12 Deteminants & Matrices Part 1 of 6

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Subject : Mathematics
Topic : DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
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Index
1. Theory
2. Short Revision
3. Exercise (Ex. 1 + 5 = 6)
4. Assertion & Reason
5. Que. from Compt. Exams
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7. 15 Yrs. Que. from AIEEE (JEE Main)
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1.
Definition :
Let us consider the equations a 1x + b1y = 0, a2x + b2y = 0
a2
a1
a2
a
y
1 =
=
b2
b1
b2
b1
x
we express this eliminant as
The symbol
2.
a1
a1
b1
a2
b2
a1b2 a2b1 = 0
=0
b1
is called the determinant of order two.

a2 b2
Its value is given by:
D = a1 b2 a2 b1
E x p a ns io n of D et er m i na nt :
a1 b1 c1
The symbol a 2 b 2 c 2 is called the determinant of order three.
a3 b3 c 3
Its value can be found as:
b2 c 2
b1 c1
b c1
D = a1
a2 1
+ a3
OR
b3 c3
b2 c 2
b3 c 3
a2 c 2
a2 b2
+ c1
... & so on.
a3 c 3
a3 b3
b3 c3
In this manner we can expand a determinant in 6 ways using elements of ; R 1, R2, R3 or C1, C2, C3.
Minors:
The minor of a given element of a determinant is the determinant of the elements which remain after
deleting the row & the column in which the given element stands. For example, the minor of a 1 in
a1 b1 c1
b2 c 2
a1 c 1
& the minor of b2 is
.
a 2 b 2 c 2 is
b3 c 3
a3 c 3
a3 b3 c 3
Hence a determinant of order two will have 4 minors & a determinant of order three will have 9
minors.
Cofactor:
Cofactor of the element aij is Cij = (1)i+j. Mij ; Where i & j denotes the row & column in which the
particular element lies.
Note that the value of a determinant of order three in terms of Minor & Cofactor can be written as:
D = a11M11 a12M12 + a13M13
OR
D = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 & so on.
Transp ose of a D et erm inant :
The transpose of a determinant is a determinant obtained after interchanging the rows & columns.
a1 b1 c1
a1 a 2 a 3
D = a1
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
b2 c 2
b1
DT
b1 b 2 b 3
D = a2 b2 c 2
a 3 b3 c 3
c1 c 2 c 3
Sy m m et ri c , S kew -S y m m e t r ic , A sy m m et ri c D et er m i na nt s:
(i)
A determinant is symmetric if it is identical to its transpose. Its i th row is identical to its i th
column i.e. aij = aji for all values of ' i ' and ' j '
(ii)
A determinant is skew-symmetric if it is identical to its transpose having sign of each element
inverted i.e. aij = aji for all values of ' i ' and ' j '. A skew-symmetric determinant has all elements
zero in its principal diagonal.
(iii)
A determinant is asymmetric if it is neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric.
Prop ert ies of D et erm ina nt s:
(i)
The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter changed,
a1 b1 c 1
a1 a 2 a 3
i.e.
D = a 2 b 2 c 2 b1 b 2 b 3 = D
a3 b3 c 3
c1 c 2 c 3
(ii)
If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant
is changed in sign only. e.g.
a2 b2 c 2
a1 b1 c1
Let D = a 2 b 2 c 2 & D = a1 b1 c1
Then D = D.
a3 b3 c 3
a3 b3 c 3
NOTE : A skew-symmetric deteminant of odd order has value zero.
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
page 2 of 54
Determinant
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If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row or column then its value is zero,
0 0 0
D = a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical, then its value is zero,
a1 b1 c1
(iv)
D = a1 b1 c1 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
If all the elements of any row (or column) be multiplied by the same number, then the determinant
is multiplied by that number, i.e.
a1 b1 c1
Ka1 Kb1 Kc 1
D = a2 b2 c 2
and D = a 2 b 2 c 2
Then D= KD
a3 b3 c 3
a3 b3
c3
If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of two determinants, i.e.
a1x b1y c1z
a1 b1 c1
x
y
z
a2
b2
c 2 a2 b 2 c 2 a2 b 2 c 2
a3
b3
c3
a3 b3 c 3
a3 b3 c 3
The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) a
constant multiple of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column),
a1 ma 2 b1 mb 2 c 1 mc 2
a1 b1 c1
a2
b2
c2
i.e. D = a 2 b 2 c 2
and D =
. Then D= D.
a 3 na1 b 3 nb1 c 3 nc1
a3 b3 c 3
i.e.
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
a b c
Example :
b c a
Simplify
c a b
abc abc abc
Solution.
Let
R1 R1 + R2 + R3
1 1 1
= (a + b + c) b c a
c a b
Apply C1 C1 C2, C2 C2 C3
0
0
1
Example :
Solution.
= (a + b + c) b c c a a
c a ab b
= (a + b + c) ((b c) (a b) (c a) 2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc ca b 2 c2 + 2ca a2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca a 2 b2 c2)
= 3abc a3 b3 c3
a b c
a2 b2 c 2
Simplify
bc ca ab
Given detereminant is equal to
abc
abc
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
1 1 1
Apply C1 C1 C2,
2
a b
a b
0
c3
b c
0
a2
b2
c2
c3
abc abc abc
C2 C2 C3
b c
1
=
abc
page 3 of 54
i.e.
(iii)

