Study on Energy Saving Strategy and Evaluation

Method of Green Cloud Computing System

Lin Gong, Jian Xie, Xiaolan Li, Bo Deng
School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
(gonglin@263.net)
put forward the concept of green computing and discussed
research content of green computing [5]; Guo Minyi,
analyzed the connotation of green computing and put
forward three main characteristics in view of low energy
consumption computing, which indicated the research
direction of green computing [6].

AbstractCloud computing, the next generation computing

system, is gradually being got more and more attention on
its green energy-saving characteristics in academia. This
paper first reviews cloud computing concept and platform
structure. Second, strategies of green energy saving for cloud
computing platform are proposed from four aspects:
hardware design, software technology, virtual machine
manager and network environment. Then, based on fuzzy
comprehensive evaluation, the method and model of green
cloud computing platform evaluation are put forward
including green characteristic indexes and ability
characteristic indexes. Final, an instance is calculated to
verify the methods and model.

Some scholars studied green cloud computing energy

saving strategy in the view of system, but little research
work on the cloud computing platform evaluation. Ye
Kejiang studied virtualization cloud computing platform of
green energy saving using energy consumption
management [7]; Li Jiandun, from the view of optimal
scheduling, proposed energy saving and consumption
reducing methods for virtual resources in private cloud;
Yen Bo, puts forward the comprehensive transport costs
and communication cost of energy saving strategy on the
virtual machine comprehensive migration aspect.

KeywordsCloud Computing; Green Computing;

Energy Saving; Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation

With cloud computing platform developing, regional

energy crisis, which is caused by high energy consumption
of platform, will make development of green cloud
computing technology. The following three aspects are
feasible research directions in the future.

I.
INTRODUCTION
With the rapid development of social informatization
level, the dependence on information systems in various
industries, including government, economy and so on, is
more and more seriously. The energy consumption of the
information industry is increasing. According to the
investigation of Gartner, a global authoritative technical
investigation agency, the annual carbon dioxide emissions
is about 35 million tons in IT industry, accounted for 2%
of global emissions. Green IT technology has already be
the No. 1 in ten IT key technologies [1]. Since IBM
announced the cloud computing program in the end of
2007 [2], cloud computing concept appeared in public.
Cloud computing platform, as a new computing platform
concept and architecture, is got more attention for its
reliability, high performance, scalability and high
availability. In the social environment in pursuit of lowcarbon energy, green cloud computing platform is received
more attention and research by the industry and academia.

a) To study the characteristics and system

framework of green cloud computing;
b) To study green energy saving strategy of cloud
computing platform in different aspects, such as the client,
operating system, temperature control principle, network
transmission environment, virtual machine manager,
database server, etc.;
c) To evaluate cloud computing platform based on
the model and the entity, which can provide suggestions to
manager.
III.
A.

Concept of Cloud Computing

The concept of cloud computing that people generally
accepted is defined by NIST (National Institute of
Standards and Technology): Cloud computing is a model
for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a
shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that
can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction [8]. But
in fact, there are some other definitions of cloud
computing. The above definition also did not get all the
people's recognition.

II. RESEARCH REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT TREND

There is some research work on green computing. For
the power consumption management problems in data
center, Mukherje proposed a reasonable design of software
system structure under constraints of calculation ability
and utilization, which reduce the energy consumption of
the data center [3]; Tan, used Software Architecture Graph
(SAG), mentioned software architectural transformations
for multi-process embedded Linux application software,
which shown that the system power save up to 66.1% [4];
Guo Bing, summarized green computing research status,

c
978-1-4673-6322-8/13/$31.00 2013
IEEE

CONCEPT OF CLOUD COMPUTING AND PLATFORM

STRUCTURE

483

B. The Structure of Cloud Computing Platform

Different companies have different cloud computing
platform structure. Microsoft emphasizes four layer
service reference architecture, including software as a
service(SaaS), platform as a service(PaaS) and
infrastructure as a service(IaaS). Based on the service
oriented deployment of public cloud and private cloud
Microsoft proposed three solutions: Windows Live Mesh,
Windows Auzre Platform and dynamic cloud [9]. IBM
puts forward Blue Clouds architecture, which concludes a
data center, IBM Tivoli deployment management
software, IBM Tivoli monitoring software, IBM
Websphere application server, IBM DB2 database and
some open source information processing software and
open source virtualization software [10]. This paper gives
the following cloud computing platform system structure,
based on the reference of the different structures, shown in
Fig. 1.
IV.

