Risk and Reliability Based Multi- hybrid Alternative Energy for marine system:

The Case of Solar, Hydrogen and Convention Power Steam energy for Sustainable Po
rt Powering

O. Sulaiman Oladnrewaju a, A.H. Saharuddinb , Ab. Saman Ab Kaderc, W. B. Wan Nik

d
a,b,d Maritime Technology Department, University Malaysia Terengganu
c Marine Technology Department, University Teknologi Malaysia

oladokun@umt.edu.my, sdin@umt..edu.my, abdsaman@fkm.utm.my, niksani@umt.edu.my

Abstract

Sources of alternative energy are natural. There has been a lot of resea
rch about the use of free fall energy from the sun to the use of reverse electro
lysis to produce fuel cell. For one reason or the other these sources of energy
are not economical to produce. Most of the problems lie on efficiency and storag
e capability. Early human civilization use nature facilities of soil, inland wat
erways, waterpower which are renewable for various human needs. Modern technolog
y eventually replaces renewable nature with non renewable sources which requires
more energy and produces more waste. Energy, Economic and Efficiency (EEE) have
been the main driving force to technological advancement in shipping. Environme
ntal problem linkage to source of energy poses need and challenge for new energy
source. The paper discuss risk based iterative and integrative sustainability b
alancing work required between the 4 Es in order to enhance and incorporate use
of right hybrid combination of alternative energy source (solar and hydrogen) wi
th existing energy source (steam diesel or steam) to meet marine system energy d
emands (port powering). The paper will communicate environmental challenges faci
ng the maritime industry. Effort in the use of available world of human technocr
at to integrate sources of alternative energy with existing system through holis
tic proactive risk based analysis and assessment requirement of associated envir
onmental degradation, mitigation of greenhouse pollution. The paper will also di
scuss alternative selection acceptable for hybrid of conventional power with com
pactable renewable source solar / hydrogen for reliable port powering. And hope
that the Decision Support system (DSS) for hybrid alternative energy communicat
ed in this paper to improve on on-going quest of the time to balance environment
al treat that is currently facing the planet and contribution to recent effort t
o preserve the earth for the privilege of the children of tomorrow.
Key words: Alternative energy, sustainability, hybrid, port, power, energy
1.0 Introduction
Man live in two worlds, the biosphere and the techno sphere world. Over
the years, time needs, speed, knowledge, scarcity and competition have created d
emands that necessitated man to build complex institution that require energy to
move them. The triple bottom factors of quest for knowledge, the need for produ
ction kindliness exchange and organizing power of social community have equally
become interrelated and self reinforcing with each advanced technology and organ
ization. Scale, transportation, language, art, matter and energy remain keys to
human civilization. The reality of integration of science and system lies in hol
istically investigation of efficiency of hybridizing alternative energy source w
ith conventional energy source. This can be achieved with scalable control switc
hing system that can assure reliability, safety and environmental protection. Op
tion for such sustainable system is required to be based on risk, cost, efficien
cy benefit assessment and probabilistic application. Green house gas (GHG) pollu
tion is linked to energy source. Large amount of pollution affecting air quality
is prone by reckless industrial development. GHG release has exhausted oxygen,
quality of minerals that support human life on earth, reduction in the ozone lay
er that is protecting the planetary system form excess sunlight. This is due to
lack of cogent risk assessment and reliability analysis of systems before buildi
ng. Moreso, because conventional assessment focus more on economics while enviro
nment and its associated cycle is not much considered [1, 8].
For years, many think that everything that run into the trio of nature,
the atmosphere, ocean and soil is infinite. The atmosphere and the ocean that is
providing us source of freshening, winds and current are far more vulnerable to
polluting activities from man made energy sources that have run off into them t
oo many poisons that the air, the ocean and land may cease to serve more purpose
if care is not taking to prevent pollution affluence. Human activities are alte
ring the atmosphere, and the planet is warming. It is now clear that the costs o
f inaction are far greater than the costs of action. Aversion of catastrophic im
pacts can be achieved by moving rapidly to transform the global energy system. S
ustainability requirement that can be solved through energy conservation (cf. IP
CC 2007: 13) are energy and associated efficiency, development, environment, pov
erty. Stakeholder from government’s consumers, industry transportation, building
s, product designs (equipment networks and infrastructures) must participate in
the decision work for sustainable system. Recently the marine industry is gettin
g the following compliance pressure regarding environmental issues related to em
ission to air under IMO MARPOL Annex 6. A world without port means a lot to econ
omy transfer of goods, availability of ships and many things. Large volume of hi
nterland transportation activities import tells a lot about intolerant to air qu
ality in port area. Adopting new energy system will make a lot of difference lar
ge number of people residing and working in the port. Most port facilities are p
owered by diesel plant. Integrating hybrid of hydrogen and solar into the existi
ng system will be a good way for the port community to adapt to new emerging cle
an energy concept.
Hybrid use of alternative source of energy remains the next in line for
the port and ship power. Public acceptability of hybrid energy will continue to
grow especially if awareness is drawn to risk cost benefit analysis result from
energy source comparison and visual reality simulation of the system for effecti
veness to curb climate change contributing factor, price of oil, reducing treat
of depletion of global oil reserve. Malaysia tropical climate with reasonable su
nlight fall promise usage of source of sun hybrid candidate energy, also hydroly
sis from various components to produce fuel cell and hybridization with conventi
onal system and combined extraction of heat from entire system seem very promisi
ng to deliver the requirement for future energy for ports. This paper discu
ss available marine environmental issues, source of energy today, evolution of a
lternative energy due to the needs of the time and the barrier of storage requir
ement, system matching of hybrid design feasibility, regulations consideration a
nd environmental stewardship. The paper also discusses holistic assessment requi
rement, stochastic evaluation, using system based doctrine, recycling and integr
ated approach to produce energy. With hope to contribute to the ongoing strives
towards reducing green house gases, ozone gas depletion agents and depletion of
oxygen for safety of the planet in order to sustain it for the right of future g
eneration.
2.0 Energy, environment and sustainable development
Since the discovery of fire, and the harnessing of animal power, mankind
has captured and used energy in various forms for different purposes. This incl
ude the use of animal for transportation, use of fire, fuelled by wood, biomass,
waste for cooking, heating, the melting of metals, windmills, waterwheels and a
nimals to produce mechanical work. Extensive reliance on energy started during i
ndustrial revolution. For years there has been increased understanding of the en
vironmental effects of burning fossil fuels has led to stringent international a
greements, policies and legislation regarding the control of the harmful emissio
ns related to their use. Despite this knowledge, global energy consumption conti
nues to increase due to rapid population growth and increased global industriali
zation. In order to meet the emission target, various measures must be taken, gr
eater awareness of energy efficiency among domestic and industrial users through
out the world will be required, and domestic, commercial and industrial building
s, industrial processes, and vehicles will need to be designed to keep energy us
e at a minimum. Figure1 shows that the use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) a
ccounted continue to increase [1, 2]. Figure 2 shows the contribution of total e
nergy consumption in the by global region. And figure 3 show natural gas consump
tion.