2
2
2
2
c3
= (a b) (b c) a ab b b bc c
0
0
1
2
2
3
2
= (a b) (b c) [ab + abc + ac + b + b C + bc2 a2b a2c ab2 abc b3 b2c]
= (a b) (b c) [c(ab + bc + ca) a(ab + bc + ca)]
= (a b) (b c) (c a) (ab + bc + ca)
Use of factor theorem.
USE OF FACTOR THEOREM TO FIND THE VALUE OF DETERMINANT
If by putting x = a the value of a determinant vanishes then (x a) is a factor of the determinant.
a b c
2
2
2
Example :
Prove that a b c
= (a b) (b c) (c a) (ab + bc + ca) by using factor theorem.
bc ca ab
Solution.
Let a = b
a b c
2
a
b2 c 2 = 0
D=
Hence (a b) is a factor of determinant
bc ac ab
Similarly, let b = c, D = 0
c = a, D = 0
Hence, (a b) (b c) (c a) is factor of determinant. But the given determinant is of fifth
order so
a b c
a 2 b 2 c 2 = (a b) (b c) (c a) ( (a2 + b2 + c2) + (ab + bc + ca))
bc ca ab
Since this is an identity so in order to find the values of and . Let
a = 0, b = 1, c = 1
2 = (2) (2 )
(2 ) = 1.
........(i)
Let a = 1, b = 2, c = 0
1 2 0
1 4 0 = (1) 2 ( 1) (5 + 2)
0 0 2
5 + 2 = 2
.......(ii)
from (i) and (ii) = 0 and = 1
a b c
Hence a 2
b2
c2
= (a b) (b c) (c a) (ab + bc + ca).
bc ca ab
Self Practice Problems
0
ba c a
0
c b .
1.
Find the value of = a b
ac bc
0
Ans.
Ans.
b 2 ab b c bc ac
2.
3.
2
2
Simplify ab a a b b ab .
bc ac c a ab a 2
Prove that
abc
2a
2b
bc a
2c
2c
2a
2b
= (a + b + c)3.
c ab
1 a bc
4.
8.
Show that 1 b ca = (a b) (b c) (c a) by using factor theorem .