ENERGY SAVING STRATEGY OF CLOUD

COMPUTING
The paper will analysis energy saving strategies of
cloud computing in the following four aspects: hardware
design, software technology, virtual machine manager and
network environment.
A. Hardware Energy Saving Design
1) Energy saving strategy of computer architecture :
Cloud computing platform is set up by a large number of
computers. Through research of new and high efficient
energy-saving computer architecture, the system energy
consumption can be reduced effectively. Heterogeneous
computer refers to the multi-processor system composed
by a plurality of relatively independent processors of the
different types. It can get better power consumption ratio,
using general purpose processor as the main control unit
and dedicated processor as accelerator structure. At the
same time, high-performance computer system built with
low power consumption processor also can reduce the
system energy consumption effectively. David Andersen,
Carnegie Mellon University, puts forward a new low
power consumption cluster system structure FAWN (Fast
Array of Wimpy Nodes) for large-scale data-intensive
applications, which has excellent performance and low
system power consumption [11].
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Figure 1. The structure of cloud computing platform system

2) Energy saving strategy of hardware temperature

control: Energy saving strategy of hardware temperature
control includes two aspects: one is green energy-saving
design to computer hardware (such as servers, storage
medium, etc.) and cooling measures, another is intelligent
temperature control mechanism for processor, storage
hardware to reduce consumption rising problems because
of temperature shock. For the former strategy, some
scholars have carried out extensive research, such as the
blade server system, Solid State Disk(SSD) storage
equipment, IBM's "electron spin" storage technology,
APC "thermal channel sealing system" and so on. There is
little research for the latter strategy. In fact, when upper
application of load and operation characteristics changed,
the processor and other hardware may be caused
temperature shock. Therefore, energy consumption rising
problem is produced. Starting from the temperature
control mechanism, it necessary that to install thermal
sensor around the hardware for real-time monitoring and
dynamic intelligent cooling to hardware implementation
based on the monitoring results.
B. Energy Saving Strategy of Cloud Computing
Software Technology
1) Energy saving strategy of compiling technology:
Compiler optimization is one of the most important
aspects of compiler design, especially in high
performance compiler design. Advanced compiler
optimization technique can greatly improve the
performance of the compiler and reduce the energy
consumption. Compiling technology research not only can
optimize the application efficiency, but also analysis the
behaviors of application program to minimum system or
processor operation energy consumption. Zhao Rongcai,
put forward a model and method, which can reduce the
execution frequency to reduce the power consumption in
multithreading system structure. It can reduce power
consumption effectively [12].
2) Energy saving strategy of application software
power: The optimization work of software power is
focused on the source program structure level. Many
technologies are relative mature, such as cycle structure
optimization, etc., which has been realized in the compiler
and achieved good power optimization effect. Using some
existing algorithm, such as improving data structure,
compression data storage space, decrease the repeated
calculation and algorithm redundancy, the greedy method,
etc., power optimization measures in algorithm level can
reduce space complexity and time complexity of
algorithm to reduce software power consumption.
3) Energy saving strategy of system software:
Energy saving strategy of system software includes three
aspects: dynamic energy consumption management of
operating system, energy-efficient scheduling between
nuclear and equipment resources management. Dynamic
energy consumption management means that the
operating system regulates system unit power
consumption dynamically in accordance with the system

