Introduction to Criminology

with Psychology of Crime

Prepared by:
Winston N. Flores, Ph. D in Crim
Criminology
study of crimes, criminals and criminal behavior (Webster)
the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon (Edwin H. Sutherland)
a scientific and humanistic study of the social process of identifying crimes, criminals
and the compatible solutions (Mannle and Herschel)
Origin of the word Criminology
it originates from the Latin word Crimen meaning crime and Greek word Logos which
means study
In 1885, Rafael Garofalo, an Italian Law Professor coined the term Criminology
In 1889, Paul Topinard, French Anthropology, used the term criminology in French
Criminologie for the first time
Brief History of Criminology
Study of Criminology started in Europe.
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19 Century - Cesare Lombroso advocated the theory that crime can be
attributed to heredity predisposition. According to Lombroso, a criminal person by
birth is a distinct type. It can be recognized through his own personal stigmata or
anomalies
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Latter part of 19 Century
Criminology was accepted as field of study by the department of sociology in the
U.S.
1915 environmental factors became popular as the causes of crime.
Philippines
Plaridel Educational Institution (now PCCr) was established by Manila Major Police
Eliseo Vibar, Dr. Pedro R. Solis (NBI), Supreme Court Associate Justice Felix Bautista
Angelo in 1950.
Early 1960 UM, Abad Santos College, University of the Visayas, University of
Mindanao, University of Baguio offered a Criminology Course.

University of the Visayas (UV) first offered criminology course in Cebu

University of Negros Recoletos (UNOR) - first offered criminology education in
Western Visayas
Jan. 13-15, 1983 Philippine Educators association for Criminology Education (PEACE)
was organized and founded by Cirilo M. Tradio during the National Conference of
criminology Deans and school heads and president at UNOR
Officers of PEACE:
Founder/President: Dean cirilo M. Tradio

Executive Vice-Pres.: Police Colonel Felimon Mamaril

Vice Pres for Metro Manila: Dean Isaias Alma Jose of PCCR
Vice Pres for Luzon: Dean Jose Maniwang, University of Angeles Foundation
Vice Pres. For Mindanao: Dr. Eustacduio of AA Zamboanga Colleges
Vice Pres for Visayas: Artemio Panganiban of cebu
Secretary: Dean Florentino of NAPOLCOM
Treasurer: Atty. Ernesto delos Santos of University of manila
Auditor: Brig. Gen. Maria Luisa Dimayuga, Police Woman
PRO: Colonel Jake Giron
Board Advisers:

Arcadio S. Lozada, Napolcom Commissioner

Dr. Enrique C. Galang of Pccr Graduate School
Cecero C. Campos, Napolcom Commissioner
Dr. Nilo Rosas of DECS Central Office
Alfredo Pagulayan, Napolcom Commissioner

Objective of PEACE;
To professionalize criminology education in the context of national Development.

Project of PEACE: from Jan. 13, 1983 to May 1987

1. Implementation of the first Licensure Examination for Criminology
2. Recognition of NAPOLCOM police exam by Civil service Commission as eligibility for
employment in all
other government civil service position.
3. The accreditation of participants in the seminar/workshop on police marksmanship for
instructional purposes in all criminology schools.

4. Upliftment of criminology Education in line with the professionalization of the countrys

police service.
R.A. 6506 An Act Creating the Board of Criminology in the Philippines the law that
creates the Board of Criminology in the Philippines in 1972.
First Board of Criminology Constituted in 1987
Dr. Sixto O. de Leon chairman
Atty. Virgilio B. Andres Member
Jaime S. Navarro Member
1987 Syllabi of subjects for the licensure examination for criminologist was
promulgated.

Criminologist (R.A. 6506)

A person who is a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Criminology, who has passed the
examination for criminologist and is registered as such by the Board of Examiners of the
PRC.
Nature of Criminology Science or Art??
Science from the Latin word scientia meaning knowledge. It refers to any systematic
knowledge or practice.
Art refers to the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects,
environment or experiences.
George Wilker
Criminology cannot become a science because it has not yet aqcuired universal
validity.
Edwin H. Sutherland
Hoped that it will become a science in the future since the causes of crimes are
almost the same which may be biological, environmental or combination of the
two.
Generally, it is not an absolute science because its principles have not yet acquired
universal validity and acceptance. However, it is a science in itself when under the
following nature:
Applied Science The study of Criminology involves the use of knowledge and
concept of other sciences and field of study which makes the study of
criminology
Social Science crime is the creation of men who are members of the society
Dynamic the body of knowledge about crimes and criminals changes as the
social condition change
Nationalistic study of criminology must be in relation with the existing penal law
within a specific territory.
Principal Divisions of Criminology
1. Etiology of Crimes the scientific analysis of the causation of crimes and the criminal
behavior
2. Sociology of Law refers to the investigation of the nature of criminal law and its
administration
3. Penology the study of the control of crimes and the rehabilitation of offender

Causes of Crime According to Early Theologians

 St. Augustine He expressed the early churchs position on crime.

The church thought of an individual as a God. When one surrendered to the evil, the
result is often crime. Early theologians located the cause of crime in the relationship
between the humankind and the evil.
St. Thomas Aquinas He stated that people by nature tried to perform good acts. Sin or
crime took place when their power to reason failed.
Causes of Crime According to Early Philosophers
Plato stated that certain social and political factors encouraged crime.
Aristotle stressed the ability of the law to improve social condition the distribution of the
right and requirements for strict obedience to the state.
Voltaire and Rousseau argued that all people have equal rights. Behavior (crime of
otherwise) was to be based on ones ability to reason. Philosopher at this period stated
that an unjust legal system encourages crime. When the government begins to take
away legal rights, it is committing a crime and revolution is justified.
Theories of Crime Causation
1. Subjective Approach - Deals with the biological explanation of crimes, focused on the
forms of abnormalities that exist in an individual before and after the commission of
crime.
2. Objective Approach Deals with the study of groups, social processes and institutions
as influenced to behavior.
3. Contemporary Approach It is the combination of different approaches to explain the
reasons or causes for the commission of crimes which focuses on the psychoanalytical,
psychiatric and sociological theories.
Subjective Approaches
1. Anthropological deals with the study of physical characteristics of an individual
offender with non offenders in an attempt to discover differences covering criminal
behavior.
2. Medical Approach Application of medical examination for the explanation of mental
and physical condition of the individual prior and after the commission of the crime.
3. Biological Approach according to Taft, heredity is one major factor why a person
commits crime
4. Physiological Needs Maslow explained that the deprivation of the primary needs is a
strong factor in the commission of crime
5. Psychological - Concerned in the deprivation of psychological needs of man which
constitute the development of deviations of normal behavior resulting to repulsive
sentiment and action
6. Psychiatric this approach explains that mental disease is the reason why a person
violates norms and laws of the land
7. Psychoanalytical According to Freud, the imbalance condition of Id, Ego and Superego
causes deviation of the individual to the norms of society
Objective Approaches
1. Geographical Approach Considers topography, natural resources, Geographical
location, and climate lead an individual to commit crime. Founder Quetelet, Thermic