1 c ab
M u l t i p li c a t io n O f T wo D e t e r m i n a n t s :
a1
b1
a2 b 2
a1
b1
a2 b2
a3 b3
m1
m2
a1 1b1 2
a1m1b1m 2
a 2 1b 2 2
a 2 m1b 2 m 2
c1
a1 1 b1 2 c1 3
1 m1 n1
c 2 2 m2 n 2 = a 2 1 b 2 2 c 2 3
c3
a3 1 b3 2 c 3 3
3 m3 n 3
a1m1 b1m 2 c 1m 3
a1n1 b1n 2 c1n3
a 2m1 b 2m 2 c 2m 3
a 2n1 b 2n 2 c 2n3
a 3m1 b3m 2 c 3m 3
a 3n1 b3n 2 c 3n3
page 4 of 54
c2
bc
ab
Solution.
3 0
1 4
1 3
1 3 2 1
1 0 2 4
1 3 3 (1) 1 0 3 4
8
= 60
6 12
a1x1 b1y1
Example :
Solution.
Solution.
(a1 b 2 )2
x3
y3 = 0
0
(a1 b 3 )2
Prove that (a 2 b1 )2 (a 2 b 2 )2 (a 2 b 3 )2
(a 3 b1 )2 (a3 b 2 )2 (a 3 b 3 )2
= 2(a1 a2) (a2 a3) (a3 a1) (b1 b2) (b2 b3) (b3 b1).
(a1 b1 )2
(a1 b 2 )2
(a1 b 3 )2
(a 2 b1 )2
(a 2 b 2 )2
(a 2 b 3 )2
(a 3 b1 )2
( a3 b 2 ) 2
(a 3 b 3 )2
a1 b1 2a1b1
a1 b 3 2a1b 3
a 2 b 3 2a 2b 3
2
2
a 3 b 3 2a 3b 3
a1 b 2 2a1b 2
a 2 b1 2a 2b1 a 2 b 2 2a 2b 2
2
2
2
2
a 3 b1 2a 3b1 a 3 b 2 2a 3b 2
2
a1
1 2a1
= a 2 1 2a 2
2
a 3 1 2a 3
2
1 a1
= 2 1 a2
2
1 a3
Example :
a1x 3 b1y 3
Prove that a 2 x1 b 2 y1 a 2 x 2 b 2 y 2 a 2 x 3 b 2 y 3 = 0
a 3 x 1 b 3 y 1 a 3 x 2 b 3 y 2 a 3 x 3 b3 y 3
Given determinant can be splitted into product of two determinants
x1 x 2
a1x1 b1y1 a1x 2 b1y 2 a1x 3 b1y 3
a1 b1 c1
a
x
b
y
a
x
b
y
a
x
b
y
a
b
c
i.e.
2 1
2 1
2 2
2 2
2 3
2 3 =
2
2
2 y1 y 2
0 0
a 3 x 1 b 3 y 1 a 3 x 2 b 3 y 2 a 3 x 3 b3 y 3
a3 b3 c 3
(a1 b1 )2
Example :
a1x 2 b1y 2
b2
b1
1 b1
b2
2
a1
a2
a3
2
b1
b3
b3
b1
1 b2 b2
2
1 b3 b 3
= 2(a1 a2) (a2 a3) (a3 a1) (b1 b2) (b2 b3) (b3 b1)
cos( A P) cos( A Q) cos( A R)
Prove that cos(B P) cos(B Q ) cos(B R) = 0
cos(C P) cos(C Q) cos(C R)
cos( A P) cos( A Q) cos( A R)
cos(B P)
Solution.
cos(B Q ) cos(B R)
cos(C P) cos(C Q) cos(C R)

cos A cos P sin A sin P cos A cos Q sin A sin Q cos A cos R sin A sin R
cos B cos P sin B sin P
cos B cos Q sin B sin Q
cos C cos P sin C sin P
cos C cos Q sin C sin Q cos C cos R sin C sin R
cos A sin A 0
cos B
sin B 0
cos C sin C 0
cos B cos R sin B sin R
cos P cos Q cos R
sin P
sin Q
sin R
= 0 0 = 0.
page 5 of 54
We have multiplied here rows by rows but we can also multiply rows by columns, columns by rows and
columns by columns.
If = |aij| is a detereminant of order n, then the value of the determinant |A ij | = n 1. This is also known
as power cofactor formula.
1 2
1
8
3 0
Example :
Find the value of
and prove that it is equal to

