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MIMOWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

MIMO
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Inradio,multipleinputandmultipleoutput,orMIMO(pronounced
/mamo/or/mimo/),isamethodformultiplyingthecapacityofa
radiolinkusingmultipletransmitandreceiveantennastoexploitmultipath
propagation.[1]MIMOhasbecomeanessentialelementofwireless
communicationstandardsincludingIEEE802.11n(WiFi),IEEE802.11ac
(WiFi),HSPA+(3G),WiMAX(4G),andLongTermEvolution(4G).
Morerecently,MIMOhasbeenappliedtopowerlinecommunicationfor3
wireinstallationsaspartofITUG.hnstandardandHomePlugAV2
specification.[2][3]

MIMOexploitsmultipath
propagationtomultiplylinkcapacity

Atonetime,inwirelesstheterm"MIMO"referredtotheuseofmultiple
antennasatthetransmitterandthereceiver.Inmodernusage,"MIMO"
specificallyreferstoapracticaltechniqueforsendingandreceivingmorethanonedatasignalsimultaneouslyover
thesameradiochannelbyexploitingmultipathpropagation.MIMOisfundamentallydifferentfromsmartantenna
techniquesdevelopedtoenhancetheperformanceofasingledatasignal,suchasbeamforminganddiversity.

Contents
1 History
1.1 Earlyresearch
1.2 Invention
1.3 Standardsandcommercialization
2 Functions
3 Forms
3.1 Multiantennatypes
3.2 Multiusertypes
4 Applications
5 Mathematicaldescription
6 Testing
7 Literature
7.1 Principalresearches
7.2 Diversitymultiplexingtradeoff(DMT)
7.3 Otherapplications
7.4 SamplingtheoryinMIMOsystems
8 Seealso
9 References
10 Externallinks

History
Earlyresearch

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MIMOWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

MIMOisoftentracedbackto1970sresearchpapersconcerningmultichanneldigitaltransmissionsystemsand
interference(crosstalk)betweenwirepairsinacablebundle:ARKayeandDAGeorge(1970),[4]Branderburgand
Wyner(1974),[5]andW.vanEtten(1975,1976).[6]Althoughthesearenotexamplesofexploitingmultipath
propagationtosendmultipleinformationstreams,someofthemathematicaltechniquesfordealingwithmutual
interferenceprovedusefultoMIMOdevelopment.Inthemid1980sJackSalzatBellLaboratoriestookthis
researchastepfurther,investigatingmultiusersystemsoperatingover"mutuallycrosscoupledlinearnetworks
withadditivenoisesources"suchastimedivisionmultiplexingandduallypolarizedradiosystems.[7]
Methodsweredevelopedtoimprovetheperformanceofcellularradionetworksandenablemoreaggressive
frequencyreuseintheearly1990s.Spacedivisionmultipleaccess(SDMA)usesdirectionalorsmartantennasto
communicateonthesamefrequencywithusersindifferentlocationswithinrangeofthesamebasestation.An
SDMAsystemwasproposedbyRichardRoyandBjrnOttersten,researchersatArrayComm,in1991.TheirUS
patent(No.5515378issuedin1996[8])describesamethodforincreasingcapacityusing"anarrayofreceiving
antennasatthebasestation"witha"pluralityofremoteusers."ArogyaswamiPaulrajandThomasKailath
proposedanSDMAbasedinversemultiplexingtechniquein1993.TheirUSpatent(No.5,345,599issuedin
1994[9])describedamethodofbroadcastingathighdataratesbysplittingahighratesignal"intoseverallowrate
signals"tobetransmittedfrom"spatiallyseparatedtransmitters"andrecoveredbythereceiveantennaarraybased
ondifferencesin"directionsofarrival."However,neitherpatentcontemplatedtheuseofcolocatedantennasat
bothendsofaradiolinkinordertoexploitmultipathpropagation.

Invention
InanApril1996paperandsubsequentpatent,GregRaleighproposedthatnaturalmultipathpropagationcanbe
exploitedtotransmitmultiple,independentinformationstreamsusingcolocatedantennasandmultidimensional
signalprocessing.[10]Thepaperalsoidentifiedpracticalsolutionsformodulation(MIMOOFDM),coding,
synchronization,andchannelestimation.Laterthatyear(September1996)GerardJ.Foschinisubmittedapaper
thatalsosuggesteditispossibletomultiplythecapacityofawirelesslinkusingwhattheauthordescribedas
"layeredspacetimearchitecture."[11]
GregRaleigh,V.K.Jones,andMichaelPollackfoundedClarityWirelessin1996,andbuiltandfieldtesteda
prototypeMIMOsystem.[12]CiscoSystemsacquiredClarityWirelessin1998.[13]BellLabsbuiltalaboratory
prototypedemonstratingitsVBLAST(VerticalBellLaboratoriesLayeredSpaceTime)technologyin1998.[14]
ArogyaswamiPaulrajfoundedIospanWirelessinlate1998todevelopMIMOOFDMproducts.Iospanwas
acquiredbyIntelin2003.[15]VBLASTwasnevercommercialized,andneitherClarityWirelessnorIospan
WirelessshippedMIMOOFDMproductsbeforebeingacquired.[16]
PaulrajwasawardedtheMarconiprizein2014forhiscontributionstowardsdevelopmentoftheMIMO
technology.

Standardsandcommercialization
MIMOtechnologyhasbeenstandardizedforwirelessLANs,3Gmobilephonenetworks,and4Gmobilephone
networksandisnowinwidespreadcommercialuse.GregRaleighandV.K.JonesfoundedAirgoNetworksin
2001todevelopMIMOOFDMchipsetsforwirelessLANs.TheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers
(IEEE)createdataskgroupinlate2003todevelopawirelessLANstandarddeliveringatleast100Mbit/sofuser
datathroughput.Thereweretwomajorcompetingproposals:TGnSyncwasbackedbycompaniesincludingIntel
andPhilips,andWWiSEwassupportedbycompaniesincludingAirgoNetworks,Broadcom,andTexas
Instruments.Bothgroupsagreedthatthe802.11nstandardwouldbebasedonMIMOOFDMwith20MHzand
40MHzchanneloptions.[17]TGnSync,WWiSE,andathirdproposal(MITMOT,backedbyMotorolaand
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