Law of Delinquency, crimes against person prevail in the South Pole and during warm
season while crimes against property predominate in the north pole and cold countries.
2. Ecological Approach according to Park, this is concerned with the biotic grouping of
men resulting to migration, competition, social discrimination, division of labor and social
conflict as factors to crime.
3. Economic Approach Merton believed that poverty or economic difficulty pushes a
person to commit crime in order to support his needs.
4. Socio-Cultural Cohen affirms that institutions, education, politics and religion are major
factors in the commission of crimes.
Early Beginnings
Demonological Theory It asserts that a person commits wrongful acts due to the fact
that he was possessed by demons.
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Pre 20 Century (1738-1798)
World of criminology has been divided into three broad schools:
Classical
Neo-Classical
Positivist
Classical School of Thought
advocates are Cesare Beccaria (Cesare Bonesara Marchese de Beccaria) who is
known as Founder of Classical School of Thought and Jeremy Bentham.
Beccaria in his book An Essay of Crime and Punishment presented key ideas on the
abolition of torture as legitimate means of extracting confession.
Beccaria graduate of a law degree from the University of Pavia returned home to Milan
and joined a group of radial intellectuals, and organized themselves into the
ACADEDMY OF FISTS. Their purpose was to investigate the type of reforms that were
needed to modernize Italian Society.
Beccaria believed that:
people want to achieved pleasure and pain.
Crime provides some pleasure to the criminal.
To deter crime, he believed that one must administer pain in an appropriate amount to
counterbalance the pleasure obtain from crime.
Famous in sayings Let the punishment fit the crime

Characteristics of Classical School

The basis of criminal liability is human free will and the purpose of penalty is
retribution
Man is essentially a moral creature with an absolute free will to choose between
right and wrong.
That every man is therefore responsible for his act.
The law, or the judge, should determine the punishment to be attached to a
criminal act and should provide a scale of punishment to all persons committing
the same crime, irrespective of age, sex, color, creed, or circumstances.

Jeremy Bentham (1748- 1832) proposed Utilitarian Hedonism or Filicific Calculus or

Penal Pharmacy which explains that person always acts in such a way to seek pleasure
and avoid pain.
Bentham devoted his life to developing scientific approach to the making and breaking
laws. He borrowed from Beccaria the notion that the laws should provide the greatest
happiness shared by the greatest number. His work has governed by utilitarian
principles.
Arguments Against Classical School
It treats all person as if they were machines without considering their
individual differences and surrounding circumstances during the
commission of crime.
The punishment imposed upon the first time offender and recidivist
is equal.
The nature and definition of penalty is not individualized.
It does not consider the mental condition of the perpetrator rather it
focused on the injury caused.
It became the Magna Carta or pattern of the criminal, since he knows what will
be the penalty in case he will be arrested, thus he can calculate the pleasure and
pain.

Neo-Classical School of Thought

This school argued that situations or circumstances that make it impossible to
exercise freewill are reasons to exempt the offender from conviction.
The Classicists believed in the absolute free will of men to choose between
pleasure and pain. The person is always totally responsible for the
consequences of his acts. On the other hand, the Neo-Classicists argued that it
is not always, since the free will of a person in not absolute.

Positivist School/Italian School

this school of thought emphasizes scientific treatments of criminals, not on the
penalties to be imposed because it is believed that man is subdued occasionally
by a strange and morbid phenomenon which constrains him to do wrong in spite
of or contrary to his own volition.
Maintains that crime as any act is a natural phenomenon and is comparable to
disaster or calamity. That crime is a social and moral phenomenon which cannot
be treated and checked by the imposition of punishment rather rehabilitation or
the enforcement of individual measures.
Proponents of this school are: Dr. Cesare Lombroso (Father of Modern
Criminology); Enrico Ferri (Best known Lombrosos associate, brilliant
lawyer, accomplished editor, scholar, public lecturer and a great
parliamentarian); and, Rafael Garofalo (Italian nobleman, magistrate,
professor of law and senator). They are known as Holy Three of
Modern Criminology
Dr. Cesare Lombroso Father of modern Criminology. Wrote Crime: Its Causes and
Remedies which contains the classification of criminals:
Born Criminal based on the belief the criminal behavior is inherited
Criminal by Passion a person who commits crime due to extreme emotion,
impulse of the moment, fit of passion, great anger or jelousy

Criminaloid an individual who commits crime because of weak self control or

less physical stigmata
Insane Criminal a person who commits crime by reason of his psychological
disorder or mental abnormalities
Occasional Criminal one who commits crime due to insignificant reasons that
pushed them to do at a given occasion
Pseudo Criminal an individual who kills a person in self-defense
Lombrosos most important work was Loumo Delinquente (The Criminal Mind), first
published in 1876.
Lombroso was highly influence with the Theory of Evolution of Charles Darwin which led
him to the development to theory of ATAVISM criminals were throwbacks to an earlier
and more primitive evolutionary period. Such criminals could be identified by certain
physical stigmata, outward appearance particularly in the face.

Enrico Ferri (1856-1929)

An Italian, born 1856, author of The Theory of Imputable and the Denial of Free
Will published in 1878.
He agreed with Lombroso on the biological basis of Criminals behavior but his
interest in socialism led him to recognize the importance of social, economic, and
political determinants.
His greatest contribution was his attack on the classical doctrine of free will,
which argued that, criminals should be held morally responsible for their crimes
because they must have a rational decision to commit these acts.
He believed that criminals could not be held morally responsible because they
did not choose to commit crimes, but rather were driven to commit crimes by
conditions in their lives.

Rafael Garofalo
He treated the roots of the criminals behavior not to physical features but to their
psychology equivalent, which he referred to as moral anomalies.
He rejected the doctrine of freewill.
Classify criminals as Murderers, Violent Criminals, Deficient Criminals, and
Lascivious Criminals.

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Early 20 Century
Anomie Theory (1858-1917)
David Emile Durkheim (Father of Sociology) proponent of this theory
Concerned on the sociological point of view of positivist school which explains that the
nonexistence of norms in a society encourages a person to commit crimes.
Durkheim describe the feelings of alienation and confusion associated with the
breakdown of social bonds. He said that human conduct lies not in the individual but in
the group and social organization Individuals in the modern era tend to feel less
connected to a community than did their ancestors, and thus their conduct is less
influenced by group norms.