.
1 3
6 12
1 4

c2
b2
c2
2ca b 2
a2
b2
a2
2ab c 2
(3abc a3 b3 c3)2
Ans.
1
2.
9.
cos(B A ) cos( C A )
1
cos(C B) . Ans.0
If A, B, C are real numbers then find the value of = cos( A B)
cos( A C) cos(B C)
1
Su m m a t i on o f D et erm in a n t s
f(r) g(r ) h(r )
Let (r) = a1 a 2 a 3
b1 b 2 b 3
where a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3 are constants indepedent of r, then
n
r 1
(r ) =
r 1
f (r )
h(r )
g(r )
r 1
r 1
a1
a2
a3
b1
b2
b3
Here function of r can be the elements of only one row or column. None of the elements other then that
row or column should be dependent on r. If more than one column or row have elements dependent on
r then first expand the determinant and then find the summation.
2r 1
Example :
Evaluate
cos 2
y
n
n1
2 1 2 2
x
n2
r 1
Solution :
r 1
n2
r 1
r 1
2n 1 2n 1 2
cos 2
x
n2
=0
2n 1 2n 1 2
n 2
Example :
Cr
cos2
y
n
n 1
2 1 2 2
x
n2
r 1
(2r 1) n
2r
nCr
Dr =
n2
Cr 2
n2
Cr 1
Cr
evaluate
r 2
n 2
n
Solution :
n 2
r2
r 2
n2
2n2
n2
Cr 1
Cr
C0 n2 C1 .... n 2Cn 2
Cr 2
n2
C1 n 2C 2 .... n2Cn 2
n2
C 2 n 2C3 .... n2Cn 2
2n 2 1 2n2 1 n
0
2n2 2n1 2 2n 2 1 2n 2 1 n
C1 C1 2 C2
1 "I Will". Ineffective

0
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" &0"should" with
People don't.
page 6 of 54
2bc a 2

1.
Find the value of

2n 2 2n1 2 2n 2 1 n
1
1
= 2n 1 n 3
r 1 1
0
n
2
r 3 r , find
r
If r =
r
1
r 1 1 2
On expansion of determinent, we get
Solution.
Dr = (r 1) (3 r) + 7 + r 2 + 4r = 8r + 4
= 4n (n + 2)
r 1
Self Practice Problem

r 1
1.
Evaluate
Dr
(r 1)
r 1
10.
4n 2
Ans.
(r 1) z 3n 3n
Int eg ra t ion of a d et erm ina nt
f ( x) g( x) h( x )
Let
(x) =
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
where a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2 are constants independent of x. Hence
b
f ( x ) dx
a1
a2
( x ) dx =
h(x) dx
g( x) dx
b1
b2
c1
c2
Note : If more than one row or one column are function of x then first expand the determinant and then
integrate it.
/2
cos x
1
0
f ( x ) dx
1
2 cos x
1
Example :
If f(x) =
, then find
0
0
1
2 cos x
Solution.
Here f(x) = cos x (4 cos2x 1) 2 cos x
= 4 cos3x 3 cos x = cos 3x
/2
so
/2
sin 3 x
cos 3 x dx =
3 0
1
3
2 1 2 2 2 3
Example :
If =
Solution.
(x ) dx
0
2 1
6
1
2 3
3
1
dx
dx
2 1 2 2 2 3
6
4
3
1
1
1
2
3
4
D i ff er en t i a t io n of D et er m i na nt :
f1( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x)
11.
(x ) dx
0
2 2
4
x dx x
0
, then find
2 1 2 2 2 3
1
12
=0
Let (x) = g1( x) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x )

h1( x ) h2 ( x) h3 ( x )
page 7 of 54
Example :
= (1)

f1( x ) f 2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
f1( x ) f 2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
then (x) = g1( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x ) + g1 ( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x ) + g1( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x )
h1( x ) h 2 ( x ) h3 ( x)
h1( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x)
h1( x ) h 2 ( x ) h3 ( x)
f 2 ( x )
Example :
If f(x) = 6 x
1
2
2
Solution.
Example :
2x
2
f(x) = 12 x 6 x
1
a
1
3
x 4 , then find the value of f(a).

a2
page 8 of 54
f3 ( x )
1
2
4x3
a2
3
2
1
3 2 1
2
2
12
12
x
12
x
f(x) =
f(a) = 12 1 a a = 0.
1
a
a2
1 a a2
Let be a repeated root of quadratic equation f(x) = 0 and A(x), B(x) and C(x) be polynomial of
degree 3, 4 and 5 respectively, then show that
A( x ) B( x ) C( x )
A( )
B( )
C( )
divisible by f(x).
A( ) B( ) C( )
Solution.
Let
g(x) =
A( x )
B( x )
C( x )
A( )
B( )
C( )
A( ) B( ) C( )
A( x ) B( x ) C( x )
g(x) =
A( )
B( )
C( )
A( ) B( ) C( )
g() = g() = 0
g(x) = (x )2 h(x) i.e. is the repeated root of g(x) and h(x) is any polynomial
expression of degree 3. Also f(x) = 0 have repeated root . So g(x) is divisible by f(x).
Prove that F depends only on x 1, x 2 and x 3
1
1
1
x1 a1
x 2 a1
x 3 a1
F=
2
2
2
x1 b1x1 b 2 x 2 b1x 2 b 2 x 3 b1x 3 b 2
Since
Example :
Solution :
and simplify F.
0
dF
x1 a1
=
da1
x12 b1x1 b 2
x 2 a1
x 3 a1
x 22 b1x 2 b 2
x 32 b1x 3 b 2
x12 b1x1 b 2 x 22 b1x 2 b 2

