Inequality

Introduction:
Every citizen desires for fairness, equality, justice, love, liberty and the search
of infinite truth. What do we think about this infinite truth? As indicated in the Civil
Code of the Philippines, Edgardo Paras stated that there are two faculty and objects
of human mind, first is the intellect: the proper object of which is the TRUTH,
second is the will: the proper object of which is the GOOD. The intellect cannot rest
till it has comprehended INFINITE TRUTH; the will cannot be satisfied till it has
grasped INFINITE GOOD. Since the combination of the truth and the good is what
we call the beautiful, it follows that the combination of INFINITE TRUTH and
INFINITE GOOD is INFINITE BEAUTY or GOD.1
Inequality refers to the quality of being equal or the lack of equality. This term refers
to all aspect of human life. Including politics, philosophies and other social sciences.
If we will be given a chance to have a supernatural power, what would it be? We will
think then, what could be the most powerful supernatural power as to its extreme
end. In order to prevent confusion, let us contrast what does power and super
powers mean. Power refers to the ability of the person to cause another to do what
the first wishes, by whatever means. 2 Supernatural power refers to the super fiction
ability of heroes and villain as what we perceived in television. These two have the
same aspect as they were both ability in the same hand but what could be more
surprising is that the supernatural powers are not in the realm of politics and is
treated as non-reality concept. Anyway, going back to the analogy, the most
powerful supernatural power would be the most chosen one by a man. Why? That is
because, in order for him to dominate the world. Gain self-interest, increase the
statistics of benefits and decrease the numbers of risk. Therefrom, inequality in our
inner-self aggravates. To further enhance my discussion about the things we can
and cannot easily perceived on exactly what is inequality is, or how does
inequalities be tangible in our daily lives, or what could be actually the dynamics of
inequality in our lives, government, to our state and especially to the whole world.
The 48 laws of power as written in the book of Dannug and Camparillo represents
that there is no equality in its truest form that could be existing in this material
world. After I have elaborated the said laws, we will tackle democracy and
communism as the representation of equality and inequality. The significant
essence of both qualities that is more attainable and susceptible. Let us begin, Law
1 Never outshine the master, Law 2 Never put too much trust in
friends, Law 3 Conceal your intentions, Law 4 Always say less than
necessary, Law 5 So much depends on reputation- guard it with your life,
Law 6 Court attention at all cost, Law 7 Get others do the work for you,
but always take the credit, Law 8 Make other people come to you- use
bait if necessary, Law 9 Win through your actions, never through your
argument, Law 10 Infection: avoid the unhappy and unlucky, Law 11
1 Edgardo Paras Civil Code of the Philippines Sixteenth Edition 2008 Volume 1
2 Shively Introduction to Political Science

Learn to keep people depend on you, Law 12 Use selective honesty and
generosity to disarm your victim, Law 13 When asking for help, agree to
peoples self-interest, never to mercy or gratitude, Law 14 Pose as a
friend, work as a spy, Law 15 Crush your enemy totally, Law 16 Use
absence to increase respect and honor, Law 17 Keep others in suspended
terror: cultivate, Law 18 Do not build fortress to protect yourselfisolation is dangerous, Law 19 Know who you are dealing with- do not
offend the wrong person, Law 20 Do not commit to anyone, Law 21 Play
a sucker to catch a sucker- seem dumber than your mark, Law 22 - Use
surrender tactic: transform weakness into power, Law 23 Concentrate
your forces, Law 24 Play the perfect courtier, Law 25 Re-create
yourself, Law 26 - Keep your hands clean, Law 27 Play on peoples need
to believe to create a cultlike following, Law 28 Enter action with
boldness, Law 29 Plan all the way to the end, Law 30 Make your
accomplishment seem effortless, Law 31 Control the options: get others
play with the card you deal, Law 32 Play to peoples fantasies, Law 33
Discover each mans thumbscrew, Law 34 Be royal in your own fashion:
act like a king to be treated like one, Law 35 Master the art of timing,
Law 36 Disdain things you do not have: ignoring them is the best
revenge, Law 37 Create compelling spectacles, Law 38 Think as you like
but behave like the others, Law 39 Stir up water to catch fish, Law 40
Despise the free lunch, Law 41 Avoid stepping into a great man shoes,
Law 42 Strike the shepherd and the sheep will scattered, Law 43 Work
on the minds of the hearts and minds of others, Law 44 Disarm and
infuriate the minor effect, Law 45 Preach the need of change, but never
reform too much at once, Law 46 Never appear too much, Law 47 Do
not go past the mark your aim for; in victory learn when to stop, Law 48
Assume formlessness. 3 These are the laws that governs the entire system of
what is power and what is to have a power. Since these are called laws, this may be
the reality that anyone do not knows, that they are blinded with pure ideologies
compared to the concrete laws of power, there is no equality at all. Assuming that
the existence of equality does not come into existence, how come that inequality
exist? In the philosophy of Aristotle from which he discussed that there are two
extreme ends of human life, and that is too much and too less. What do we mean
about this too much and too less? What about these? Well, this is the principle of
Aristotle that it is morally wrong or bad if these two being obtained. The Golden rule
of medium principle. That if a man desired to be perfect and morally accepted in a
society or morally sufficient in the eyes of the prime mover, that is to say that the
man must be in line to the medium. He must not have too much power, food, dress,
house etc. And in the other hand, he must not have too less power, food, dress,
house etc. Wherefore, if equality does not exist because equality represent the
extreme end of too much this must mean that there is also no inequality at all. That
this notion, is just an abstract concept that the man invented to create conflict. That
3 2003 by Dannug and Camparillo Politics, Governance and Government with
Philippine Consitution