Psychoanalytical Theory (1856-1969)

developed by Sigmund Freud (Father of Psychoanalysis)

criminality is a manifestation of psychological conflict and a criminal behavior is

a form of neurosis.
crimes happened due to poor moral development, inadequate childhood
socialization, defective conscience or emotional maturity
Freud suggests three elements of personality, Id, ego and superego which if not
developed properly may result to commission of crimes

Human Ecology Theory (1864-1944)

human ecology is the study of the interrelationship of people and environment.
this explains the relationship of people and environment in relation to crime. It is
believed that isolation, segregation, competition, conflict, social contract,
interaction and social hierarchy of people are the major influences of criminal
behavior and crimes.
According to Robert Ezra Park, the changes in the environment where the
people live will cause changes in the society.
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Middle of 20 Century
Somatotyping Theory (1888-1964)
Ernest Kretschmer, a German Psychiatrist originated the idea of somatotyping
Kretschmer distinguished 3 Major Types of Physique:
Asthenic skinny and slender with lean, slighty built and narrow
shoulders. Prone to commit fraud and theft.
Athletic tall, strong and muscular who are usually evolved in crimes
against person because they are generally violent
Pyknic broad face, massive neck, medium height, and with rounded
bodies. Generally commit crimes related to trickery, swindling and
violence.

Somatotyping Theory (1898-1977)

William Sheldon believed that heredity is the principal determinant of behavior
and the physique is a dependable and uswerving indicator of personality
Sheldon combines the biological and psychological explanation to understand
deviant behavior which classified body phsysique.

Sheldons Classification of Body Physique

1. Endomorphy relaxed and comfortable persons with predominance of soft and
roundedness throughout the different regions of the body with short tapering
limbs, small bones, smooth velvety skin and love luxurious things and conditions
in life. Essentially outgoing and gregarious or extrovert persons.
1. Mesomorphy commonly called as the athletic type of person who
behave, act and talk aggressively, characterized by predominance of
muscles, large wrist and hands. Tend to commit crimes of violence.
2. Ectomorphy introvert persons who are poorly muscled and
charcterized by thin physique, flat chest, fragile and delicate bones.

Differential Association Theory(DAT) 1883-1950

simply believes that criminal behavior is learned and not inherited.

th
developed by Edwin H. Sutherland most important criminologist of the 20
century due to the fact that he has a brilliant explanation about crimes and
criminality, thus, he is considered as the Dean of Modern Criminology.
He state that While criminal behavior is an expression of the general needs and
value, it is not explained by those general needs and value, since non-criminal
behavior is an expression of the same needs and value.

Containment Theory (1899-1988)

this theory is a form of control which suggests that a series of both internal and
external factors contributes to criminal behavior.

According Walter Reckless, external forces are composed of outer structures like blocked
opportunities, poverty and unemployment while the internal structures are the individuals self
control ensured by strong ego, good self image, well developed conscience, high frustration
tolerance and high sense of responsibility

Social Class Conflict and Capitalism Theory (1818-1940)

Karl Marx, Frederick Engel and Willem Bonger are the main proponents of this
theory.

Argue that upper class in a capitalist society is responsible for the conception of penal law and
the ideological biases in the interpretation and enforcement of laws. Thus, criminality is very
much reflected on the exploited and abused members of the underprivileged population which
are usually unemployed or underemployed.

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Late 20 Century
Strain Theory (1910)
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Robert King Merton is the leading sociologist of the late 20 century who also
related criminality to lack or absence of norms.
Merton asserted that a man who failed to achieve higher status/goals in life
caused him to commit crimes in order for that status/goals to be attained.

Sub-Culture Theory (1918)

According to Albert Cohen, the lower class cannot socialize effectively to the
middle and higher classes because the latter would not accept the behavior of
the former. Thus, the members of the lower class gather together to share their
common concerns which subsequently form a sub-culture that rebuffs the middle
class values.

Neutralization Theory
Gresham Sykes believed that a person will follow or break law depending upon
whether he will be benefited or not. Such that if the societal rules are favorable to
him, the latter are very much willing to obey it, otherwise, he will transgress.

Differential Opportunity Theory

According to Llyod Ohlin, there are different opportunities for the lower and
upper classes of the society. The lower is usually deprived of the abundant

resources that the upper is enjoying. This causes the underprivileged to get
involved to illegitimate activities in order to achieve their ambitions and to
become equal to the standing of the upper class people in the society.

Labeling Theory (social reaction theory)

The founders of this theory are Frank Tennenbaum, Edwin Lemert, & Howard
Becker. This is concerned with how the self-identity and behavior of an individual
is influenced (or created) by how that individual is categorized and described by
others in their society. It focuses on the linguistic tendency of majorities to
negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from norms, and is
associated with the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping.

Instrumentalist Theory
Earl Richard Quinney claimed that the upper classes are using the existence of
the state to exploit the lower classes by making laws for their own benefit,
protection and interest.

Differential Identification Theory

Daniel Glasser maintained that a person pursues criminal behavior to the extent
that he identifies himself with real or imaginary persons from whose perspective
his criminal behavior seems acceptable.
A person with the susceptibility of becoming a thief will consider thieves as his
ideal person to identify himself. The identification need not be an intimate
personal association but it may be done by identifying himself with characters in
movies, radio and televisions.

Conflict of Culture Theory

Thorsten Sellin emphasized that the multiplicity of incompatible culture is the
main source of social disorganization. The high crime and delinquency rates of
certain ethnic or racial group is explained by their exposure to assorted, diverse
and incongruent standards and code. Their own standards and code conflicts
that of a larger society. The high degree of population mobility magnifies the
cultural diversity and exposure of children to varied cultures. The more intricate
the culture becomes, the greater is the chance that the worms of various groups
will conflict.

Other Theory
Theory of Evolution
According to Charles Darwin, humans like other animals are parasite. Man has
animalistic behavior, man kills and steals to live.

Other School
Chicago School
The founders are Robert Ezra (1864 1944),Ernest W. Burgess (1886 1966),
and Louis Wirth (1897 1952) - Professors of Sociology Dept at University of
Chicago.
Pioneered research on social ecology of the city
Some neighborhoods become Natural Areas for crime

 They found that children who grow in old home wracked by conflict, attend
inadequately in schools or associated with deviant peers and become exposed to
pro-crime forces
GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS OF CRIME
North and South Pole according to Quetelete Thermic Law of Delinquency, crimes
against person predominate in the South Pole and during warm season while crimes
against property predominate in the North Pole and cold countries.
Approach to the Equator according to the Montesquieu (Spirits of Laws, 1748)
criminality increase in proportion as one approaches to the equator and drunkenness
increase as one approaches to the North and South Pole
Season of the Year crimes against person is more in summer than in rainy season.
Climatic condition directly affects ones irritability and cause criminality. During dry
season, people get out of the house more and there is more contact and consequently
more probability of personal violence.
Soil Formation more crimes of violence are recorded in fertile level lands than in hilly
rugged terrain. There is also more incidence of rape in level districts.