2013 IEEE 8th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA)

operation state, which can give full play to the energysaving features of the low-power hardware. Research on
this area includes memory allocation strategy based on
energy consumption perception, and dynamic adjustment
mechanism based on load perception model of memory
chip energy consumption [13]. Energy-efficient
scheduling between nuclear means energy saving
scheduling strategy in polynuclear system. Wang Jing,
analyzed thread scheduling strategy and resource
classification mechanism for reducing resource contention
and discussed the possible future research direction of
development [14]. The management mechanism for
dynamic resource division and combination of variable
size, can build optimal environment for each individual
computing task.
C. Energy Saving Strategy of Virtual Machine Manager
Energy saving strategy of virtual machine manager
includes following aspects: energy consumption
management interface support, energy consumption
management framework and desktop-class virtual machine
energy saving, and so on. Stoess, proposed a framework
for energy management in virtualized servers, and
provides resources statistics and allocation mechanism of
the division of energy consumption and energy
consumption perception [15]. In addition, collaborative
model of energy management and task scheduling strategy
among operation system, virtual machine manager and
upper application of hardware can be studied for green
energy saving strategy of cloud computing platform. Ye
Kejiang, introduced four aspects: the energy consumption
measurement, energy consumption modeling, energy
consumption management and realization mechanism,
energy consumption management optimization algorithm,
to virtualize cloud computing platform energy
consumption management. In addition, he put forward
energy consumption model of two key technologies.
D. Energy Saving Strategy of Network Environment
Cloud computing platform is based on the network
platform. Implying energy saving strategy on network
environment can get great results. At present, the
combination of green agent technology with dormancy
mechanism, as an international frontier research fields, is
typical energy consumption optimization by adjusting the
network topological structure. In the side of network
protocol, a lot of network protocols and algorithm do not
match with the requirements of the energy saving, even
more energy consumption, such as TCP retransmission
mechanism, CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA in wireless
network, etc. This energy saving mechanism can also be
used in the thermal sensor network of processor mentioned
above, which can avoid unnecessary energy consumption
because of thermal sensor monitoring network.

V.

FUZZY COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF GREEN

CLOUD COMPUTING PLATFORM

A. To Establish Evaluation Index System

Comprehensive evaluation for a cloud computing
platform system should include the following processes:
clearing the need of the evaluation, selecting quantifiable
indexes, adopting appropriate evaluation theory and model
to reflect the influence of each index, and getting
comprehensive evaluation green index of system. In the
full life cycle of cloud computing platform, there are so
many green-related factors. It is very hard in summarizing
all factors and quantifying. Moreover, different cloud
computing platform has different goal, some focused on
storage capacity, and some are focusing on the computing
power or network bandwidth. Therefore, the index system
of cloud computing platform evaluation should be
established to describe the characteristics of green energy
saving. Based on some reference of evaluation criteria
[16], this paper summarizes five types of property index of
Green Computing system, shown in Table 1.
Ability class attribute includes three first level
indexes:
1) Basic ability index: including computing capacity,
storage capacity, communications capacity, virtualization
permeability, service provided ability (relative index,
consider mutual ranking when evaluated), standard
cabinet number;
2) Safe and reliability index: including security
mechanism, UPS redundancy, power redundancy, average
down time;
3) Platform environmental index: including
temperature, relative humidity.
Green class attribute includes four first level indexes:
1) Platform basic attribute index: including total
area, total volume of IT facilities;
2) Platform environment damage index: including
total amount of hazardous substances, carbon dioxide
emissions per hour, water consumption per hour, other
emissions per hour;
3) Platform power consumption index: including
total
power
consumption,
computing
facilities
consumption, air conditioning facilities consumption;
4) Platform economic index: including system cost,
operating cost per hour, recyclability, anticipated
surviving time.
B. Establishment of The Evaluation Model
A cloud computing platform can be described by the
above two types of property indexes basically. The green
index of a cloud computing platform should be calculated
based on the above indexes. In this paper, two indexes are
proposed to describe platform:
Integrated Capacity index =

Weight of Capacity index

Capacity index

Integrated Green Index = [ Class Weight of Green Index

(1)
(2)

( Weight of Green Index Green Index ) ]

2013 IEEE 8th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA)

485

Green index of cloud computing platform can be

calculated as below:
Green index of Computing System = Integrated Green index *

Ability
attribute
class

INDEX SYSTEM OF GREEN CLOUD

COMPUTING PLATFORM
First Index

Basic
index

ability

* ui = U .
i =1

The weights include weight of index and weight of

index class. Weight of index class is:
~
A = [a1

Weight set of index includes the weight of every index

in the sub set. Suppose aij (i = 1,2, " , m )( j = 1,2, " , n ) is the

Second Index
Computing capacity

weight of u ij , the weight set of index A i is:

Virtualization permeability
Service provides the ability (relative
index)
Standard
cabinet
number(600*800*2000)
Security mechanism
UPS redundancy

~
A i = [a i1

Green
attribute
class

Platform
environmental
index
Platform basic
attribute index
Platform
environment
damage index

a i 2 " a im ]

(i = 1,2, " , m )

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used in

calculating the weights of indexes to establish the judge
matrix and assign the important degree of index. For one
class index weight set, its computation formula is as
follows:

Power redundancy
Mean
Time
Failure(MTBF)
Temperature

a 2 " am ]

ai (i = 1,2,", m ) is the weight of sub set u i .