in conflict, man will gain benefits of his own self-interest. So, moving on forward let
us explicate the idea of democracy. What is democracy?
According to the book of Kesselman, Krieger and Joseph, democracy literally means
demos from Greek word (the people) and kratos (rule). A political system featuring:
selection of public offices through free and fair elections; the right of the adults to
vote; political parties that are free to compete in elections; government that
operates by fair and relatively open procedures; political rights and civil liberties;
and independent judiciary (court system); civilian control of the military. 4
Democracy in accordance to this definition may be the most suitable form of
government in the whole world but, we cannot change the fact that even if
democracy is the governing body of the government, inequality still illuminates.
Why? Only those influential elites could toy the politics in a particular state. It is a
fact that a politician would run after a businessman or an elite, to make negotiations
about his/her candidacy. Election itself particularly in the Philippine context, is the
main idea of inequality. It is not the matter of why but now in a Constructivism
coined by Nicholas Onuf describing theories that stress the socially constructed
character of international relations matters in the question how. Lets say for
example, what are we going to do? The answer should be making apple juice.
However, if we say, how are we going to do? The answer now will be a systematic or
a step by step procedure until it is finished. The concept refers to methodological
explanations of constructivism. The aim of proving that inequality does not persist
is to blindly attach the sole existence of equality where in fact, both qualities do not
share the same existence because they are intact to each other as I have
mentioned earlier the causal relationship presented by Aristotle in his Golden mean.
In the figure illustrated by Russett, Starr and Kinsella in their International book,
there are certain levels of analysis in world politics to help us clarify what kinds of
questions we want to ask and what kind of questions might be answered most
effectively from different vantage of points and they were, the individual, the role,
the government, the society, the relations and last is the world system. 5 Which is
materially susceptible and profound in sufficing the proof of that there is lack of
equality when in terms of International Relations. International Relations as being
defined in the same book, is the behavior of states is affected by their internal
characteristics and by the ongoing relationships and patterns of interaction between
states. These interactions help shape the nature of influence exercised between the
states and the world.
Communism, as defined in a famous encyclopedia in world wide web, is a social,
political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the
establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured
upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social
4 Introduction to Comparative Politics: Political Challenges and Changing Agendas, Sixth
Edition, International Edition 2013, 2010, 2007 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning

5 World Politics the Menu for Choice, Bruce Russett, Harvey Starr and David Kinsella
2010, 2006 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning

classes, money, and the state. 6 It may not look so bad in its broadest sense, but the
purest form of communism which is the primitive communism of Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels aims for the equality of citizen by materializing each theory in
actuality. To be prank, be on equal in terms of economics, socioeconomic, social
classes, common ownership and others, is too idealistic in a manner that all things
satisfied and desired could be attained and obtained without flowing multitude of
perspiration. Lets say for example, that a simple laborer sweats in working in a
daylight earn a living tantamount to masters degree of education is a
misinterpretation of equality. But thats the way the communism they perceived.
Another one is, that a simple janitor who earned nothing in his educational years
while a Doctor of medicine who earned ample of units in different universities,
undergone a lot of sacrifices and suffering just to finished his degree is earning the
same amount of salary to a janitor. Then education means nothing if this is the most
common idea of each Filipino that could be planned in putting it in reality.
Insurgency arises. Then again, communism on the other hand, scrutinize the extent
of effectivity and susceptibility of each and every theory a man could establish.
When insurgency arises, there is no enough reasonable reasons to be incorporate
that it arises because of inequality. From the very beginning, the notion of
communism is unequal in itself. It could be into action, it could become a governing
body of a state, but in all aspect of socioeconomic status, politics, philosophy, there
is no such thing as equality. Inequality always persist as different religion persist on
saying that God does exit everywhere, anywhere and anytime. It still the same
when it comes to democracy that inequality still illuminates. So if man could ever
find the perfect and true justice system in his country, does it mean that man
already obtained such equality, fairness, love, liberty etc.? Maybe, yes and maybe
no. Why? Because as Hans J. Morgenthau quoted that in politics there is no such
thing as morality and there is beauty in studying politics represents the essence
of realism and the 48 laws of power. That it is better to gain than to regain, that it is
better to at the top than to be at the bottom.
What if every Filipino in or out in the Philippines could be a patriot like Jose P. Rizal
who sacrificed his life for the Philippines? What could be the status of the Philippines
if that were to happen? Could be the Philippines become the most powerful country
like the United States of America? Or, just the opposite will likely the most to occur?
In the following part of the essay, I will be discussing the incorporation of
Nationalism as an ideology or theory in International Relations, incorporating the
concept of inequality. Afterwards, we will be tackling the summations of
incorporated ideas and theories to explicitly examine what really is inequality.
Having said that, what is nationalism? What instances that nationalism
arises? Is it when a citizen feel to be more proud of his country? Or it is the interest
that they protect not for their country but for the increase of their power? If I
answered this simple and not profoundly, equality may subside and inequality may
ascend. Nationalism could be most prominent idea by having it in every heart of
every citizen. This could be a development in pursuit of life, liberty, freedom and
6 Wikipedia

anything else. During the period of Spanish Colonialization, rich Filipinos were
capable of going outside the country, they have the every right of abode. Jose Rizal,
a son of rich family, studied in Europe and learned the essence of nationalism as
well as the current situation of the Philippines. However, Rizal did not want to have
any insurgency to happen because it could be more wasteful to be lost in a war
where Filipinos could not win. That is why, Rizal establishes the La Liga Filipina, a
simple agreement between Philippines and Spain that Spain should not be
depraving the rights of Indios and be settled with having the rights of a Spanish
citizen. This idea of Rizal broke the mere essence of nationalism, how come that
Rizal was chosen to be that National Hero of the Philippines which is in fact, Rizal
himself defies the very essence of nationalism. In every aspect, Rizal did not take
any action to counter the government of Spain. Until now and then, Filipinos
believed that their National Hero is the hero in a fairytale story. It is because Gen.
Wainwright highlighted the profile of Rizal during the 1935 Constitution alongside
with Gen. McArthur. This is the irony that the Filipino had and thus, the mere reason
why Filipinos could never attained such strong ideology which nationalism. Implying
that Filipinos have a long road to go. Can I demand where could be equality in this
sense? Can I demand social justice just because the flukes of history was written by
the victors and not of the heroes? Of course, a mere student could even intervened
in the realm of politics where the most influential authority stands in the way,
nothing could be achieved, only ideologies that are printed in the human mind not
capable of being done in its actuality are left behind.
THE PHILIPPINE CONTEXT OF INEQUALITY
The precision of contextually contexted contextuality of a context should be
elaborated and explicitly examined by a man who is in desire of searching the
infinite truth about do inequality really exist. Here are the following manifestation as
basis in the Philippine context of inequality.
1. Corruption
2. Poverty
3. Election
We can say that these three manifestations are basically inclined to unpolitical
apathetical individual however, election may be a brain twister of each of us why it
is included as the last manifestation of inequality. Let us then first understand
corruption.
Why there is a corruption? What is a corruption therefore? Does corruption
have a dual effect like negative and positive result? Or corruption is a manifestation
of inequality. It is of course, one of the most tangible and sensible evidence that a
man could see. In a society there are rich, middle class, and poor people. These are
what we called economic status of a basic social institution which the family.
Examining this economic status, why do you think that there should be poverty in a
society? Because, the common reasonable reason that I could give is there are rich
people. There could not become rich unless poor existed. There could not become
poor as well unless there are no rich people. How can the government calculate
statistical status of rich and poor people if all of the people in a certain country are