Month of the Year there is more incidences of violent crimes during warm
months from April to July having its peak in May. This is due to May festivals,
excursion, picnics, and other sorts of festivities wherein people are more in
contact with one another.
Temperature according to Dexter, the number of arrest increases quite regularly with
the increase of temperature affects the emotional state of the individual and leads to
fighting. The influence of temperature upon female is greater than upon male.
Humidity and Atmosphere Pressure according to survey, large number of assaults
are to be found correlated with low humidity and a small number with high humidity. It
was explained that low and high humidity are both vitality and emotionally depressing to
the individual.

Wind Velocity under the same study, it was explained that during high wind,
the number of arrest were less. It may be due to the presence of more carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere that lessens the vitality of men to commit violence.

Studies on Human Behavior and Mind in Relation to the Causes of Crime

Psychoanalytic factors focuses on the analysis of human behavior.
Psychiatric factors focuses on the study of human mind.

Aichorn in his manuscript entitled Wayward Youth, 1925 he argued that the cause of
crime and delinquency is the faulty development of the child during the first few years of
his life. As child, the human beings typically follow only his pleasures impulses
instinctively, soon as he grew up and he must control it. Otherwise, he suffers from faulty
ego development and grow up to be delinquent.
Abrahamsen in his book Crime and the Human Mind 1945, he explained the origin of
crime by this formula. Criminal behavior is a result of criminalistic tendencies plus
inducing situation divided by persons mental or emotional resistance to
temptation(CB=CT+IS/PMRT).
Cyrill Burt in his book Young Delinquent, 1925 he gave the hypothesis of general
emotionality. According to him many offenses may be traced to either excess or

deficiency of a particular instinctive drive. An overload of the submissive instinct account

for the tendency of many criminals to be weak, willed or easily led. Fear and absconding
may be owed to the impulse of fear. Cruel and unsympathetic type of offenders may be
the result of the shortage in the primitive emotion of love and a surplus of the instinct of
hate.
Healy (Individual Delinquency) claimed that crime is an expression of the mental
content of the individual. Frustration of the individual causes emotional discomfort;
personality demands removal of pain and pain is eliminated by substitute behavior, that
is, crime delinquency of the individual.
Bromberg in his writing, Crime and the Mind, 1946 he asserted that criminality is the
consequence of emotional immaturity. A person is deemed emotionally matured when he
has learned to control his emotion affectively and who lives at peace with himself and in
harmony with the standards of conduct which are acceptable to the society. An
emotionally immature person defies against rules and regulations and tends to engage
in unusual activities and experience a feeling of guilt due to inferiority complex.
Sigmund Freud in his book The Ego and the Id, 1927 described his psychoanalytical
theory of human personality. According to him, there are three components of
personality which explains the causes of crime:
Id are inclinations or instinct of social drives. It contains all that is inherited, and
is present at birth. (pleasure seeking component)
Ego reality component, this form part of mans physical organization
between its sensory stimuli on one hand and his motor activity on the other. The
ego operates on the basis of expediency. It tries to mediate the demands of the
Id.
Super-ego means the conscience of man which is the unconscious part of our
body
To be normal, there must be a proper balance of the three components. Disproportion or
disharmony may make the individual neurotic. If the super-ego is deficient or
improperly developed, then the ego will dominate, for this reason the person may
become impulsive or forceful making them prone to commit violent acts.

Important Personalities in the Study of Criminology

DR. CESARE LOMBROSO The world famous authority in the field of
criminology who advocated the Positivist Theory: that crime is essentially a social
and moral phenomenon and it cannot be treated and checked by the imposition
of punishment; and that a criminal is just any person who is sick, that he should
be treated in the hospital for his possible rehabilitation and reformation.
DR. CHARLES GORING An English statistician, who studied the case histories
of 3,000 convicts, and found that heredity, is more influential as determiner of
criminal behavior than environment.
ALPHONSE BERTILLION One who originated a system of classifying
criminals according to body measurements. Because the human skeleton is
th
unchangeable after the 20 year and because no two individuals are alike in all
dimensions; this method of identification received prominence in 1880s.

 EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND An American authority in criminology, who in his

book Principles of Criminology considers criminology at present as not a
science, but he has hopes of becoming a science.
He is considered as the Dean of Modern Criminology. He advocated the Differential
Association Theory.
GEORGE L. WILKER Argued that criminology couldnt possibly become a
science. Accordingly, general propositions of universal validity are the essence
science; such prostitutions can be made only regarding stable and homogeneous
units but varies one time to another; therefore, universal proposition cannot be
made regarding crime, and scientific studies of criminal behavior are impossible.
CESARE BECCARIA Who is his book: An Essay of Crimes and Punishments,
advocated and applied doctrine penology, that is to say make punishment less
arbitrary and severe; that all the persons who violated a specific law should
receive identical punishment regardless of age, sanity, wealth, position, or
circumstance.
R. GAROFALO Another Italian authority in criminology, who developed a
concept of the natural crime and defined it as a violation of the prevalent
sentiments of pity and probity.
W. A. BONGER An emotional authority in criminology, who classified crimes
by motives of the offenders as economic crimes, sexual crimes, political crimes,
and miscellaneous crimes with vengeance as the principle motive.
R. H. GODDARD Who advocated the theory that feeblemindedness inherited
as Mendelian Unit, causes crime for the reason that the feebleminded person is
unable to appreciate the consequences of his behavior, or appreciate the
meaning of the law.
DAVID W. MAURER An American authority in police administration who, in his
book The Big Con, once said, The dominant culture could control the predatory
cultures without difficulty, and what is more, it would exterminate them, for no
criminal subculture can operate continuously and professionally without the
connivance of the law.
PETER RENIZEL A private person who in 1669, established a workhouse in
hamburge at his own expense because he had observed that thieves and
prostitutes were made worse instead of better by pillory, and hoped that they
might be improved by work and religious instruction in the workhouse.
JOHN HOWARD The great prison reformer, who wrote the State, of Prisons in
England in 1777, after a personal investigation of practically all the prisons in
England.
AGUSTE COMTE
(1798-1857), a French sociologist, firmly rooted the
application of the modern methods of physical sciences in the social sciences
with his volume COYURS de Philosophie Positive (Course of Positive
Philosophy), published between 1830 and 1842. He argued that these could be
no real knowledge of social phenomena unless it was based on a positivist
(scientific) approach. He is considered as the founder of sociology
th
The 19 century forces of positivism and evolution moved the field of criminology from a
philosophical to a scientific perspective.