Storage capacity
Communications capacity

Platform
safe
reliability index

sub set i , and

1) Evaluation processes and methods: First, according

to the evaluation requirements, the appropriate capability
indexes and green-related indexes are selected. Using
appropriate methods, the weight of every index is

Attribute

u ij (i = 1,2,", m )( j = 1,2,", n ) is the sub index j in the

(3)

Integrated Capacity index

TABLE I.

u i = {u i1 , u i 2 , " , u in } 

ai =

Between

1 m sik

m k =1 m
slk

(i = 1,2, " , m )

(4)

l =1

sik is the relative importance of the index i to the

index k .

Relative humidity
Total area
Total volume of IT facilities
Total
amount
of
hazardous
substances
Carbon dioxide emissions per hour
Water consumption per hour

3) Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation: After the indexes

and the weights are confirmed, the evaluation set of cloud
computing platform, X = {x1 , x 2 ," , x s } , is established. In
this section, the two-level fuzzy method is used. First, the
first level fuzzy evaluation is calculated. The single index
evaluation matrix of the first level fuzzy evaluation is:

Other emissions per hour

Platform power
index

Platform
economic
indicators

Total power consumption

Computing facilities consumption
Air
conditioning
consumption
System cost

facilities

Operating cost per hour

Recyclability
Anticipated Surviving time

determined. Then using the fuzzy evaluation method, a

fuzzy evaluation matrix is established. After normalized
index values of different unit, the integrated capacity index
and the integrated green index can be calculated. Final, the
green index of every cloud computing platform will be got
and the green ranking can be confirmed too.
2) Determine indexes and indexes weight: First, the
ability-related indexes and green-related indexes are
selected. These indexes belong to index set U , which
include m sub sets.
U = {u1 , u2 ,", um }

Suppose every sub set u i (i = 1,2, " , m ) has n indexes:

486

ri11

ri 21
~
Ri =
#

rin1

ri12 " ri1s

ri 22 " ri 2 s
#
#
#

rin 2 " rins

(i = 1,2, " , m )

rijk (i = 1,2, " , m; j = 1,2, " , n; k = 1,2, " , s )

is
the
membership degree of index uij ( index j of index class
i ) in the factor k .
The fuzzy integrated evaluation set of index class i :
~ ~
~
B i = A i D R i = (bi1 , bi 2 , " , bis )

This fuzzy evaluation is to integrate the second

indexes in one class of first index. Considering all kinds
of first index, the integrated fuzzy evaluation of the first
index should be calculated. This is the two-level fuzzy
integrated evaluation. The second level fuzzy integrated
evaluation matrix is:
B1 A1R 1
  
B
A R
R = 2 = 2 2 = (rik )ms
# #
  
B m Am R m

2013 IEEE 8th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA)

rik = bik (i = 1, 2,", m; k = 1, 2,", s)

A 23 = [0.5 0.5]
A 24 = [0.4 0.3 0.3]

The second level fuzzy integrated evaluation set is:

B = AR = (b1 , b2 ," , bs ) .

n

b j = aij rij

TABLE II.

( j = 1,2, " , m)

(5)

i =1

Because the units of every index are different, the

index values should be normalized. Indexes can be
classified lots of kinds, such as benefits-oriented, costoriented, constant-oriented, and so on [17]. Benefitsoriented index means the bigger, the better. Cost-oriented
index means the smaller, the better.
1)

Benefits-oriented index:
zij min ( zij )
i
rij =
, i N , j J 1 (6)
max( zij ) min ( zij )
i

2)

Cost-oriented index:

rij =

max( zij ) zij

i

max( zij ) min( zij )

Constant-oriented index: (closer to

rij = 1

(7)

3)

, i N, j J2

z ij j
max z ij j

i , the better)