Hence F is independent of a1.
dF
dF
Similarly
=
= 0.
db
db1
2
Hence F is independent of b1 and b2 also.
So F is dependent only on x 1, x 2, x 3
Put a1 = 0, b1 = 0, b2 = 0
x 32 b1x 3 b 2
+ x1 a1 x 2 a1 x 3 a1 = 0
0
0
0
F = x1
x12
x2
x3
x 22
x 32
= (x 1 x 2) (x 2 x 3) (x 3 x 1).
Example :
Solution :
ex
sin x
= A + Bx + Cx 2 + ....., then find the value of A and B.
cos x n(1 x )
Put x = 0 in
If
ex
sin x
= A + Bx + Cx 2 + .......
cos x n(1 x )
f1( x )

1 0
=A
A = 0.
1 0
Differentiating the given determinant w.r.t x, we get
(ii)
(iii)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
a1
b
c
1 1
a2
b2
c2
Three Variables
Given equations are dependent
Let,
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1............ (I)
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2............ (II)
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3............ (III)
D
D
D
Then, x = 1 , Y = 2 , Z = 3 .
D
D
D
a1 b1 c1
d1 b1 c 1
a1 d1 c1
a1 b1 d1
a b2 c 2
d b2 c 2
a d2 c 2
a b 2 d2
Where D = 2
; D1 = 2
; D2 = 2
& D3 = 2
a3 b3 c 3
d3 b 3 c 3
a 3 d3 c 3
a 3 b 3 d3
Consistency of a system of Equations
If D 0 and alteast one of D1, D2, D3 0, then the given system of equations are consistent and
have unique non trivial solution.
If D 0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations are consistent and have trivial
solution only.
If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations have either infinite solutions or no
solution.
(Refer Example & Self Practice Problem with*)

If D = 0 but atleast one of D1, D2, D3 is not zero then the equations are inconsistent and have no solution.
If a given system of linear equations have Only Zero Solution for all its variables then the given equations
are said to have TRIVIAL SOLUTION.
(iv)
Three equation in two variables :
If x and y are not zero, then condition for a 1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 &
a1 b1 c1
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 to be consistent in x and y is a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
page 9 of 54
ex
sin x
ex
cos x
1
+ sin x
= B + 2 C x + ......
cos x n(1 x )
1 x
Put x = 0, we get
1 1
1 0
+
=0
1 0
0 1
B = 1 + 1 = 0
A = 0, B = 0
Self Practice Problem
x
x 1 x
2x x 1 1
1.
If
= ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d. Find
x 1 1
x
(i)
d
Ans. [ 1]
(ii)
a+b+c+d
Ans. [ 5]
(iii)
b
Ans. [ 4]
12.
Cra m er' s Ru le: Sy st em of Linea r E q u a t ions
(i)
Two Variables
(a)
Consistent Equations: Definite & unique solution. [ intersecting lines ]
(b)
Inconsistent Equation: No solution. [ Parallel line ]
(c)
Dependent equation: Infinite solutions. [ Identical lines ]
Let a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then:
a1
b
c
1 1
Given equations are inconsistent
&
a2
b2
c2
1 2 3
Now, D1 = 3 3 4
0 4 5
C3 C3 C2
1 2 1
D1 = 3 3 1
0 4 1
R1 R1 R2 , R2 R2 R3
2 1 0
*Example :
1 0 = 5
0
4 1
D = 0 But D1 0
Hence no solution
Solve the following system of equations
x+y+z=1
2x + 2y + 2z = 3
3x + 3y + 3z = 4
1 1 1
Solution.
D1 =
*Example :
Solution.
Example :
Solution.
2 2 2 =0
3 3 3
D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
Let z = t
x+y=1t
2x + 2y = 3 2t
Since both the lines are parallel hence no value of x and y Hence there is no solution of the
given equation.
x+y+z=2
2x + 2y + 2z = 4
3x + 3y + 3z = 6
1 1 1
D=
D=
D=
2 2 2
=0
3 3 3
D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
All the cofactors of D, D1, D2 and D3 are all zeros, hence the system will have infinite solutions.
Let z = t 1, y = t 2
x = 2 t1 t2
where t 1, t 2 R.
Consider the following system of equations
x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + z =
Find values of and if such that sets of equation have
(i)
unique solution
(ii)
infinite solution
(iii)
no solution
x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + z =
1 1 1
1 2 3
1 2
Here for = 3 second and third rows are identical hence D = 0 for = 3.
Solution.
Find the nature of solution for the given system of equations.