 According to Comte societies pass through stages

People from primitive societies believe that inanimate objects have life
Ex. Sun is god
In later social Stages, People embrace rational and scientific view of the
word and this is what we called positive stage.
GIAMBATTISTA DELLA PORTA and JOHNN KASPER LAVATER (1535- 16150)
founded the school of human physiognomy, the study of facial features and their relation
to human behavior.
Physiognomy The study of facial features of criminals to determine whether
the shape of the ears, nose, and eyes and distances between them were
associated with anti-social behavior.
FRANZ JOSEPH GALL (1758 1828 ) AND JOHANN K. SPURHEIM (1776 1832)
both Phrenologist
Phrenology The study of the shape of the skull and bumps of the head to
determine whether these physical attributes were linked to criminal behavior.
PHILIPE PINEL One of the founders of French psychiatry, claimed that some people
behave abnormally even without being mentally ill, referred as Psychopathic
Personality
HENRY MAUDSLEY (1835 1918) English statistician believed that insanity and
criminal behavior were strongly linked.
CHARLES CALDWELL, an American physician who supported these views, he
searched for evidence that brain tissue and cells regulate human action.
ADOLPHE QUETELET A Belgian mathematician did an elaborate analysis of crime in
France, Belgium and Holland. He was the first to take advantage of the criminal statistics
that was beginning to become available in the 1820s. He was the First Scientific
Criminologist, employing an approach to his subject matter which was very similar to
that of modern criminologist. He is considered as the Father of Modern Sociological and
Psychological Statistic
MICHAEL GUERRY sometime after 1825, published the first book in Scientific
Criminology. He was more cartographic in his approach, relying exclusively upon shaded
areas of maps in order to describe and analyze variations in French official crime
statistic. Since he employed these sections of maps and used these as principal unit of
analysis, he is often viewed as the Founder of the Ecological or Cartographic School of
Criminology

GABRIEL TARDE (1843- 1901), - fifteen years as a provincial judge. He formulated his
theory in terms of laws of imitation a principle that govern the process by which the
people became criminals.
One of the earliest sociological theories of criminal behavior Theory of Imitation
Suggestion, delinquency and criminal matters are learned and adopted. The learning
process may either be conscious type of copying (imitation) or unconscious copying

(suggestion) of confronting pattern of behavior. The pattern of crime, like fashion may
easily fade, may last for a long time and maybe transmitted from generation to generation.
It may spread from the place of its origin outward to the periphery.

Ernest Hooton conducted a study involving a comparison of a large sample of

prisoners and non-prisoners in the United State, Hooton concluded that criminals are
biologically inferior.
Found out that Tall thin men tend to commit forgery and fraud, undersized men are thieves
and burglar, Short heavy person commit assault, rape and other sex crimes and Average
struggle other crimes.

ELEANOR GLUECK stressed, however that the build is not a direct cause of
delinquency rather a persons physical appearance may simply just affect his behavior.
For example, the muscular boys who look up to by friends may commit aggressive act
too maintain their respect and admiration.
Rawson R. Rawson utilized crime statistics to suggest a link between population
density and crime rates with crowded cities creating an environment conducive for crime.
Henry Mayhew used empirical methods and an ethnographic approach to address
social questions and poverty and presented his studies in London Labour and the
London Poor.
Emile Durkheim viewed crime as an inevitable aspect of society with uneven
distribution of wealth and other differences among people.
Sir Alec John Jeffreys Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), born january 9, 1950 at
Oxford in Oxfordshire, he is British Geneticist who developed techniques for DNA
fingerprinting and DNA profiling.

IMPORTANT EVENTS AND PLACES

BERLIN The country where the last burning at the stake was made until 1786.
Australia a place where after the Americans gained their independence from
England in 1786, the prisoners of England were transferred until 1867.
ANCIENT ROME A nation who pioneered banishment as a from of punishment.
TH
MIDDLE OF THE 16
CENTURY The period when the first House of
Correction appeared in England, on the petition of Bishop Ridly of London for
help in dealing with the sturdy vagabonds of the city. The king gave his place at
Bridewill to be one of the hospitals of the city, for lewd and idle, and a place for
the employment of the unemployed and the training of children.
HAMMURABIS CODE A code after a name of a person who firstly adopted the
principle An Eye for an Eye, and a Tooth for a Tooth in the imposition of
punishment.

 ELMIRA REFORMATORY Considered as the forerunner of modern penology,

located in Elmira, New York in 1876. It features a training school type of
institutional program, social casework, and extensive use of parole.
AUBURN PRISON SYSTEM Its features were confinement of the prisoners in
single cells at nights and congregate work in shops during the day.
1870 to 1880 Was the Golden Age of Penology because of the following
reasons:
The formation and Organization of National American Prison Association
in 1870;
In 1870, the first International Prison Congress was held in London;
In 1876, the Elmira Reformatory was considered as the forerunner of
modern Penology; and
The first separate institutions for women were established in Indiana and
Massachusetts.
1938 the League of Nations adopted the Standard Minimum Rules for the
treatment of prisoners.
1839 Demetz of France establish an Agricultural Colony for charge. The
system was based on re-education rather than force. When discharged, the Boys
were placed under the supervision of a patron.
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS
CRIMINOGENIC PROCESS Explain human behavior and the experiences, which help
determine the nature of a persons personality as a reacting mechanism; that factors of
experiences in connection thereto infringe differentially upon different personalities,
producing conflict, which is the aspect of crime.
CRIMINAL PSYCHODYNAMIC the study of mental processes of criminals in action;
the study genesis, development, and motivation of human behavior that conflicts with
accepted norms and standard of society; this study concentrates on individuals as
opposed to general studies of mass populations with respect to their criminal behavior.
CULTURAL CONFLICTS A clash between societies because of contrary beliefs or
substantial variance in their respective customs, language, institutions, habits, learning,
tradition, etc.
DEMENTIA PRAECOX A collective term of mental disorders that begin at, or shortly
after puberty and usually lead to general failure of the mental faculties, with the
corresponding physiological impairment.
DELUSION In medical jurisprudence, a false belief about self, caused by morbidity,
present in paranoia and dementia praecox.
EPISODIC CRIMINAL A non-criminal person who commits a crime when under
extreme emotional stress; a person who breaks down and commits a crime as a single
incident during the regular course of natural and normal events.
EROTOMANIA A morbid propensity to love or make love; uncontrollable sexual desire,
or excessive sexual craving by members of either sex.
INHERITANCE The transmission of physical characteristics, mental traits, tendency to
disease, etc., from parents to offspring. In genetics, the tendency manifested by an
organism to develop in the likeness of a progenitor due to the transmission of genes in
the productive process.
HEREDITARY Have been believed to share about equally in determining disposition
that is, whether cheerful or gloomy, his temperament, and his nervous stability.