, i N, j J3

P_A

P_B

P_C

Computing capacity

Second Index

MIPS

12M

20M

22M

Storage capacity
Communications
capacity
UPS redundancy

Byte
Byte

1024T
20G

1024T
15G

768T
10G

Hour

0.5

0.5

Power redundancy

Route

double

double

double

MTBF

Hour

Total area

250,00
0
450

200,00
0
500

300,00
0
300

Total volume of IT
facilities
Total amount of
hazardous substances
Carbon dioxide
emissions per hour
Water consumption
per hour
Other emissions per
hour

M3

250

400

275

Kg

2.8

2.3

2.4

Kg

130

145

150

Kg

Kg(Convert
to carbon
emissions)
KW

60

55

50

300

250

200

KW

90

80

70

Million

120

200

180

Million

30

50

35

Year

15

12

10

(8)

z ij is value of index.

In this paper, ability-related indexes are cost-oriented

index except temperature and relative humidity, which are
constant-oriented index. Green-related indexes are costoriented index except recyclability, which is benefitsoriented index.
VI.

Total power
consumption
Computing facilities
consumption
System cost
Operating cost per
hour
Anticipated
Surviving time

20 M
12M


R11 = 1024T 1024T
15G
20G

A1 = [0.75 0.25]

Ability attribute related index weight set
A11 = [0.4 0.4 0.2] 
A12 = [0.2 0.2 0.6]


Green attribute class index weight set:

A 2 = [0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2]


Green related index weight set


A 21 = [0.4 0.6]
A 22 = [0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3]

22 M
768T
10G

1
0.5
0.5

R12 = 1
1
1
250000 200000 300000

Ability attribute class index weight set:

Units

INSTANCE

Through the above evaluation method, this article

chooses three cloud computing platform to evaluate.
According to the actual situation, partial parameters are
selected for evaluation. The parameters are shown in
Table II.

THE PARAMETERS OF THREE CLOUD

COMPUTING PLATFORM

After regularization, the matrix is:

1
1
0.5
0.55 0.91
0.5

'

'


R11 = 1
1
0.75 , R12 = 1
1
1

1
0.83 0.67 1
0.75 0.5
So:
'
B11 = A11 R 11
= (0.82 0.914 0.8)
'
B12 = A12 R 12
= (0.798 0.602 0.9)

And then, integrated ability factor:

B1 = A1 R 1' = (0.8145 0.836 0.825)

Calculate integrated green index:

2013 IEEE 8th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA)

487

450 500 300

R21 =

250 400 275

2.8 2.3 2.4

130 145 150


R22 =
0
0
0

60 55 50
250 200
80 70

300
R 23 =
90
12000 20000 18000

R24 = 3000 5000 3500
15
12
10
1
0.96
0.82
1
0.67
0.6
1

0.90 0.87
R '21 =
R '22 =

0.63 0.91
1
1
1
1

1
0.83 0.91
0.6 0.67
1
0.67 0.8 1  '

R '23 =
0.6 0.86
R 24 = 1
0.78
0.88
1

0.67 0.83
1

A 21 R '21 = (0.868 0.618 0.946)

A 22 R '22 = (0.895 0.953 0.962)
22
B 23 = A 23 R '23 = (0.725 0.84 1)
B = A R ' = (0.901 0.669 0.826)

B 21 =
B =

24

24

24

B 2 = A 2 R '2 = (0.8255 0.8175 0.9484)

B1 = A1 R 1' = (0.8145 0.836 0.825) 
Finallycalculate the green index of three platform:
C = (0.672 0.683 0.782) . Thus, the rank of three
cloud calculation platform for green degree is:
P_C>P_B>P_A.
In the actual modeling and calculation process, more
evaluation parameters can be chosen to get more
comprehensively cloud computing platform evaluation.
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper presents three research ideas on green
cloud computing development. Then, four aspects of
strategies of green energy saving for cloud computing
platform are proposed: hardware design, software
technology, virtual machine manager and network
environment. The method and model of green cloud
computing platform evaluation are put forward including
green characteristic indexes and ability characteristic
indexes. Final, an instance is calculated to verify the
methods and model. Overall, this paper presents a new
idea of evaluation of green cloud computing platform. In
the next step, the index system of cloud computing
platform evaluation will be studied in order to achieve
evaluation and improvement of green cloud computing
platform.

488

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2013 IEEE 8th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA)