2] 9-16-09 bap
WG-K3 Members:
Outline:
1.
Introduction & Evolution of protection
schemes
2.
3.
Faster Detection
4.
Faster
remediation
through
IED
communication.
How communication
affects protection.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Appendix BRelays
Characteristics of Digital
..
This discussion will primarily address the subject of to a differential protection scheme occurred. This
reducing outages / durations and autorestoration provided for defined zones that identified faults in
the area of the transformer, bus, or feeder breaker,
applications within the distribution substation.
and also significantly reduced the time required to
The early distribution substation had limited recognize and clear a fault. Not only did this reduce
technology available to the electric industry. For the time that the fault was on the system, but it also
example, the high voltage transmission line was reduced the equipment damage due to the fault.
connected to a power transformer via a manual One such example is shown in Figure 2.
fused switch, and the feeder load was connected to a
distribution bus. When a fault or overload occurred
on the transformer, the only option was to blow the
fuse, putting the customers in the dark until a
switchman could be dispatched to the substation .
See figure 1.
Fuse Switch
Transformer
Manual Disconnect Switch
ONE DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION SCHEME
FOR ALL LOW
VOLTAGES BUSSES
Feeder Load
Figure 1 -Fused Protection
feeder per bus is shown, while in reality, this would autorestoration is turned off. Once load returns to
usually be multiple feeder breakers on each bus.
an acceptable limit then it is automatically enabled.
It should be noted that there is always some
equipment risk to automatically restore the
substation and pick the customers back up, if the
fault was permanent. However, autorestoration for
substation events can have a drastic effect on the
reduction of extended customer outages for nonpermanent faults.
Fuse Switch
Transformer .No 2
Transformer .No1
Manual Disconnect Switch
Manual Disconnect
Switch
BUS
Breaker
No. 1
2.2
Block50
50
Trip
50
51
.
Feeder-1
Figure 4
50
51
50
51
. 2
Feeder-
Fault
Point
Feeder- 3
.
2.6
Applying a fuse saving scheme (allowing
instantaneous tripping on first reclose cycle).
CB1
RELAY FAIL
ALARM
CONTACT
CLOSED
51F1
51B
RELAY FAIL
CB2
51F2
RELAY FAIL
2.8
Use of broken conductor protection to
alarm or trip for downed distribution conductors for
high impedance faults.
RELAY OKAY
ALARM
CONTACT
OPEN
Figure 5
Bus Protection Backup For Feeder Protection
Failure
inherent breaker operating time delay (typically 3 - How does the Zone Sequencing Logic work? When
6 cycles).
a fault occurs, the GX element will be removed
from the relay coordination scheme at the end of the
b) Reduce the unnecessary operation of the 13.8kV first reclose sequence, if it has not tripped within 1.5
supply breaker due to inrush current balanced or seconds.
unbalanced as a result of street tie switching. Note:
the relays will also be set such that, when switching Therefore, if the fault is beyond a field recloser,
of the 13.8kV breaker will result in a time delay which has a reclosing time just longer than this, the
before the low set instantaneous protection is GX element will be removed from the scheme while
enabled.
This will further prevent risk of the recloser is in the open position.
inadvertent operation of the 13.8kV source breaker
due to inrush current or cold load current.
In summary, for all faults beyond a distribution field
recloser, the GX element will be removed from the
c) The low set phase instantaneous will be set not to coordination scheme, eliminating unnecessary
operate for a three phase bolted fault on the low side feeder momentaries associated with the operation of
of a pad mounted transformer.
the GX element.
d) The low set phase and ground instantaneous
overcurrent relay will be set not to reach through
any pole mounted reclosers. Note: typically the pole
mounted recloser will already provide fast curve
protection. Coordinating the low set instantaneous
settings with the recloser will help maintain
selectivity and limit unnecessary momentary
operations to a smaller portion of the circuit.
2.15
Partial
Transformers
Discharge
Monitoring
In
2.16
Arc-Flash Mitigation
One of the concerns facing the field personnel while
working on the facilities is if an arc occurs should
an accidential contact take place. One remedy in
2.14 Impending Failures
place for many years was to put the feeder on oneOther functions being implemented may be valuable time where the automatic recloser switch gets
in preventing faults or problems before they turned off for the duration of the work on the line.
manifest themselves in failures.