 HALLUCINATION is the act of seeing of hearing something which does not actually
exist
KLEPTOMANIAC an uncontrollable morbid propensity to steal or pathological
stealing. The symptoms of this disease usually consist of peculiar motives for stealing
and hoarding.
MASOCHISM A condition of sexual perversion in which a person derives pleasure
from being dominated or cruelly treated.
MELANCHOLIA A mental disorder characterized by excessive brooding and
depression of spirits; typical of manic depressive psychosis.
MEGALOMANIA A mental disorder in which the subject thinks himself great or
exalted.
NECROPHILISM Morbid craving, usually of an erotic nature for dead bodies. It is also
a form of perversion where sexual gratifications are achieved either through sexual
intercourse with, or mutilation of the dead body.
ANTHROPOLOGY It is the science devoted to the study of mankind and its
development in relation to its physical, mental and cultural history.
AUTO PHOBIA It is a morbid fear of ones self, or of being alone.
BIOMETRY In criminology, a measuring or calculating of the probable duration of
human life; the attempt to correlate the frequency of crime between parents and children
or brothers and sisters (siblings).
BIOSOCIAL BEHAVIOR A persons biological heritage, plus his environment and
social heritage, Influence his social activity. It is through the reciprocal actions of his
biological and social heritages that a persons personality is developed.
LOGOMACY A statement that we would have no crime if we had no criminal law, and
that we could eliminate all crime merely by abolishing all criminal laws.
Cretinism A disease associated with prenatal thyroid deficiency and subsequent
thyroid inactivity, marked by physical deformities, arrested development, goiter, and
various forms of mental retardation, including imbecility.
Crime Statistics A reported instance of a crime recorded in a systematic classification.
Euthanasia It signifies the release from life given sufferer from an incurable and
painful disease.
Alienist This is a term applied to a specialist in the study of mental disorders
sometimes interchangeably used with psychiatrist.
Regionalism - Crime rates not only vary from one relation to another, but also generally
among the several sections of each section of each nation. Such that the rate of
convictions for homicides per million populations varies widely in different regions in the
whole Philippines.
Crime Index - The Crime Index is composed of selected offenses used to gauge
fluctuations in the overall volume and rate of crime reported to law enforcement. The
offenses included are the violent crimes of murder, forcible rape, robbery, and
aggravated assault, and the property crimes of burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle
theft.
Home cradle of human personality
Bad neighborhood areas or places in which dwellings or housing conditions are
dilapidated, unsanitary, unhealthy, which are therefore, detrimental to the morale, health
and safety of the populace.
Broken Home legal separation, de facto separation between parents, or natural
separation, or lack of interest on the part of the parents in the welfare of the children.
One factor of juvenile delinquency

 School is a strategic position to prevent crime and delinquency.

Government the organized authority that enforces the laws of the land and one of the
most powerful in the control of the people.
Norm the proper ways of behaving for a number of situations.
Mores Are special folkways which are important to the welfare of the people and their
cherished values. Based on ethical and moral values
Criminal Demography Study of the correlation between criminality and population
Criminal Ecology Study of criminality in relation to special distribution in a community
Criminal Epidiomology - study of the connection between environmental and
criminality.
Criminal Physical Anthropology Study of criminality in relation to physical
constitution of men.
Criminal Psychiatry Study of human mind in relation to criminality
Criminal Psychology Branch of Psychology which deals with study of human
behavior in relation to Criminality.
Victimology Study of the part of the victim in the commission of crime.
Instrumentation- is the application of instrument and methods of Criminalistics to the
detection of crime.
Psychiatry-the study of human mind.
Sociology the study of human society, its origin, structure, function, and direction.

Kallikak Family Tree

Martin Kallikak was a soldier of the American revolutionary war and while stationed in a
small village he met and had illicit relations with a feeble minded girl. About
489descendants from this lineage where traced which included 143 feeble-minded and
only 46 were normal. Thirty-six were illegitimate, 3 were epileptic, 3 criminals, 8 kept
brothels and 82 died in infancy.
At the closed of the war, Martin Kallikak, Sr. returned to his home and married a quaker
of good family. Out of this marriage, 4, 967 of the descendants has been traced and all but
I was convicted of religious offense, 15 died in infancy and no one become criminal or
epileptic.

Juke Family Tree

The Juke family consisted of 6 girls some of whom were illegitimate. One of the six
sisters, Ada Juke was known as Margaret, the mother of criminals. Dugdale traced the 1,
200 descendants for 75 years from its origin and found 280 as paupers, 140-criminals, 60
habitual thieves, 300 infants prematurely born, 7 murders, 50 prostitutes, 440
contaminated with sexual diseases, and 30 were prosecuted for bastardly.

Sir Jonathan Edwards Family Tree

Sir Jonathan Edwards was a famous preacher during the colonial period. When his
family tree was traced, none of the descendants was found to be criminal. On the other
hand, many become presidents of the United States, governor, members of Supreme
Court, famous writers, preachers and teachers.

Criminal Psychology
Psychology is a branch of knowledge regarding human behavior.

Criminal Psychology study of criminal activities, behavior

and conduct in an attempt to discover intermittent patterns and
to create set of laws about his behavior.

Kinds of Behavior
Simple or Complex classified based on number of neurons
involved. If there is less neurons in certain act, it is simple. If there is
more then it is complex behavior.
Overt or Covert overt behavior is observable while covert is not
visible to the naked eye or hidden

Conscious of Unconscious considered conscious when a

person is aware of his actions and if not then it is considered
unconscious.
Rational or Irrational rational when it is don with sanity while
irrational is done without knowing the nature and consequences of
the actions

Voluntary of Involuntary voluntary is an act done willingly

while the involuntary is the body activities and processes which
we cannot stop.

Aspects of Behavior
Attitude/Value pertains to our likes and dislikes or our interest toward
something
Emotional concerns with our feelings, moods, temper
Intellectual mental processes such as decision making, reasoning and solving
problems
Moral pertains to conscience whether the action done is good or bad.
Psychosexual concerns to our state of being whether man or woman
Political involves our ideology towards government
Social refers to our interaction and relationship with other people.