rich people? Thus, there is no such thing as equality. Corruption literally means
utterly broken when used as an adjective. The word was first used
by Aristotle and later by Cicero who added the terms bribe and abandonment of
good habits. Stephen D. Morris, a professor of politics, writes that [political]
corruption is the illegitimate use of public power to benefit a private interest 7. Thus,
when an individual misuses his or her power, as a gain for his or her self-benefits
and self-interest causes the others misery and the main probable cause of
inequality, injustices and whatsoever.
According to Aristotle, in the book of Christopher Ryan Maboloc, understanding
reality does not consist of only following precept of what does the society imposed.
Understanding reality essentially provide deep comprehension of what really is real.
Aside from materialistic notion that Democritus had totally introduced, that it
essentially gives emphasis on existence. The main questions are if something has
an existence can we consider them real? If these things are tangible and sensible,
are they real? Do they exist? If these things are abstract concept and not totally
visible but we that things exist, are they real? Or are they existing even If they
exist? Or they exist just in the existing human mind? These are the questions that I
can consider as an analogy of the abstract concept of Inequality. Corruption does
happen in many terms, bribery, embezzlement and other. The last manifestation of
inequality that I have enumerated which is the election consists of this instances
where corruption does occur. Even if corruption in a broader sense, corruption is not
visible but it is actionable and at the same time practicable.
The second one is poverty, as I have research in an online website of world
bank, it is indicated accordingly the context of poverty in the Philippines that the
Philippines is one of the most dynamic emerging markets in the East Asia region,
with sound economic fundamentals and a competitive workforce that is globally
recognized. Growth in the Philippines has been on average about 5 percent since
2002, significantly higher than the rate achieved in the previous two decades.
Following robust 7.2 percent growth in 2013, growth moderated in 2014 to 6.1
percent. The moderation can be mainly attributed to the sharp deceleration of
government consumption, the contraction in infrastructure spending, and weak
agricultural production. The services sectorthe main engine of growthalso
slowed. Nevertheless, Philippine growth remains among the fastest when compared
to the major economies in the East Asia region, trailing only China. In 2015, the
economic growth is expected to rebound to about 6.5 percent, if the government
fully utilizes its budget as planned and accelerates reforms. 8 The information given
by the world bank is basically the perception of the world organizations how poverty
dwells in the Philippines. Having been said, inequality equates in every
characteristics of politics. I can suggest that instead of depleting the existence of
such negative notion, why not lessen it? Anyway, one of the most recent issue that I
have heard in the news and newspapers, is the unjust treatment of Bureau of
7 www.wikipedia.com/Corruption
8 http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/overview

Customs to Balikbayan Boxes of Overseas Filipino Workers that were being opened
and stolen. That is also the reason why the Philippine economy is at disadvantage.
The Philippine Administration does not impliedly recognizing the OFWs endeavor
not for self-benefits and interest to but carry all out the Philippine economy. It is
saddening to say that, it is on our own blood who let us down, that it is on our own
race who discriminates us and torture us until we dead on our sleeves. That is how
inequalities arise from the subsidiarity. My other source had given an information
what is really the context of poverty in the Philippines as a manifestation of
inequality that about half of the Philippines 88 million people live in rural areas.
Poverty is most severe and most widespread in these areas and almost 80 per cent
of the countrys poor people live there. Agriculture is the primary and often only
source of income for poor rural people, most of whom depend on subsistence
farming and fishing for their livelihoods. In general, illiteracy, unemployment and
the incidence of poverty are higher among indigenous peoples and people living in
the upland areas. Overall, more than a third of the people in the Philippines live in
poverty.
The poorest of the poor are the indigenous peoples, small-scale farmers who
cultivate land received through agrarian reform, landless workers, fishers, people in
upland areas and women.
There are substantial differences in the level of poverty between the regions and
provinces and the poverty gap between urban and rural areas is widening.
Indigenous people living in highly fragile and vulnerable ecosystems, people in the
uplands of the Cordillera highlands and on Mindanao Island are among the poorest
in the country.
The causes of poverty in rural areas in the Philippines vary widely from island to
island. Among the causes of rural poverty are a decline in the productivity and
profitability of farming, smaller farm sizes and unsustainable practices that have led
to deforestation and depleted fishing waters. Rural areas lag behind in economic
growth and they have higher underemployment. This is partly because poor people
have little access to productive assets and business opportunities. They have few
non-farm income-generating activities, and people lack access to microfinance
services and affordable credit. Some vulnerable groups also face specific problems.
For example, indigenous peoples have high illiteracy rates and are affected by the
encroachment of modern technology and cultures onto traditional norms and
practices. Fishers face continuing reduction in their catches and they have few
opportunities or skills outside of fishing. Women have limited roles outside of
marketing and family responsibilities as according indicated by IFAD. 9 Wherefore,
the productivity output of such certain endeavor is being transparently impaired by
influential elites. Moving on forward, poverty does not only resides on the
irregularities of endeavor which results to economic incapability. However, it also
resides on the hands of socioeconomic capability individuals for the reason that
these individuals has been gaining something under the circumstances of these
endeavors. There two sides of poverty, the rich and poor. The rich does not solely
apprehend in the sides of the rich but they also look on the sides of the poor.
9 http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/country/home/tags/philippines