Figure 1.1
Figure 1: GHG Emissions Reductions through 2050, by Consuming Sector
Figure 2: World consumption of energy by region Figure 3: World consu
mption of natural gas
[EIA, 2007]
Various measures must be taken to reduce emission targets. The current r
eliance on fossil fuels for electricity generation, heating and transport must b
e greatly reduced, and alternative generation methods and fuels for heating and
transport must be developed and used. Sustainable design can be described as sys
tem work that which enhances ecological, social and economic well being, both no
w and in the future. The global requirement for sustainable energy provision is
become increasingly important over the next fifty years as the environmental eff
ects of fossil fuel use become apparent. As new and renewable energy supply tech
nologies become more cost effective and attractive, a greater level of both smal
l scale and large scale deployment of these technologies will become evident. Cu
rrently there is increasing global energy use of potential alternative energy su
pply system options, complex integration and switching for design requirement fo
r sustainable, reliable and efficient system. The issues surrounding integration
of renewable energy supplies need to be considered carefully.
Proactive risk based Decision support system is important to help the te
chnical design of sustainable energy systems, in order to encourage planning for
future development for the supply of electricity, heat, hot water and fuel for
transportation. Renewable energy systems have intermittence source, this make as
surance reliability of the supply and subsequent storage and back-up generation
a necessity. In order to allow the modeling of realistic integrated systems that
supply the total energy needs of an area, the reduction of fuels derived from b
iomass and waste and their use in a variety of different plant types is an impor
tant consideration. The temporal nature of both intermittent electricity and der
ived fuel supplies must be taken into account in any analysis. Generic algorithm
s of the behavior of plant types and methods for producing derived fuels to be m
odeled, available process and manufacturers’ data must be taken into considerati
on. Today, simulation tool for analysis that allow informed decisions to be made
about the technical feasibility of integrated renewable energy systems are avai
lable. Tool that permit use of supply mix and control strategies, plant type and
sizing, suitable fuel production, and fuel and energy storage sizing, for any g
iven area and range of supply should be adopted.
3.0 Energy consumption, demand and supply
Energy is considered essential for economic development, Malaysia has ta
ken aggressive step in recent year to face challenges of the world of tomorrow,
and this includes research activities strategic partnership. One example is part
nership with the Japanese Government for construction on sustainable energy pow
er station in the Port Klang power station, Pasir Gudang power station, Terengga
nu Hydro-electric power station and Batang Ai Hydro-electric power station which
are main supply to major Malysian port. The above enumerated power stations are
constructed with energy-efficient and resource-efficient technologies. Where po
wer station are upgraded the power station by demolishing the existing aging, in
efficient and high emission conventional natural gas/oil-fired plant (360MW) and
installing new 750MW high efficiency and environment friendly combined cycle ga
s fired power plant built at amount of JPY 102.9 billion. The combined-cycle gen
eration plant is estimated to reduce the power station’s environmental impact, r
aise generation efficiency and make the system more stable. The total capacity o
f power generation of 1,500MW is equal to 14% of total capacity of TNB in penins
ula of 10,835MW and indeed this power station is one of the best thermal power s
tations with highest generation efficiency in Malaysia of more than 55%. The reh
abilitation, the emissions of Nitride oxide (NOx) is reduced by 60%, Sulfur diox
ide (SO2) per unit is reduced by almost 100% and Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission i
s reduced by 30%. Port operation energy demands are for transportation, hot wate
r and heat. This third generation plan can easily be integrated with alternative
energy [1, 4]. Table 1 and 2 show Malaysia energy and environment outlook. And
figure 4 show Malaysia energy consumption.
Table 1: Malaysia Energy outlook [EIA, 2006]
proven oil reservoir(January 2009) 4 Billion barrels
oil production (2008) 727, 2000 bbl/d, of which 84% is crude oil
oil consumption (2008) 547,000 bbl/d
crude oil ldistilation capacity (January 2009) 514,832 bbl/d
proven natural reserve (2007) 83 trillion cubic feet
Natural gas production (2007) 2.3 trillion cubic feet
Natural gas consumption (2007) 1.2 trillion cubic feet
Recoverable coal reserves (2008) 4.4 million short tons
Coal production (2007) 1.1 million short tons
Coal consumption (2007) 18.5 million short tons
Electricity Installed Capacity (2006E) 23.3 gigawatts
Electricity Production (2006E) 99.1 billion kilowatt hours
Total Energy Consumption (2006E) 2.56 quadrillion Btu*, of which Natural
Gas (35%), Oil (41%), Coal (15%), Hydroelectricity (2%)
Energy Intensity (2006E) 99.4 million Btu per person
Total Per Capita Energy Consumption ((Million Btu) (2006E) 8,891 Btu per $2
000-PPP**
Table 4: Malaysia environmental review
Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions (2006E) 163.5 million Metric tons, of wh
ich Oil (44%), Natural Gas (41%), Coal (15%)
Per-Capita, Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions ((Metric Tons of Carbon Diox
ide) (2006E) 6.7 Metric tons
Carbon Dioxide Intensity (2006E) 0.6 Metric tons per thousand $2000-PPP**
96.0 billion kilowatt hours
Figure 2 shows the statistic of energy use in Malaysia. The energy use in all s
ectors has increased in recent years, most especially the energy use for transpo
rt has almost doubled it continues to grow and becoming problem. This trend is b
eing experienced in industrialized and developing world.
Figure 4: Malaysia Natural gar production and consumption trend, Figure 5: Malay
sia Natural electricity consumption (EIA,2007)
Energy demand for port work is supply from grids which are well establis
hed in most developed world. The method and sitting of generating conventional e
nergy and renewable energy determine system configuration. Hierarchy systems tha
t can be deduced from these two variables are:
i. Limited capacity energy: This includes traditional thermal plants coal f
ired, gas fired, oilfired and nuclear power plants, which supply almost all of t
he electricity to the national grid in. The amount of electricity that can be ge
nerated is limited by the physical capacity of the plant, time for maintenance a
nd unplanned outages.
ii. Limited energy plant: they are Renewable Energy Generators plant that ar
e limited by the amount of energy or fuel available to them at a certain time fr
om a certain area (e.g. rainfall, waste, seasonal energy crop yields) and cannot
always run at their rated capacity.
iii. Intermittent energy plant: recent year has seen increased hybrid generat
ors. Growing distributed renewable generating plants has implications for the or
ganisation of the electricity supply network. Interconnectivity network electric
al system configuration. For centralized system it is better to have minor gener
ators throughout the network that will allow many smaller areas of that network
to become mainly self sufficient, with the grid stand as backup.
4.0 Current use of renewable energy
Most renewable energy development and supply are in small-scale, particu
larly on islands and in remote areas, where the import of energy sources through
transport, pipeline or electricity grid is difficult or expensive. Individual b
uildings, industries and farms are also looking to the possibility of energy sel
f-sufficiency to reduce fuel bills, and make good use of waste materials which a
re becoming increasingly difficult and expensive to dispose of [3, 6]. Various s
tudies have been carried out into the extensive use of new and renewable resourc
es, to generate electricity, on a small scale, for rural communities, grid-isola
ted islands and individual farms. Recent studies focus on:
i. Security of supply: where consideration is given to intermittent sources
, demand and supply must be as well matched as possible, and this is generally a
function of climate. Available supply sources should be considered in order to
find the best possible correlation between demand and supply.
ii. Hybrid with conventional system: where energy limited sources used as sp
inning reserve for times when the intermittent supply does not meet the demand.
If this type of spinning reserve is not available, the need for adequate electri
city storage was shown to be an important consideration, especially in smaller s
cale projects.