Criminal Formula
According to Abrahamsen in his book entitled, Crime and Human Mind in 1945, he
explained the causes of crime by this formula:
C=T+S

R
Where:
C Crime/ Criminal Behavior (Act)
T Tendency (Desire/Intent)
S Situation (Opportunity)
R Resistance to Temptation (Control)

Sexual Behavior Leading to Sex Crimes

Choice of Partner
Auto Sexual masturbation / self-gratification
Bestiality sex intercourse with animals
Gerontophilia erotic desire with elder person
Incest sexual relationship between people with blood relationship
Pedophilia sexual desire with a child
Necrophilia sexual perversion with a corpse or dead body

Mode of Expression
1. Algolagnia (Sado-Masochism) sexual gratification is attained through pain or cruelty.
Two classifications:
Sadism sexual pleasure is achieved through infliction of pain on the
partner
Masochism sexual pleasure is obtained thru the infliction of pain to
oneself
2. Oralism - the satisfaction is attained by the use of mouth or tongue.
Anillingus licking of the anus of the sexual partner
Cunnillingus this is attained by licking the female genitalia
Fellatio licking and sucking the male sex organ

Number of Participants
Triolism three participants in one sexual activity
Pluralism also called sexual festival where there are several
participants
Part of the Body
Frottage rubbing or sex organ to the body parts of the partner to
achieve gratification
Partialism sexual libido on any part of the body of a sexual partner

Uranism sexual happiness is attained thru the licking of

partnersbody(holding the breast/fingering of genital)
Sodomy insertion or penetration of the penis or object to the anus
of the partner
Sexual Reversal
Fetishism sexual enjoyment is achieved by looking at some body
parts, underwear or any objects associated with the partner
Homosexuality sexual behavior is towards the same sex
Transvetism sexual satisfaction is achieved by wearing the apparel
or underwear of the opposite sex
Sexual Urge
Nymphomania sexual desire of a woman to have sex

Satyriasis sexual urge of a woman to have sex

Visual Stimulus
Scoptophilia sexual behavior characterized by watching undress or nude
people especially during sexual activity
Voyeurism sexual gratification is obtained thru watching person doing
something which might undress herself in a private area. The maniac is called
Peeping Tom who usually masturbates while doing his sexual behavior.
Other Sexual Abnormalities
Coprolalia sexual happiness is attained by using obscene language
while having sexual intercourse.
Don Juanism act of seducing women without permanency of sexual
partner

Exhibitionism indecent exposure of sex organ ot other people

Study of Criminal Law

Criminal Law branch of public law which defines crime, treats of their nature,
and provides punishment for their violation. Also known as Penal Law.
Revised Penal Code or Act No. 3815 book that contains the Philippine Criminal
Law and different special laws and decrees which are penal in nature

1.
2.
3.

LIMITATIONS UPON THE POWER OF THE STATE TO ENACT PENAL LAWS

It cannot enact an ex post facto law nor bill of attainder
Penal laws must be of general application
It cannot provide for a cruel unusual punishment nor can it impose excessive fines
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMITIVE LAWS

1. Code of Hammurabi considered one of the first known attempt to establish written code of
conduct. It was instituted by King Hammurabi who ruled the Babylon at approximately
2,000 B.C. He was the sixth king of the first dynasty of Babylon and ruled nearly 55 years.
5 Sections of Code of Hammurabi
1. A penal or code of laws

2.
3.
4.
5.

A manual of instruction for judges, police officers and witnesses

A handbook of rights and duties of husbands, wives and children
A set of regulations establishing wages and prices
A code of ethics for merchants, doctors and officials

2. The Mosaic Code based on the assumption that God entered into a covenant with the
tribes of Israel, had a long-lasting impact on our collective consciousness. Moses returned
from a mountain top carrying the Ten Commandments which were inscribed on two stone
tablets. These commandments subsequently became the foundation of Judeo-Christian
morality. The prohibition against murder, theft, and perjury were all present in the Mosaic
Code.
3. The Code of Twelve Tables these tables were collection of basic rules relation to the
conduct of family and religious economic life.

529 A.D. Emperor Justinian I codified the Roman Laws into set of writings The
Justinian Code which distinguishes two major types of laws, public and Private Laws
Public Laws dealt with the organization and administration of the Republic
Private Laws addressed the issues such as contracts, possessions and other property
rights. The legal status of each person such as slaves, husbands, wives and injuries to
citizens.

Revised Penal Code (RPC)

It is called as RPC because the old penal code which took effect in the country on July
14, 1887 and was in force until Dec. 31, 1931 was revised by the Committee created by
Administrative Order No. 94 of the Department of Justice, dated Oct. 18, 1927, composed
of Anacleto Diaz as Chairman, Alex Reyes and Mariano de Joya as members.
The RPC was approved on Dec. 8, 1930 and took effect on January 1, 1932.

Principal Parts of the RPC

It is composed of two books, book one which is composed of article 1-113 and book two
covering article 114-367.
Articles 1-20 principles affecting criminal liability
Articles 21-113 penalties including criminal and civil liability
Articles 114-367 felonies
Characteristics of the RPC
1. Generality the law is applicable to all persons within the territory
irrespective of sex, race, nationality or civil status except:
a.
Head of state
b.
Foreign diplomats, ambassadors, who are duly accredited to our
country
c.
Foreign troops permitted to march within the territory

Exception to the General Application

a.
Treaties
b.
Laws of Preferential Application
2. Territoriality - the RPC is applicable to felonies committed within the
Philippine territorial jurisdiction under article 1 of the constitution.
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands
and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has
sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains,
including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other
submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the
archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal water.

3. Prospectivity - the provisions of the RPC cannot be applied if the act is not
yet punishable on the time the felony was committed. However, it may
have a retroactive effect if it is favorable to the accused who is not a
habitual delinquent.
What is Crime?
An act or omission punishable by law.
Categories of Crimes
Felony act or omission punishable by the RPC
Offense act or omission punishable by the special laws of presidential decrees
Infraction breach of municipal or city ordinance
Elements of Crime
1. Desire what induces or pushes a person to commit crime
2. Opportunity the physical possibility that the crime could have been committed
3. Capability ability of the person to execute the act or omission

Legal Classifications of Crime

A. Manner of Commission
1. Dolo/Deceit when the act was with deliberate intent
2. Fault /Culpa When the wrongful act results from imprudence, negligence, lack
of foresight or lack of skill.
B. Stage in the Execution of Crime
1.

Attempted The offender commences the commission of a felony directly by

overt acts, but does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce a
felony by reason of some causes or accidents other than his own spontaneous
desistance.

2. Frustrated The offender performed all the acts of execution which would produce
the felony as a consequence but which nevertheless, do not produce the
felony by reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator.
3. Consummated The offender has performed all the acts of execution and the
felony is actually accomplished. All the element for its execution are present.
C. Plurality of the Crime
1. Simple Crimes When a single act constitutes only one offense.