x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 3
3x + 4y + 5z = 0
1 2 3
Let D = 2 3 4
3 4 5
apply C1 C1 C2 , C2 C2 C3
1 1 3
D = 1 1 4 = 0 D = 0
1 1 5
page 10 of 54
Example:

10 2 3
2
D2 =
D3 =
1 10 3
1
1 1
1 2 10
1 2
If = 3 then D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 for = 10
(i)
For unique solution D 0
i.e.
3
(ii)
For infinite solutions
D=0
=3
D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
= 10.
(iii)
For no solution
D=0
=3
Atleast one of D1, D2 or D3 is non zero
10.
*1.
x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 2
3x + 4y + 5z = 3
Ans.
x=1+t
y = 2t
z=t
where t R
2.
x + 2y + 3z = 0
2x + 3y + 4z = 0
xyz=0
Ans.
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
3.
Solve: (b + c) (y + z) ax = b c, (c + a) (z + x) by = c a, (a + b) (x + y) cz = a b
where a + b + c 0.
c b
ac
ba
Ans. x =
,y=
,z=
a bc
a b c
a bc
4.
Let 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 ; 3x + 5y + 6 = 0, 2x 2 + 6xy + 5y2 + 8x + 12y + 1 + t = 0, if the system of equations
in x and y are consistent then find the value of t.
Ans. t = 7
13.
Ap p lic a t io n of D et erm i na nt s:
Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are:
(i)
Area of a triangle whose vertices are (x r, yr); r = 1, 2, 3 is:
x1 y 1 1
1 x2 y2 1
D=
If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
2 x
y 1
3
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Equation of a straight line passing through (x 1, y1) & (x 2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0

x2 y2 1
The lines:
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0........ (1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0........ (2)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0........ (3)
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if,
a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
Condition for the consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
ax + 2 hxy + by + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if:
a h g
abc + 2 fgh af bg ch = 0 = h b f
g f c
page 11 of 54
D1 =
1 1

12 Deteminants &amp; Matrices Part 1 of 6

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12 Deteminants &amp; Matrices Part 1 of 6

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fo/u fopkjr Hkh# tu] ugha vkjEHks dke] foifr ns[k NksM+s rqjar e/;e eu dj ';keA

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is called the determinant of order two.

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Given detereminant is equal to

abc abc abc

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Show that 1 b ca = (a b) (b c) (c a) by using factor theorem .

a1n1 b1n 2 c1n3

a 3n1 b3n 2 c 3n3

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cos(C P) cos(C Q) cos(C R)

cos B cos P sin B sin P

cos B cos Q sin B sin Q

cos C cos P sin C sin P

cos C cos Q sin C sin Q cos C cos R sin C sin R

cos B cos R sin B sin R

cos P cos Q cos R

and prove that it is equal to

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C 2 n 2C3 .... n2Cn 2

1 "I Will". Ineffective

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Self Practice Problems

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Self Practice Problem

Let (x) = g1( x) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x )

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x 4 , then find the value of f(a).

x12 b1x1 b 2 x 22 b1x 2 b 2

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Given equations are dependent

(Refer Example & Self Practice Problem with*)

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Find the nature of solution for the given system of equations.

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Equation of a straight line passing through (x 1, y1) & (x 2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0

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12 Deteminants & Matrices Part 1 of 6

12 Deteminants & Matrices Part 1 of 6