4.1 Emerging renewable energy system

The design of integrated sustainable energy supply technology systems th
at are reliable and efficient for transport, heat, hot water and electricity dem
ands can be facilitated by harnessing weather related sources of energy (e.g. wi
nd, sunlight, waves, and rainfall). In order to provide a reliable electricity s
upply, reduce energy wastage, and enable the energy requirements for heat and tr
ansport to be met, the outputs of these intermittent sources may be supplemented
by various means [4, 7].These may include the use of storage devices and the us
e of biomass and waste materials in engines, turbines and fuel cells for the pro
duction of electricity and heat, in vehicles for transportation, or in heating s
upply or storage systems. The integration and control strategies for all of thes
e components must be carefully considered and implemented, and this complexity h
as been seen as a barrier to renewable energy system deployment. There are many
possible supply combinations that can be employed, and the optimum combination f
or a given area depends on many factors. The balances being considered can be co
mplex, and this highlights the need for a decision support framework through whi
ch the relative merits of many different scenarios and control strategies for a
chosen area can be quickly and easily analysed.
The intermittent nature of most easily exploited sources of alternative
energy remains the major problem for the supply the electricity network. This ha
s implications for the management of this transitional period as the balance bet
ween supply and demand must be maintained as efficiently and reliably as possibl
e while the system moves towards the ultimate goal of a 100% renewable energy su
pply over the next fifty to one hundred years. It important to take the of amoun
t intermittent electricity sources that can be integrated into a larger-scale el
ectricity supply network into consideration. Excess supply could be supplied by
plant run on fuels derived from biomass and waste. The renewable hybrid age requ
ire utilities, local authorities and other decision makers to be able to optimiz
ation that beat constraints, potentials, and other energy requirements from port
powering. This to aid the transition between the current situation and a future
, mostly renewable, electricity supply with substantial self sufficient distribu
ted generation. When intermittent electricity generating sources are used in a s
ustainable energy supply system, it is important to consider how well the profil
es of demand and supply of electricity match. It is advisable to seek the best p
ossible match by using varying amounts of a range of different intermittent sour
ces. It is prudent to use as diverse a mix of generators as possible. However, t
he types of intermittent supply and amount of each used would depend on the loca
l climate, availability of suitable sites, and how well the outputs of these sou
rces match with the profile of demand.
Where substantial amounts of intermittent sources are used in a system,
it is useful to have an outlet for excess electricity, in order to avoid wastage
. The electricity stored, using various means, depending on the scale of storage
required can be available for use at times when there is not enough being gener
ated to meet demand. The sizing and type of storage system required depends on t
he relationship between the supply and demand profiles. For excess amount electr
icity produced this could be used to make hydrogen via the electrolysis of water
. This hydrogen could then be stored, used in heaters or converted back into ele
ctricity via a fuel cell later as required. Using excess electricity, this hydro
gen could be produced centrally and piped to for port or produced at vehicle fil
ling stations for haulage, or at individual facilities in the port [9,10]. Alter
natively, excess electricity could be used directly to fuel electric haulage tru
cks, recharging at times of low electricity demand, or use for HVAC system or wa
ter heating for immediate use, or to be stored as hot water or in storage heater
s. The use of combined heat and power (CHP) generation can also be considered, a
s this provides much better fuel utilization and help to meet the heat demand [6
]. When considering CHP, it is important to bear in mind the heat to electricity
ratio. This ratio states the amount of usable heat that is generated in compari
son to the electricity output, and can vary between 1 and 5 times the electricit
y output, depending on the type of plant being considered. This optimum balance
can be difficult to find, especially where there is a large seasonal variation i
n heat demand.

5.0 Energy supply and demand matching

 Fossil fuel use for transportation and port activities has increased dra
matically over the past decade, and shows little signs of abating. This has caus
ed concern about related environmental and health effects. There is need for to
develop alternatively fuel system that produces little or no pollution. The main
fuels that can be used in a variety of land, sea and air vehicles are biogas in
natural gas and fuel cell vehicles, biodiesel in diesel vehicles, ethanol and m
ethanol in adapted petrol and fuel cell. Biogas can be converted to run on natur
al gas and in some fuel cell. It must be cleaned first to create a high heating
value gas (around 95% methane, a minimum of heavy gases, and no water or other p
articles). Fuel cell powered engine can run on pure hydrogen, producing clean wa
ter as the only emission. Biodiesel can be used directly in a diesel engine with
little or no modifications, and burns much more cleanly and thoroughly than die
sel, giving a substantial reduction in unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide an
d particulate matter. The main barriers to the implementation of alternative fue
ls is the requirement for a choice of fuel at a national level, the necessity to
create a suitable refuelling infrastructure, the length of time it will take to
replace or convert existing vehicles, and the need for a strong public incentiv
e to change.
5.1 Choice of conventional power system
5.1.1 Internal Combustion and Diesel Engines: Two common load following generati
on technologies involve the use of diesel in compression ignition engines (diese
l engines), and natural gas in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Both of these
engine types may also be run on sustainable fuels derived from biomass and wast
e, with diesel engines running on biodiesel, pyrolysis oil, or vegetable oil, an
d ICEs running on biogas, ethanol or methanol and this requires little or no mod
ification. Diesel engine generating sets with rated outputs from 50 kWe to 10 MW
e, and ICE generating sets with rated outputs of between 100 kWe and 2 MWe are a
vailable. Figure 6 shows diesel engine retrofit option towards reducing emission
.typically in the order of 2:1, and electrical efficiencies at full load are aro
und 25 to 30%, again varying withpartial load.
5.1.3 Steam Turbines: Steam turbines may be used for larger applications (betwee
n 1 and 1000 MW). These use an external boiler to raise steam, which may be fuel
led by any type of solid, liquid or gaseous fuel desired. This steam is then exp
anded across turbine blades to produce rotary motion, and, when coupled with a g
enerator, electricity [25, 30, 31]. Again, waste heat may be recovered for use.
Electrical efficiencies at full load can range from 15 to 50%, depending on the
complexity of design. This means that heat to electricity ratios can vary from 1
:1 to 5:1. This generation method is particularly suited to the use of large qua
ntities of solid waste or biomass, provided suitable boilers are used, though st
art-up times are slow[10,11].
5.1.4 Stirling Engines: A Stirling engine is an external combustion engine, wher
e combustion of the fuel does not take place inside the engine, but in an extern
al boiler. Mechanical work is derived from the pressure changes that result from
the cyclic heating and cooling of an enclosed working gas [27]. Heat from any s
ource may be used to run a Stirling engine, including concentrated solar rays, a
nd waste heat but only fuelled Stirling engines will be considered here. This ty
pe of engine has many advantages over other engines and turbines as it allows th
e use of fuels that are hard to process, and it has a fairly simple design, whic
h makes it suitable for small-scale applications, gives the plant a lower capita
l cost and reduces maintenance costs. Interest in Stirling engines is beginning
to re-emerge due to increased interest in biofuel use. Currently available Stirl
ing engine generating set outputs vary from 1 kWe to 200kWe, although larger eng
ines are feasible.
Figure 6a: Diesel engine retrofit option Figure 6b: Typical steam pla
nt unit system
5.1.2 Gas Turbines: Gas turbines may be run on biogas, and are available with ra
ted outputs of between 3 and 50MWe [32]. Their operation is based on the Brayton
Cycle, where incoming air is compressed to a high pressure, fuel added to the a
ir is burned to increase the gas temperature and pressure, and the resulting gas
es are expanded across the turbine blades, giving rotational movement [25]. Coup
led to a generator, this provides electricity generation, and waste heat may als
o be recovered for use. Heat to electricity ratios are