2. Complex Crimes - When a single act constitutes two or more grave felonies or when
an offense is a necessary means for committing the other.
The first is otherwise known as compound crime while the second is the complex crime
proper.
D. Gravity of the Penalty
1. Grave the law attaches the capital punishment or afflictive penalties
2. Less Grave the law punishes with penalties which are correctional in nature
3. Light infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor or a
fine not exceeding 200 pesos or both are imposed
Criminological Classifications of Crime
A.
Result
1. Acquisitive Crime when the offenders acquire something as a consequence
of his criminal act.
2. Extinctive Crime when the end result of the criminal act is destructive.
B. Time or Period Committed
1. Seasonal those that are committed only at certain period of the year.
2. Situational those committed only when given the situation conducive to their
commission.
C. Length of Time Committed
1. Instant Crime those committed in the shortest possible time
2. Episoidal those crimes committed by a series of act in a lengthy space of time.
D. Place or Location
1. Statistic those committed only in one place.
2. Continuing those committed in several place
E. Use of Mental Faculties
1. Rational those committed with full possession of his mental faculties or sanity.
2. Irrational those committed by a person who does not know the nature and
quality of his act on account of the disease of the mind.
F. Type of Offenders
1. Whit Collar those committed by members of upper socio-economic class in the
exercise of their profession.
2. Blue Collar those committed by ordinary professional criminals to maintain
their livelihood.
G. Imitation-Passion

1. Crimes of Imitation those committed, the pattern of which is merely a

duplication of what was done by others
2. Crimes by Passion those committed because of the fit of passion, anger,
jealousy, hatred
H. Standard of Living of Criminals
1. Crimes of the pper world ex. falsification
2. Crimes of the underworld ex. Snatching

Major Types or Categories of Crimes

1. Street Crimes Crime commonly committed against persons or properties are generally is
called street crime. This does not mean that they are always committed in some steer.
Many occur in commercial or private buildings. The term simply refers to the fact these
crimes are routine, everyday occurrences and often. Although not always, involving
unsophisticated offenders from the street rather than from the corporate boardrooms and
crime syndicates
2. Victimless Crime Transactions between the two or more willing parties concerning the
scale or purchase of desired but illegally goods or services are referred to as victimless
crimes or consensual crimes.
3. Organized Crime consist of illegal acts, executed by five or more procedures with varying
degrees of participation to directly acquire a system of recurring financial rewards through
the provision of goods and services for consumer groups differing in size and knowledge
of environment.
4. Occupational and Career Oriented Crime Occupational and career crime refers to the
illegal acts committed in the course of ones legitimate occupation or sustained
involvemepnt in specialized form of conventional crimes.
5. Political Crime One of the most difficult concepts in criminology is political crime. Basically,
all crimes are relatively political in nature that they represent a challenge to dominant
values express politically in the law. However, when the criminals attack (be in the form of
murder, hijacking, terrorism) is directed towards the societys values system or basic
institution. E.g. capitalism, then it may term absolute political crime.

Who is a Criminal?
A person who has committed a wrongful act punishable by law of the land and
has been finally convicted of the case charged against him in the competent
court of justice

Criminological Classifications of Criminals

A.

Etiology
1. Acute Criminals- person who violates a law because of the impulse of the moment fit of
passion or anger or spell of extreme jealousy.

2. Chronic Criminals- person who acted in consonance with deliberated thinking, such as:
a. Neurotic Criminal- person whose actions arise from intra-psychic conflict
between the social and anti-social components of his personality.
b. Normal criminal- person whose psychic organization resembles that of normal
individuals except that he identified himself with criminal proto type.
c. Criminaloids- caused by an organic pathological process.
B. Behavioral System:
1. Ordinary criminals- the lowest form of criminal career. They engaged only on
conventional crimes that require limited skill. They lack organization to avoid arrest and
convictions.
2. Organized Criminals- these criminals has a high degree of organization to enable them
to commit crimes without being detected and committed to specialized activities, which
can be operated in large-scale business. Force, violence, intimidation and bribery are
muse to gain and maintain control over economic activities. Organized crime of these
special types includes various forms of racketeering, control of gambling, prostitution
and distribution of prohibited drugs.
3. Professional Criminals- they are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable amount
of money without being detected because of organization and contract with other
criminals. These offenders are always able to escape conviction. They specialize in
crime, which require skill games, pick pocketing, shoplifting, sneak thievery
counterfeiting and others.
C. Activities
1. Professional Criminals- Those who earn their living through criminal activities.
2. Accidental criminals- those who commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated
circumstances.
3. Habitual criminals- those continue to commit criminal acts for such diverse reason due
to deficiency of intelligence and lack of self- control.
4. Situational criminals- those who are not actually criminals but constantly in trouble with
legal authorities
D. Mental Attitude
1. Active aggressive criminals- those who commit crime in an impulsive manner usually
due to the aggressive behavior of the offender, such attitude is clearly shown in crime of
passion, revenge or resentment.
2. Passive in adequate criminals- those who commit crimes because they are push to it
by inducement, reward or promise without considering its consequence. They are called
ulukan
3. Socialize delinquents- those who are normal in their behavior but merely defective in
their socialization processes. To this group belong the educated respectable members of
society who may turn criminal on account of situation they are involved.

Legal Classifications of Criminals

1. Habitual Delinquents a person within a person of ten years from the date of his
release or last conviction of the crime of serious, less serious, physical injuries,

robbery, estafa or falsification, is found guilty of any of the said crimes a third
time or oftener
2. Recidivist is one who, at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have been
previously convicted by final judgment of another crime embraced in the same
title of the RPC

Criminalistics
A sub-field of criminology which deals with the study of criminal things or those
article left by the perpetrator in the crime scene which have significance in the
resolution of the case.

Criminalist
A person trained in the application of instruments, methods and techniques for
the detection of crime.

Two Major Divisions of Criminalistics

1. Scientific this requires the study of mathematics and science before going to
practical training in the lab. These are biology, chemistry and physics.
2. Technological is usually learned through the direct and actual training in the
laboratory under the supervision of an expert and experienced criminalist

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Subdivisions of Criminalistics
Personal Identification
Police Photography
Forensic Ballistics
Questioned Document Examination
Polyygraphy
Legal Medicine

Penology derived from the Latin word, Poena which means pain or suffering.
A branch of criminology concerning the study of punishment for the prevention
and control of crime. Otherwise known as Penal Science which deals with prison
management and treatment of offenders
Punishment a pain or suffering inflicted upon an individual who violates the
rules of society

Correction refers to the societys reaction to a convicted and sentenced individual

branch of the administration of criminal justice, charged with the responsibility of
custody, supervision and rehabilitation of the convicts

Thank You