications (of cables,

connectors, wireless radio

transceivers, network interface
cards )

Encoding and Signaling (bit

representation)
Data Transmission and Reception
(half duplex, full duplex )
Topology and Physical Network
Design (mesh, ring, bus)
PDU: bit