5.2 Choice of alternative energy

5.2.1 Fuel Cells: The principle of the fuel cell was discovered over 150 years a
go. NASA has improved the system in their emission free operation for spacecraft
. Recent years has also seen improvement in vehicles, stationary and portable ap
plications. As a result of this increased interest, stationary power plants from
200W to 2 MW are now commercially available, with efficiencies ranging from 30
to 50% and heat to electricity ratios from 0.5:1 to 2:1. Fuel cell re load follo
wer energy, the efficiency of a fuel cell typically increases at lower loadings.
Fuel cell system also has fast response. This make them well suited to load fol
lowing and transport applications. Fuel cell is advanced alternative energy tech
nology with electrochemical conversion of fuel directly into electricity without
intermediate stage, the combustion of fuel; hence by-pass the restriction of se
cond law of thermodynamic .the basic fuel supply in the fuel cell systems is hyd
rogen and carbon dioxide. The former has to be produced and feed in large quanti
ty as pure hydrogen. Hydrogen is the lightest chemical element as demonstrated b
y the periodic table. Thus ,other lighter gas gases exist that can be use as fue
l cell, but hydrogen offer greater energy per unit weight compare to other eleme
nt candidate for alterative energy, and it is completely cyclic as it can be rea
dily combined and decompose.
The simplified fuel cell is exact opposite of electrolysis. The four bas
ic element of the system are hydrogen fuel, the oxidant, the electrodes and the
electrolyte chemicals. The fuel is supplied in the form of hydrogen and carbon d
ioxide which represent electrode and oxidant cathode, the electrolyte material t
hat conduct the electric current can be acid or alkaline solid or liquid. Cycle
of operation begin with hydrogen carbon dioxide to the anode, where hydrogen ion
are formed, releasing a flow of electron to the cathode through the electrolyte
medium. The cathodes take oxygen from the air and transform it into ion state i
n combination with anode electron. The oxygen carrying ion migrates back to the
anode, completing the process of energy conversion by producing a flow of direct
current electricity and water as a by-product.
2H2->4e- +4H+
(1)
4h+ +4e- +O2->2H20
(2)
2H2+02 -> 2H20 +Heat
(3)
The fact that it is made from water has promise for its unlimited supply
the fact that water is the by-product also guarantee vast reduction of pollutio
n on earth, solving problem of green house gas release and global warming. Fuel
cell system involve combination of groups of small chemical reactions and physic
al actions that are combined in a number of ways and a in a number of different
sections of the generator. This energy source uses the principles of thermodynam
ics, physical chemistry, and physics. The net result is a non-polluting, environ
mentally sound energy source using air or even water cooling with a minimum temp
erature rise of 20 C above ambient and no emissions. The chemicals, metals, and
metal alloys involved are non-regulated. The chemical reactions are encased with
in the process unit where they are recovered, regenerated, and recycled. This pr
ocess produces no discharge or emission [4, 7].
Hydrogen production, storage and distributed require:
i. Compression, cryogenic, hydride, fossil fuels -_ Pressure Vessel safety
- will definitely required to follow classification society rules
ii. Hydrogen can be produced by reforming hydrocarbon feed material,- revers
e electrolysis using electricity to break water into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrog
en can also be produced using nuclear reactor to decompose water.
iii. Hydrogen can be stored in three possible different ways: gas under press
ure, super cool led liquid and metal hydride.
iv. Hydrogen can be distributed through tank and pipeline.
v. Hydrogen can be supplied through trucked to site, local natural gas refo
rmer, and local. Fueling station require fuel storage, fire marshal, and operati
on, Vessel storage:
Fuel cells are classified by the type of electrolyte they use, and this
dictates the type of fuel and operating temperature that are required. The most
commonly used fuel cell for small scale due to its low operating temperature, an
d compact and lightweight form, is the Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell (PEMFC
). Phosphoric Acid and Molten Carbonate fuel cells (PAFC and MCFC) are also avai
lable for larger scale applications, and require higher operating temperatures (
roughly 200°C and 650°C), which means they must be kept at this temperature if f
ast start-up is required. All of these fuel cells may be run on pure hydrogen, n
atural gas or biogas. Certain PAFCs may also use methanol or ethanol as a fuel.
If pure hydrogen is used, the only emission from a fuel cell is pure, clean wate
r. If other fuels are used, some emissions are given off, though the amounts are
lower due to the better efficiencies achievable with fuel cells. Figure 2.1 sho
ws the basic components of a fuel cell. Figure 2.1 Basic Components of a Fuel Ce
ll [7]]. Types of fuel cell are:
i. Metal Air Fuel Cell: The Metal Air Fuel Cell Principle is one step close
r to a battery than hydrogen-air fuel cells. The metal fuel acts as a fuel, anod
e and current collector. The electrolyte used is typically Potassium Hydroxide (
KOH) which is strongly alkali and hence they could intermittently in preformed p
orous blocks. Metals used are (in order of electrochemical energy equivalent) li
thium, aluminum, magnesium, calcium, zinc, iron). Zinc and aluminum are the favo
red metals due to their abundance, high yield and relative ease of use.
ii. Proton Exchange Membrane: A Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell is
comprised of a plastic membrane coated with a catalyst on both sides (such as fl
uorinated a sulfuric acid polymer or nafion), and sandwiched between two electro
de plates. Hydrogen (from a fuel tank) and oxygen (from the air) are fed through
channels in the plates on opposite sides of the membrane. The hydrogen and oxyg
