UNIT I - MANUFACURE OF FUELS AND LUBRICANTS

Part-A
1. What are the various hydrocarbons present in crude oil? (NOV 2006)
(MAY 2014)
(i) Alkanes (Paraffins) (30%)
(ii) Napthenes (49%)
(iii) Aromatics (15%)
(iv) Asphalitics (6%)
2.

What is alkylation? And what it for is it done? (NOV 2006)

The alkylation process in petroleum refining combines low-molecularweight olefins with isobutene in the presence of a catalyst, either sulfuric
acid or hydrofluoric acid. The product is called alkylate and is composed of a
mixture of high-octane, branched-chain paraffinic hydrocarbons.
Alkylate is a premium blending stock because it has exceptional
antiknock properties and is clean burning. The octane number of the alkylate
depends mainly upon the kind of olefins used and upon operating conditions.
3. List the important products of petroleum refining process. (NOV
2010)
(i) LPG (ii) Gasoline (iii) diesel fuel (iv) lubricating oil (v) Jet fuel (vi)
Asphalt base
4.

List out the requisites of good fuel. (AU 2009)

(i) Should have higher calorific value (ii) Easy to store and better
availability (iii) Low cost (iv) Less smoke while burning (v) better physical and
thermal properties (vi) Low knocking tendency
5. What are the advantages of catalytic cracking over thermal cracking?
(NOV 2008)
Compared to thermal cracking, catalytic cracking occurs at lower
temperatures and pressures, is more selective and flexible, and incorporates
a catalyst.
Higher Anti knock characteristics High octane gasoline can be
available
6. What do mean by hydrogenation? (NOV 2010)
The process of combining or treating with hydrogen, especially to add
hydrogen to the molecule of an unsaturated organic compound is called as
hydrogenation.
7. What do you understand by isomerisation? (NOV 2009)
It is the process, whereby any isomer is converted into another isomer,
usually requiring special conditions of temperature, pressure, or catalysts.
8. What are the diferent kinds of fuels used in an IC engines. (MAY

2013)
(i) Hydrocarbons in liquid form (ii) Alcohols (Methanol, Ethanol) (iii)
LPG
(iv) Natural Gas (Methane) (v) Hydrogen

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

9. State the purpose of adding additives in a lubricant. (NOV 2013)

To maintain or to upgrade the physical and chemical properties of fuel /
lubricant the additives are added to with the source fuel
They help to increase mileage usage, which in turn cuts down the fuel
expense.
Additives add to the engine power and increase the octane level of the
gasoline.
They also remove junk items that are capable of causing harm to the
injectors and to other internal vehicle parts.
Additives are, that they help reduce the amount of emissions that your
automobile releases. This helps in reducing the air pollution and in keeping
the environment free of chemicals and harmful substances.
10. What are the advantages of gaseous fuel? (NOV 2013)
Liquid and gaseous fuels are easier to handle than solid fuels.
Liquid and gaseous fuels can be transported easily through pipelines
whereas solid fuels cannot be transports in this way.
Liquid and gaseous fuels do not leave any residue after burning.
Liquid and gaseous fuels have higher calorific values than the solid fuels.
In other words, for a given mass of the fuel, liquid and gaseous fuels produce
more heat.
Liquid and gaseous fuels produce little or no smoke, whereas most of the
solid fuels burn with smoke.
Liquid and gaseous fuels have relatively low ignition temperature and
hence they burn more easily than solid fuels.
11. List the composition of petroleum and classify the same. (Nov 2014)
Carbon (93% 97%),
Hydrogen (10% - 14%)
Nitrogen (0.1% - 2%)
Oxygen (0.1% - 1.5%) and
Sulphur (0.5% - 6%)
12. Give the general chemical formula and structural (Molecular) formula
of the following fuels. (Apr 2015)
(i) Paraffin
(ii) Aromatic
(iii) Iso octane
(iv) olefin
(v) n-heptanes

(vi) Diolefine
13. What do you mean by polymerization?
It is a chemical reaction in which two or more small, similar molecular
are combined to make larger molecules.