However, this only stops the feeder from reclosing.
Of course the drawback to this action is that the
9
VLA
VLB
52 L
52 L
VB
52 LA
VL 2
VL 3
VL 4
VL 5
VL 6
VL 7
VL n
52 T
52 B1
VB
VB
VB
ab
bc
Ca
ab
bc
ca
the
preferential
11
5.0
How Communication affects restoration
and analysis (i.e. oscillographic and event
records)
5.1
In past years, data retrieval was confined to
fault records from devices such as Digital Fault
Recorders (DFRs).
However, todays IED
microprocessor relays have the capacity for
oscillographic records, event records, and setting Recent events have forced utilities to go to the use
records that can be accessed from the relay to a of what is referred to as strong passwords in order
computer.
to thwart hackers from getting into the devices and
causing problems.
Strong passwords typically
This access may be local or remote from different contain several letters, upper and lower case, several
ports on the relay. The availability of remote access numbers, and even some characters. Exceeding a
allows for record retrieval and analysis by one group number of attempts to log in can generally cause the
of people, while another is in route to the substation relay to disconnect and lock out from the
for investigation and restoration. This also allows communication. This prevents automated hacking if
for the remote analysis to determine if devices in the so equipped. Security may be generally undertaken
station operated properly or if a possible at both the corporate level as well as the substation
misoperation occurred. In many cases the records level for the network communications, as well as
out of distribution protection relays are the only data using hardware and/or software firewalls.
records that are available to analyze a fault and
whether everything operated correctly. Access may
be via the dial-up phone line method, or some type 6.0
Data Utilization for automated and post
of Wide Area Network (WAN) or Intra-Net.
analysis of faults and events.
In the case of dial-up, rather than have a dedicated
phone line connected to each IED, a more typical
application may involve some type of phone line
sharing device or port switcher. Dial up lines can
present remote access security issues should a
hacker get into the IED.
In the case of the WAN or Intra-Net, then a more
typical connection may involve a port switcher or
router with an Ethernet type of setup.
5.2
6.1
Distance to fault can be automatically
calculated and displayed. [9], [10]
Many microprocessor feeder relays include a feature
called distance to fault, which provides an
indication of the location of the fault relative to the
relay. This is accomplished using an algorithm with
the measured current and voltage quantities during
the fault. The distance to fault value is then
available for use as part of the fault record and as an
output of the relay in the form of digital or analog
data. This data can then be passed to the SCADA
system where the system operator can initiate
sectionalizing or direct work crews to the closest
upstream switch. This tends to be more accurate in
a point-to-point primary system as opposed to a
typical distribution feeder type of arrangement
containing multiple taps and laterals.
T1
52A
T2
I1
52 E
I2
52 B
By using this data, it is possible to reduce the outage Automatic closing for the bus tie breaker is typically
time by locating the fault more quickly.
controlled by a permissive switch and/or by
SCADA. The SCADA system also has continuous
Both of the above techniques have shortcomings status of the automatic closing scheme. Automatic
when the feeder circuit branches or has a source or closing is supervised by one or more of the
tied to another hot feeder. In the case of a branch, following functions
the relay cannot tell whether the fault is on the main
Bus tie breaker is open.
circuit or the branch. In the case of a source, the
The low side breaker associated with the
fault current provided by the source is not seen or deenergized transformer is open.
accounted for by the relay and therefore the distance
The low side breaker associated with the
to fault calculation is less accurate.
remaining transformer is closed.
Total transformer load was below a
predetermined level for a predetermined time prior
6.2
Automatic Load Transfer on Loss of a to the automatic close initiating event.
Source
The energizing bus is alive.
For the case of a split distribution bus with a bus tie
breaker that is normally operated in the open
position, an automatic load transfer scheme can be
implemented (refer to Figure 8). Such a scheme
would be applicable if the station planning criteria
allows the total station load to be carried by one
transformer. The automatic closing system monitors
pre-fault total MVA load for both transformers and
determines the average MVA load before the
initiating event if the planning criteria does not
allow the total station load to be carried by one
transformer.. For conditions that cause the loss of
one of the sources (high side bus faults, high side
breaker failure, or transformer faults), the bus tie
breaker (52E) can be closed automatically to supply
the other feeders. Initiation of automatic closing is
blocked if loading on the remaining transformer
would exceed the published Transformer Ratings
after Auto-Close.
13
Circuit 1
51 FD
Source
52
51FD
Circuit 2
51 FD
Circuit 3
51 FD
Figure 9
.
Selective Sectionalizing Scheme Using Fault Detectors
6.4
6.5
Line Sectionalizer
Automatic line sectionalizers have long been used in
conjunction with reclosers, or reclosing relays
controlling circuit breakers.
The sectionalizer
control has a fault current detector that arms a
counter, and the counter registers a count when the
fault is interrupted. After the set number of counts,
the sectionalizer opens to isolate the faulted section
of the circuit. Opening of the sectionalizer occurs
during the circuit dead time between reclose
attempts by the source side circuit breaker. The
sectionalizer must be set to trip one or more counts
before the source-side recloser goes to lockout.
Enhancement of the basic recloser / sectionalizer
scheme is achieved by applying intelligent controls
and communication to the motor-operated switches
used for sectionalizing (Refer to Figure 10). By
communicating switch status, fault detection status,
and circuit loading information among themselves,
the sectionalizing switches can determine the fault
location. Faults can be isolated with fewer reclosing
shots by the circuit breaker. After the fault is
isolated and the fault location determined, the
appropriate switches automatically reclose to reenergize the unfaulted line sections. Applying an
intelligent switch to the normally-open of a looped
feeder, or as a connection to a feeder from another
substation, allows line sections beyond the faulted
section to be re-energized from the alternate source.
IED
Control
Source 1
IED
Control
IED
Control
6.7.2
IED
Control
IED
Control
IED
Control
Source 2
6.6
Protection-specific recording
6.7
Oscillography and SOE Capabilities of
Microprocessor-based Relays
Oscillography Recording
15
Programmability
6.9
Transformer and Breaker Reliability
Monitoring Capabilities of Microprocessor-based
Older relay designs and low-end digital relays do
Relays
not support accurate time synchronization. Modern
high-end relays support time synchronization via
Circuit Breakers
IRIG-B time signals. Typical time accuracy is in the 6.9.1
range of a few microseconds.
Dedicated breaker monitoring stations allow direct
Other means of synchronization include Ethernet- and comprehensive monitoring of health and wear
based algorithms such as Simple Network Transport of a breaker at the expense of increased overall
Protocol (SNTP), which allows synchronization via installation cost. Basic breaker monitoring
functions, however, are possible utilizing signals
TCP/IP with the accuracy of a few milliseconds.
already wired to microprocessor-based relays.
Accuracy of time-stamping should not be confused Modern relays allow for monitoring of selected
with the resolution. Care must be taken when breaker wear indices and stress factors at no, or low
analyzing SOE records created by relays:
extra cost.
16
6.9.2
Transformers
17
Off-the-shelf software is available to set up selflearning reliability models for any type of
equipment using arbitrarily selected wear / stress
indices. Breaker and transformer monitoring data
produced by modern microprocessor-based relays
seem to be well suited for such software packages.
Summary:
Incipient detection methods may provide a method
to alarm or de-energize a piece of equipment prior to
a primary failure.
High speed fault detection can reduce the fault
duration time, and thus limit equipment damage.
Autorestoration techniques can reduce the outage
time to the customers significantly in many cases.
A subsequent working group will be formed to
address the subject of reducing outages in
substations.
18
11.
(section 6.4),
(Ref: Nathan Mitchell,
Automated Switches To the Rescue, Transmission
1.
(section 2.0) Refer to the IEEE/PSRC & Distribution World, October 1, 2000.)
website, Understanding Microprocessor Based
(section 4.1), IEEE/PSRC Website,
Technology Applied To Relaying, WG-I16 Report, 12.
Application of Peer-to-Peer Communication for
2004
Protective Relaying Report, also as IEEE
2.
(section 2.0)
IEEE Tutorial Course, Transactions-Power Delivery, Vol 17, No 2, April
Microprocessor Relays and Protection Systems, 2002.
88EH0269-1-PWR-1987
13.
(section 4.1), IEEE, C37.115-2003
Standard
Test Method For Use In Evaluation of
3.
(section 2.5) For more information on the
Communication
Between Intelligent Electronic
use of negative sequence elements and how they
Devices
In
An
Integrated
Substation Protection,
could be set to coordinate with downstream phase
Control,
and
Data
Acquisition
System.
elements, see section 6.1.3 of WG D5 "Guide for
Protective Relay Applications to Distribution
(section 2.13), Subcycle
overcurrent
Lines". When approved, this Guide will be called: 14.
protection
for
self
clearing
faults
due
to
insulation
IEEE PC37.230
breakdown L.Kojovic & C. Williams (Cooper
4. (section 2.8) - Refer to the IEEE PSRC website Power Systems detecting incipient splice failures)
at:
(section 2.14), B.D.Russell, C.A. Benner,
http://www.pes-src.org/d/D15MSW60.html entitled 15.
A. Sundaram- TAMU; Feeder Interruptions Caused
"High Impedance Fault Detection Technology".
By Reocurring Faults on Distribution Feeders5.
(section 2.8) Downed Power Lines: Why Faults You Dont Know About- presented at
They Cant Always Be Detected; A publication of TAMU 2008 Protective Relay Conference
the IEEE-PES, 2-22-1989
16.
(section 2.14), Bruce Pickett, Mirta Signo6.
(section 2.8)
IEEE Tutorial Course, Diaz, Alan Baker, Joe Schaefer, John MeinardiDetection of Downed Conductors On Utility FPL (Florida Power & Light Co), Bogdan
Kasztenny, Ilia Voloh- General Electric- Multilin
Distribution Systems, 90EH0310-3-PWR-1989.
Alvin Depew, Joseph Wolete- Potomac Electric
7.
(section 2.16) Working Group Report Power Co; Restrike and Breaker Failure Conditions
PSRC Webpage for K9: Protection Considerations for Circuit Breakers Connection Capacitor Banks
TAMU 2008 Protective Relay Conference and
to Mitigate Arc-Flash Hazards.
GaTech Protective Relay Conference.
8.
(section 4.1) (Ref: J. C. Appleyard, D. A.
Myers, and J. K. Niemira, Innovations in Use of
Microprocessor Relays and Controls for Improved
Reliability on the Distribution System, IEEE/PES
T&D Conference and Exposition, Oct. 28 to Nov. 2,
2001, Atlanta, GA, USA).
9.
(section
6.1-6.6)
Assessing
the
Effectiveness of Self-Tests and Other Monitoring
Means in Protective Relays, by J.J. Kumm, E.O.
Schweitzer, III, and D. Hou, Proceedings of the 21st
Annual Western Protective Relay Conference,
Spokane, Washington, October 1994.
10.
section 6.1-6.6 Philosophies for Testing
Protective Relays, by J.J. Kumm, M.S. Weber,
E.O. Schweitzer, III, and D. Hou, 48th Annual
19
20
Appendix- B:
Characteristics of Digital Relays
B-1
The relay self-monitoring loss of potential frequencies that would otherwise overlap with the
lower portion of the spectrum due to finite sampling
and/or loss of current functions.
Comparing the metering quantities rates of digital devices. The cut-off frequency of the
calculated by the relay to another analog filter must not be higher than half the
independent intelligent electronic device sampling frequency. Protective relays, particularly
(IED) (another digital relay or panel models that use only filtered quantities for their
main protection and control functions, do not
meter).
Analysis of fault records to verify the pre- calculate harmonics, or apply comparatively low
fault and fault current and voltage data is sampling rates, would have their analog filters set
comparatively low. As a result, the signal spectrum
correct.
being effectively recorded becomes limited to few
In an automated control platform, a central control hundred Hz.
unit (often a PLC or similar device) collects
instantaneous metering values (e.g. MWatts and
MVARs) from the digital relays and other IEDs and
compares them on a line-by-line, breaker-bybreaker, or bus-by-bus basis. For example, if a
distribution line has two digital relays (system 1 and
system 2 or primary and backup) the two sets of
instantaneous metering values should be nearly
identical. If they differ by more than a small
tolerance, then one or the other relay has an analog
input component problem and an alarm is generated.
B-2
21
Triggering
condition
could
be
user
programmable to allow producing records from
a number of conditions both internal and
external to the relay.
Sampling rate
22
B-6
Available memory
23