en atoms are attracted to each other, but only the proton part of the hydrogen a
tom can pass through the membrane to reach the oxygen. The electron has to take
the long way around the membrane to reach the oxygen atom—creating an electric c
urrent in the process. The electron is eventually reunited with the proton and a
n oxygen atom to create water (H2O).
iii. The Centrifugal Metal-Air Fuel Cell: The benefits of the centrifugal pri
nciple are primarily hydrodynamic. A centrifugal configuration also greatly redu
ces some of the balance of plant issues which hamper alkali fuel cells. We use o
ne of the above chemical fuel cell methods to provide the basic power to create
electrolysis and split water into its component parts hydrogen and oxygen. Hydro
gen fuel (which can be obtained from water) is combined with oxygen (from the ai
r) to produce electrical energy. This involves the use of electrolyser which act
s as a reverse fuel cell, producing pure hydrogen and oxygen when electricity an
d water are input. A range of electrolysers are commercially available, with out
puts ranging from 1 to 100 normal cubic metres of hydrogen per hour (3 to 300 kW
), subject to a minimum load of 10% to 20%. Electrolysers, like fuel cells, work
more efficiently at partial load, and average around 50% conversion efficiency
[41, 48].
iv. Alkaline Electrolyte (AFC): The electrolyte in this fuel cell is concent
rated (85 wt.) potassium hydroxide (KOH) in high temperature cells (~250ºC), or
less concentrated (35-50 wt.) KOH for lower temperature (<120ºC) operation. The
electrolyte is retained in a matrix and a wide range of electro-catalysts can be
used (e.g., Ni, Ag, metal oxides and noble metals). Charge is carried by hydrat
ed protons which flow to the cathode (air electrode) as in PEFCs. AFCs were the
first type of fuel cells to be developed (as early as 1930), being used in the e
arly 1960s for the Apollo space vehicle, where their high power to weight ratio,
capacity to operate on pure hydrogen (used in the main engines), and potable wa
ter by-product made them a perfect solution. However, they have had relatively l
ittle success in terrestrial applications due to the high cost of producing high
purity fuel and oxidizer streams, plus corrosion problems. Typical efficiency i
s 60%. Table 3 shows other types of fuel cell and their characteristics
Table 3: Type of electrolyte fuel cell
Types Electrolyte Operating temperature
Alkaline Potassium hydroxide 50-200
polymer Polymer membrane 50-100
Direct methanol Polymer membrane 50-200
Phosphoric acid Phosphoric acid 160-210
Molten carbonate Lithium and potassium carbonate 600-800
Solid oxide Ceramic compose of calcium 500-1000
5.2.1 Phosphorous acid fuel cell power plant
Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PACF) - PACF are fuel cell built with hydroge
n source plate anode and carbon dioxide source cathode with phosphoric acid elec
tron transmission medium, and water as a by product. It is one of the most effi
cient ways of producing hydrogen; however the cost of platinum use as catalyst i
n the system that need to produce power can be decrease. The electrolyte in this
fuel cell is 100% concentrated phosphoric acid retained in a matrix which is us
ually silicon carbide. Operating temperatures are in the range 150 to 220ºC, the
lower limit due to loss of ionic conduction and CO poisoning of Pt catalysts, t
he higher limit due to loss of stability of the acid. Use of 100% concentrated a
cid makes water management simpler than in AFCs due to the lower water vapor pre
ssure in the cell. Like PEFCs and AFCs charge carriers are cathode seeking hydra
ted protons. Phosphoric acid fuel cell power plant assembly design based on a
bove simplified system described a typical design of fuel cell where two electro
des are separated by electrolytes and the whole assembly is arranged in form of
plate. A typical design of fuel cell power plant involved the arrangement of var
ious cell plates in stack, the number of stack is based on powers need and effic
iency calculations. A typical phosphorous acid power plant assembly includes the
following plant component [4,7]:
i. Reformer
ii. De-sulphuriser
iii. Steam separator Water treatment Air
iv. Filter
v. Rated kW Fuel cell phosphoric acid fuel cells
vi. Steam control system
vii. Vent
viii. Fly wheel power storage for load increases
ix. Necessary AC to DC and DC to AC power inversion controls
To create avenue to be prepare to meet future marine regulations requirement (IM
O, ABS, IEEE) the power management unit will require:
i. Voltage regulation
ii. Frequency regulation
iii. Parallel operation
Phosphoric acid fuel cell distribution: Fuel cell can be distributed directly t
hrough the following ways:
i. Direct supply to residential and commercial facilities through pipelines
Modular cell that can be stack according to power need
ii. Building hydrogen fuel cell power plant in remote location and distribut
e energy through power grid.
Comparing the efficiency of fuel cell to other source of alternative ene
rgy source, fuel cell is the most promising and economical source that guarantee
future replacement of fossil fuel. However efficiency maximization of fuel cell
power plant remains important issue that needs consideration for its commercial
ization. As a result the following are important consideration for efficient fue
l cell power plant - Efficiency calculation can be done through the following fo
rmula:
(4)
G= H*T *Si
(5)
Where: Ec=EMF, G =Gibbs function nF=Number of Faraday transfer in the reaction,
H= Enthalpy, T=Absolute temperature, S=Entropy change i=Ideal efficiency
Advantages of fuel cell include size, weigh, flexibility, efficiency, sa
fety, topography, cleanliness. Mostly use as catalyst in PAFC, and however recov
ery of platinum from worn -out cell can reduce the cost and market of the use of
P ACF economical. It has cost advantage over conventional fossil fuel energy an
d alternative energy. Disadvantages of fuel cell are adaptation, training, and c
ost of disposal. Fuel cell has found application in transportation, commercial f
acility, residential faculty, space craft and battery

Figure 7: Fuel cell power unit arrangement

5.2.2 Solar energy system
History and human existent has proved that the sun is the source of all
existing energy on earth. From plant photosynthesis to formation of biomass ear
th fossil fuel including oil and coal, to the generation of wind and hydrogen po
wer, the sun has his mark on almost every planetary system. For decades, people
have worked to generate renewable and cost saving solar energy. But little has
been achieved to get a lot out f its abundant supply of sun light. Harnessing e
nergy from sun require production, distribution, control and consumer utilizatio
n at low cost. Risk work for the system should address the back drop and hybrid
system alternative energy system that can be installing as auxiliary for synchro
nization through automatic control system that activate storage supply whenever
supply is approaching the minimum setup limit. Prior to installing solar, it is
important to collect, analyze data and information to determined initial conditi
on necessary to start the project and come with acceptable design. Such data sho
uld be use for simulation and construction of prototype model of the system that
include existing system, central receiver, collectors, power conversion, contro
l system, sunlight storage, solar radiation to supply a solar system to convert
sunlight to electricity and distribute through existing channel.
Photovoltaic (PV) solar system use silicon photovoltaic cell to convert
sunlight to electricity using evolving unique characteristic of silicon semicond
uctor material and accommodating market price of silicon is god advantage for PV
fuel cell. Silicon is grown in large single crystal, wafer like silicon strip a
re cut with diamond coated with material like boron to create electrical layer,
through doping the elementary energy particle of sunlight – photon strike the si
licon cell. They are converted to electron in the P-N junction, where the p acce
pts the electron and the n reject the electron thus setting into motion direct c
urrent and subsequent inversion to AC current as needed. Electrical conductor em
bedded in the surface layer in turn diverts the current into electrical wire. Co
nsideration for solar power unit Parameters are [3]:
i. Collector module need to face south for case of photovoltaic, this depen
ds on modular or central unit’s modular
ii. Module storage unit need maintenance
iii. The system need power inverter if the load requires AC current
iv. Highlight of relevant procedural differences from regular projects of th
is type will be needed
v. Discuss requirements benefits and issues of using new procedures, and in
corporating that into the total cost
vi. Procedure to build on will be described, hybrid system and integration s
ystem will be described and analyzed from the results and
vii. System successful complied with all regulations
viii. Efficiency penalty caused by extra power control equipment
For simulation relevant system input data considerations are:
i. Collector length , width, depth
ii. Plate length , long wave emissivity, conductivity
iii. Solar panel absorbance
iv. Tubes number, spacing
v. Storage tank volume, wall conductivity, wall thickness, surface area, in
itial and return temperature, room temperature
PV parameters are:
i. Cell: type, umber of cell in series and parallel
ii. Power: nominal, maximum current, maximum voltage, short circuit current,
open circuit voltage
iii. Standard test temperature condition, standard test isolation condition
iv. Panel height
Sola collector can be plate or dish type. Stefan` law relates the radiated power
to temperature and types of surface:
(6)
Where P/A is the power in watts radiated per square meter, is surface emissivi
ty, is Stefan-Boltzmann constant= 5.67x10e8 W/ .
The maximum intensity point of the spectrum of emitted radiation is given by:
(7)
6.0 Hybrid system
With a focus on developing applications for clean, renewable, non-fossil
fuel, energy systems. Our final emphasis is on maritime related activities, how
ever, as marine engineers we are devoted to promoting all types of alternative &
sustainable energy technologies.Various types of engine, turbine and fuel cell
may be run on a variety of fuels for combined heat and power production. Hybrid
system can provide control over power needs, green and sustainable energy that d
elivers a price that is acceptable and competitive. The power plants can be loca
ted where it is needed less high power lines are required, not only reducing cos
ts but assisting health by reducing magnetic fields that people are so worried a
bout, Global warming is addressed d by direct action by providing power that doe
s not release any emissions or discharges of any kindThe technology associated w
ith the design, manufacture and operation of marine equipment is changing rapidl
y. The traditional manner in which regulatory requirements for marine electrical
power supply systems have developed, based largely on incidents and failures, i
s no longer acceptable. Current international requirements for marine electrical
power supply equipment and machinery such as engines, turbines and batteries ha
ve evolved over decades and their applicability to new technologies and operatin
g regimes is now being questioned by organizations responsible for the regulatio
n of safety and reliability of ships. Figure 8 and 9 shows hybrid configuration
for conventional power, solar and hydrogen, and figure 10 shows physical model o
f hybrid of solar, wind and hydrogen being experimenting in UMT campus.
Figure: Hybrid configuration

Figure 8: Hybrid configuration

Figure 9: Hybrid configuration

Various technologies has been employed towards the use of alternative fr
ee energy of the sun since the first discovery in the 18th century. Improvement
and development has been made towards making it available for use like existing
reigning source of energy. Major equipment and hardware for the hybrid configur
ation are:
i. Semiconductor solar with high efficient storage capability will be desig
ned
ii. Hybrid back- up power will be design based with integrative capability t
o other alternative power source like wind and hydrogen
iii. Controller design for power synchronization will be designed and prototy
ped
iv. Inverter and other power conversion units will be selected based on powe
r needs
v. Solar collector or receiver with high efficiency collection capacity wil
l be designed
vi. Software development and simulation
vii. Steam will be used as energy transfer medium

Figure 10: Physical model of hybrid system under experimentation in UMT

The power plants can be built in small units combined, which allow great
er control over the output and maintains full operational output 100% of the tim
e. The plant produces fewer emissions, the plant can be located close to the are
as where the power is required cutting down on the need for expensive high power
lines. Excess energy produced can be connected to the grid under power purchase
arrangement. The system can be built in independent power configuration and us
er will be free from supply cut out. In a typical off-grid scenario a large batt
ery bank is required to store energy. Solar hydrogen hybrid energy is stored in
the form of hydrogen gas. When it is dark out, instead of drawing energy from a
battery bank, hydrogen gas is converted into electricity through a fuel-cell. Li
kewise, during the day when there is plenty of energy from the sun, water is con
verted into hydrogen gas through the use of a hydrogen generator. Most electrica
l power systems are a combination of small units of power group to provide the l
arger output [3, 13].
Hybrid system design should begin with problem definition of providing a
port with power, follow by refining the design so that each individual units po
wer output could be combined to provide the input for a larger unit and ensure e
fficient, effect operation, maintenance. The hybrid system should be able to pro
vide more power that can keep the stress and strain of operation to a minimum an
d reduces the failure of the component parts. The system should be designed with
built in redundancy to compensate for failure of a component. The system has ad
vantage of maintenance that can be carries out while keeping the system deliveri
ng the full capacity as well as alternation of delivery devices to extend their
operational life. Figure 11 sj

Figure 11a: Typical hybrid system Figure 11b:

Typical solar collector control system

One of the unique features of hybrid system is the sustainable, clean en

ergy system that uses a hydrogen storage system as opposed to traditional batter
y. Its design construction and functionality are inspired by the theme of regene
ration and the philosophy of reuse. High efficiency solar panels works with an e
lectrolyser to generate the hydrogen for fuel cell. The system can universal sol
ar energy for marine application and other energy application as needed in equal
capacity to existing fossil power plants. The hybrid system can provide means t
o by- pass and overcome limitation posed by past work in generating replaceable
natural energy of the sun and other renewable energy source that can be designed
in hybrid system. Reliable deployment of hybrid system developments of mathemat
ical model follow by prototyping, experimentation and simulation of the system a
re key to the design and its implementation. The main advantages of hybrid confi
gurations are: Redundancy and modularity, high reliability of hybrid circuitry e
mbedded control system, improve emergency energy switching and transfer, low ope
rating cost through integrated design, low environmental impacts due to nature o
f the energy source. System optimization with combined heat and alternative powe
r production technologies [12, 13]:
i. The Production and Storage of Heat
ii. Space Heating Storage Heaters
iii. Hot Water Storage
iv. Instantaneous Space and Water Heaters
v. Uses for Excess Electricity
vi. Electricity Storage Devices
7.0 Reliability and decision support framework
Various studies have been carried out to find the best hybrid supply for
given areas. Results from specific studies cannot be easily applied to other si
tuations due to area-specific resources and energy-use profiles and environmenta
l differences. Energy supply system, with a large percentage of renewable resour
ces varies with the size and type of area, climate, location, typical demand pro
files, and available renewable resource. A decision support framework is require
d in order to aid the design of future renewable energy supply systems, effectiv
ely manage transitional periods, and encourages and advance state-of-the-art dep
loyment as systems become more economically desirable. The DSS could involve the
technical feasibility of possible renewable energy supply systems, economic and
 political issues.
Reliability based DSS can facilitate possible supply scenarios to be qui
ckly and easily tried, to see how well the demands for electricity, heat and tra
nsport for any given area can be matched with the outputs of a wide variety of p
ossible generation methods. This includes the generation of electricity from int
ermittent hybrid sources. DSS framework provide the appropriate type and sizing
of spinning reserve, fuel production and energy storage to be ascertained, and s
upport the analysis of supplies and demands for an area of any type and geograph
ical location, to allow potential renewable energy provision on the small to med
ium scale to be analyzed. DSS can provide energy provision for port and help gui
de the transition towards higher percentage sustainable energy provision in larg
er areas. The hybrid configuration of how the total energy needs of an area may
be met in a sustainable manner, the problems and benefits associated with these,
and the ways in which they may be used together to form reliable and efficient
energy supply systems. The applicability and relevance of the decision support f
ramework are shown through the use of a can simulate case study of the complex n
ature of sustainable energy supply system design.

7.1 Regulatory requirement and assessment

The Unifies International association of classification society (IACS) u
nified requirements are applicable to marine power plant and electrical installa
tions. A listing of the applicable requirements to marine power plants is shown
in appendix of this paper. They IACS requirement provide prescriptive statements
that provide a definition or identify what has to be done and in some cases how
to do it. They relate to safety and reliability of marine power plant and suppo
rt systems and arrangements. The current requirements have been developed based
on reactive approach which leads to system failure. Reactive approach is not sui
table for introduction of new technology of modern power generation systems. Thi
s call for alternative philosophy to the assessment of new power generation tech
nologies together with associated equipment and systems from safety and reliabil
ity considerations, such system required analysis of system capability and regul
atory capability [[5,14]. System based approaches for regulatory assessment is d
etailed under goal based design as shown in figure. Table 4 shows the regulatory
requirement for energy source.
Table 4: IMO regulation
Types Marpol Annex Substance Fuel types
Oil oil annex I Oil cargo crude oil, asphalt blending stock, diese
l oil
Chemical Annex I Biofuel and base petroleum fuels diesel oil, fuel
il., heavy oil
Annex II and IBC code Noxiousliquids in bulk and liquid substance biof
uel vegetable oil, oil like substances
Other hazardous substance Annex III Dangerous goods in package form
and invasive species Biodiesel, fatty acid methyl esters, B100, ethanol, ethy
l alcohol E100, Microorganism

IMO has embraced the use of goal based standards for ship construction a
nd this process can be equally well applied to machinery power plants. Figure 6
illustrates the goal based regulatory framework for new ship construction that c
ould be readily adapted for marine power plant application. The basic principles
of the proposed goal-based regulatory framework that could be applied to a mari
ne power plant are:
i. The goal-based standards represent the top tiers of the framework, again
st which a marine power plant should be verified both at design and construction
 stages, and during plant operation.
ii. The goals should be clear, demonstrable, verifiable and long-standing an
d capable of adapting to changes in technology.
iii. goals should aim to ensure that a properly operated and maintained marin
e power plant remains safe for its entire life.
iv. The requirements developed and applied by regulatory organisations shoul
d be capable of demonstrating compliance with the goal-based standards.
v. The goals should be achieved either by compliance with published technic
al standards or by means of alternative solutions providing an equivalent level
of safety.
Tiers of the goal base framework is shown in figure 12

Figure12: Components of level goal standard assessment

7.2 Risk based design

The approach to risk assessment begins with risk analysis, a systematic
process for answering the three questions posed at the beginning of this chapter
: What can go wrong? How likely is it? What are the impacts? The formal definiti
on of a risk analysis proceeds from these simple questions, where a particular a
nswer is Si, a particular scenario; pi, the likelihood of that scenario; and Ci,
the associated consequences. In mathematical parlance, risk triplet [Si, pi, Ci
] shown in figure 13 and 14 is risk analysis. The analysis that describes and qu
antifies every scenario, the risk estimation of the triplets can be transformed
into risk curve or risk matrix of frequency versus consequences that is shown in
figure 15 and 16.
Figure 13: Components of risk assessment and analysis

Figure 13 risk based method

7.2 Quantitative risk assessments

Analysis tools that now gaining general acceptance in the marine industr
y is Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). The adoption of analysis tools re
quires a structure and the use of agreed standards. The use of analysis tools mu
st also recognise lessons learnt from past incidents and experience and it is vi
tal that the background to existing requirements stemming from SOLAS or IACS are
understood. Consistent with the current assessment philosophy, there needs to b
e two tenets to the process - safety and dependability. A safety analysis for a
hybrid power generation system and its installation on board a ship could use a
hazard assessment process such as outlined in Figure 14. The hazard assessment s
hould review all stages of a systems life cycle from design to disposal.

Figure 14: Components of risk and reliability analysis

 Figure 15 sows the components of risk assessment and analysis. The analy
sis leads to risk curve or risk profile. The risk curve is developed from the co
mplete set of risk triplets. The triplets are presented in a list of scenarios r
earranged in order of increasing consequences, that is, C1 ≤ C2 ≤ C3 ≤ . . . ≤ C
N, with the corresponding probabilities as shown in table 5. A fourth column is
included showing the cumulative probability, Pi (uppercase P), as shown. When th
e points <Ci, Pi> are plotted, the result is the staircase function. The stairca
se function can be considered as discrete approximation of a nearly continuous r
eality. If a smooth curve is drawn through the staircase, that curve can be rega
rded as representing the actual risk, and it is the risk curve or risk profile t
hat tells much about the reliability of the system. Combination of qualitative a
nd quantitative analyses is advised to for risk estimates of complex and dynamic
system.
Table 5: components of risk and reliability analysis
Scenario Probability Consequence Cumulative Probability
S1 P1 C1 P1=P1+P2
S2 P2 C2 P2=P3+P2
Si Pi Ci Pi=Pi+3+Pi
Sn+1 Pn+1 Cn+1 Pn-1=Pn+Pn+1
Sn Pn Cn Pn=Pn
n=N

Figure 15: Stair case risk curve Figure 16: Risk priority
matrix
. L = low risk; M _ moderate risk; H = high risk; VH _ very high risk.
The design concept needs to address the marine environment in terms of t
hose imposed on the power plant and those that are internally controlled. It is
also necessary to address the effects of fire, flooding, equipment failure and t
he capability of personnel required to operate the system. In carrying out a haz
ard assessment it is vital that there are clearly defined objectives in terms of
what is to be demonstrated. The assessment should address the consequence of a
hazard and possible effect on the system, its subsystems, personnel and the envi
ronment. An assessment for reliability and availability of a hybrid power genera
tion system and its installation in a ship could use a FMEA tool. An effective F
MEA needs a structured approach with clearly defined objectives and IACS is curr
ently developing standards that can uniformly be applied to marine systems and e
quipment where an analysis is required. The work currently being undertaken by I
ACS will identify those systems and machinery that require analysis. For a hazar
d and failure mode analysis it is necessary to use recognised standards and ther
e are a number of generic standards that can be applied and adapted for analysis
of a hybrid system:
i. IEC 61882, Hazard and operability studies (HAZOP) studies,
ii. IEC 60812, Analysis techniques for system reliability, application guide
, Procedure for failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA).
iii. IEC 61508, Functional safety of electrical/ electronic/programmable elec
tronic safety-related systems.
The assessment analysis processes for safety and reliability need to ide
ntify defined objectives under system functionality and capability matching. The
se two issues are concerned with system performance rather than compliance with
a prescriptive requirement in a standard. The importance of performance and inte
gration of systems that are related to safety and reliability is now recognised
and the assessment tools now available offer such means. Formal Safety Assessmen
t (FSA) is recognised by the IMO as being an important part of a process for dev
eloping requirements for marine regulations. IMO has approved Guidelines for For
mal Safety Assessment (FSA) for use in the IMO rule-making process (MSC/Circ.102
3/MEPC/ Circ.392). Further reliability and optimization can be done by using sto
chastic and simulation tools [14,15].
The development of requirements for fuel cells in the marine environment
power plant application could usefully recognize the benefits of adopting a goa
l-based approach. In order t o determine the power supply capacity and system ar
chitectural arrangements required and to give specific requirements for services
that affect the propulsion and safety of the vessel the various services are gr
ouped under a number of headings. Services may be defined as essential, and the
se include those that provide services for the main propulsion machinery, i.e. c
ooling and lubricating pumps etc., and those for steering gear, flood prevention
and lighting; these services may vary from vessel type to vessel type. These es
sential services may be sub-divided into:
i. Primary essential services, i.e. the loss of which for any duration may
hazard the propulsion and the safety of the vessel, for example: lubricating oil
and cooling water pumps for the main propulsion machinery and steering gear
ii. Secondary essential services, i.e. the loss of which for a short duratio
n would not hazard the propulsion and safety of the vessel, for example: service
air compressors, machinery space ventilation fans and ballast pumps. The equipm
ent is to comply with a national or international standard. The equipment should
be adapted where necessary for marine ambient conditions. For the majority of e
quipment, which includes electrical cables, the IEC (International Electrotechni
cal Commission) 60092 series of standards are the most appropriate.
Table 7: Component of holistic assessment of the system
External impose parameters Internal control parameters
Climate: temperature and humidity Climate: temperature and humidity
Inclination: static and dynamic Atmosphere: CO2 levels
Weather: hall, rain and wind flora : mold and fungi
Green seas Shock /vibration
Lightning Communication/ Noise
Icing Flooding
Airborne: contaminants and predators Material
Shock: earthquake and explosion EMC / Lightening
Terrorist and piracy Signature

Conclusions
Energy, environment, economic and efficiency and safety are the main tec
hnology driver today. Issue of energy and environment has been address. Problem
associated with choice of energy system in the face of current environmental cha
llenges has been discussed. The paper also discussed Standards and issues that
are applicable to marine power generation systems. Alternative methods of assess
ment that can be applied to technology for which the current standards do not fi
t a recognized design and operating scenario and matter of lessons learnt from e
xperience and from failures need to be understood before using alternative metho
ds. Thus solar energy has been existing for a long time, different parties have
done various research programs on to solar energy and hydrogen energy in differe
nt ways, a lot have been achieved in alternative energy technology. The state of
the planet, surrounded with issue of energy pollutant shows current need for de
velopment of reliable production of alternative energy, since, previous work has
shown lack of reliability on stand a lone system. Incorporating risk based DSS
scheme for hybrid system that integrate conventional system with new system coul
d bring a break through to counter problem associated with production of alterna
tive energy. Previous regulatory work for system design has been prescriptive by
nature. Performance based standards that make use of alternative methods of ass
essment for safety and reliability of component design, manufacture and testing
is recommended for hybrid alternative energy system installation.
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Appendix A: Regulatory institution
• International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) Resolutions
• Safety and Reliability of Electronic Engines - Robert D McColl, 2002 MSc Thesi
s, Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCL
• Development of Standards for Marine Diesel Engines
- Prescriptive to Performance Based – Norman Rattenbury, CIMAC Congress 2004
• IMO MSC 78/6 Goal Based New Ship Construction Standards
Appendix B: IACS unified rules
IACS Unified Requirements Applicable to Marine Power Plant
• M2, Alarm Devices of Internal Combustion Engines
• M3, Speed Governor and Overspeed Protective Device
• M5, Mass production of Internal Combustion Engines, Procedure and Inspection
• M6, Test Pressures for Parts of Internal Combustion Engines
• M9, Safety Valves for Crankcases of Internal Combustion Engines
• M10, Protection of Internal Combustion Engines Against Crankcase Explosions
• M11, Protective Devices for Starting Air Mains
• M12, Fire Extinguishing Systems for Scavenge Manifolds
• M14, Mass Production of Internal Combustion Engines: Definition of Mass Produc
tion
• M18, Parts of Internal Combustion Engines for which Material Tests are Require
d
• M21, Mass Production of Internal Combustion Engines: Type Test Conditions
• M23, Mass Production of Engines: Mass Produced Exhaust Driven Turboblowers
• M25, Astern Power for Main Propulsion
• M28, Ambient Reference Conditions
• M29, Alarm Systems for Vessels with Periodically Unattended Machinery Spaces
• M30, Safety Systems for Vessels with Periodically Unattended Machinery Spaces
• M32, Definition of Diesel Engine
• M35, Alarms, Remote Indications and Safeguards for Main Reciprocating I.C. Eng
ines Installed in
Unattended Machinery Spaces
• M36, Alarms and Safeguards for Auxiliary Reciprocating I.C. Engines Driving Ge
nerators Installed in Unattended Machinery Spaces
• M40, Ambient Conditions - Temperatures
• M43, Bridge Control of Propulsion Machinery for Unattended Machinery Spaces
• M44, Documents for the Approval of Diesel Engines
• M45, Ventilation of Engine Rooms
• M46, Ambient Conditions - Inclinations
• M50, Programme for Type Testing of Non-Mass Produced I.C. Engines
• M51, Programme for Trials of I.C. Engines to Assess Operational Capability
• M53, Calculation of Crankshafts for I.C. Engines
• M58, Charge Air Coolers
• M59, Control and Safety Systems for Dual Fuel Diesel Engines
• M61, Starting Arrangements of Internal Combustion Engines
• M63, Alarms and Safeguards for Emergency Diesel Engines
• E10, Test specification for Type Approval
• E11, Unified requirements for systems with voltages above 1 kV up to 15 kV
• E13, Test requirements for rotating machines
• E19, Ambient Temperatures for Electrical Equipment in Areas other than Machine
ry Spaces
• E20, Installation of electrical and electronic equipment in engine roo
ms protected by fixed waterbased
local application fire-fighting systems
• F32, Fire detecting systems for unattended machinery spaces
• F35 Fire protection of machinery spaces
• F42, Fire testing of flexible pipes
• P1, Rules for pipes
• P2, Rules for piping design, construction and testing