Because of this causal relationship that there must be a poor person so that the rich
people will be existing. Inequalities arise from this issue. It is the equilibrium of
mechanical law under the same method of having such entity. Where, individual
could easily solve on his own. The basic standard of the other countries may vary.
The poverty in Philippines could not be a notion of poverty in any other countries in
any other continent. Because of this customs and tradition that we had.
Epistemologically speaking, we cannot eradicate poverty for it is intact to the notion
of ineradicable inequality.
The third and last manifestation that I am talking about is the election. Election in
the Philippines could be the main concept of inequality and corruption. Election
being defined accordingly by Merriam Webster Dictionary, is the act or process of
choosing someone for a public office. As mandated by the 1987 Constitution Art. V
paragraph two of Section 2 that the Congress shall also design a procedure for the
disabled and the illiterates to vote without the assistance of other persons. Until
then, they shall be allowed to vote under existing laws and such rules as the
Commission on Elections may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the ballot. 10
This means that the supreme law of the land which is the Constitution gives the
authority of certain authorized personnel to conceal and protect the secrecy of the
ballot. The question will be on why we would keep it secret and private, if the
election and the right to vote which is the suffrage could be the factor that could
help the government in developing the state. The monopoly of such entity is
seemingly understandable.
Under the old election method of the Philippines, the most common
procedure is the ballot boxes being the container of votes. Henceforth, after the
voters had voted their favorite and ideal candidate, the ballot boxes are being
padlock and secured not more ten times and not less than two times. Why? Because
there are assumptions that could be made that these the votes under these ballot
boxes could be stolen and replaced so that the candidate that has been making an
underground work would win in the election. The modern method that the
Philippines presented under the method of voting in election, is the PCOS machine. I
have been reflecting about the old method having had been cheated on, why could
it not happen in the modern method. If there are assumptions on the old method
that could be stolen and replaced because this was a manual method, why not in
electronic devices. If the cheating process under the old method could be so hard
why do we think that in having the new method could eradicate the bias on it?
Idealistically speaking, if the people of the Republic of Philippines are honest people,
there is no need of such padlocking the ballot boxes just to make sure that the votes
of the citizens are secured. This is the irony we had and until the present.
The procedure that will likely to happen in the modern method is the famous
hacking system. There are several types of hacking system and common person
involved are the hackers and crackers. There are hacking system which protect the
computer system by the hackers and that are involved in computer crime or the so10 Ricardo Lazo, Philippine Governance and the 1987 Constitution 2009 Rex
bookstore

called cybercrime activity by the crackers. Crackers and hackers are differently
defined to be terminologically precise in the manner by Urban dictionary, as cracker
as the person to gain access or authorization with the intention to cause damage
while hackers as the person to gain access or authorization with the intention to
protect and secure the system. It is stated that, hacking is the gaining of access
(wanted or unwanted) to a computer and viewing, copying, or creating data (leaving
a trace) without the intention of destroying data or maliciously harming the
computer.
This represents the Good Guys most of the time for they are the ones who search
for these exploits to prevent crackers use a method called cracking(opposite of
hacking).
Hacking and hackers are commonly mistaken to be the bad guys most of the time.
Crackers are the ones who screw things over as far as creating virus, cracks,
spyware, and destroying data. 11
As the assumptions of old method in the execution of right to vote completely
illuminates the possibility of having a discrepancy in the process of election, it will
most likely to be the same thing to happen in the modern method by the process of
crackers who screw things over as far as creating virus just to manipulate the
statistics of voting method.
If there are Philippine context of inequality there must be also an
international context of inequality. Thus saying that this would be the complete
invisible notion that the Filipinos had.
The International Context of Inequality
Since inequality does exist in various method as shown in the context of the
Republic of Philippines, how much more in other country and importantly in the
relationship of international. In this text, I would like to put into comparison the form
and type of government which the Philippine used in the present compared to China
used in the present as well. The Republic of the Philippines is a Republican state
under indirect democracy, which I think that the notion of democracy has been very
well explained in my own perspective in the prior discussion of the paper. We will
need now to distinguish what the characteristics of Republican state as the two
state shared the same format. However, they adverse in ideologies.
A republic (from Latin: res publica) is a form of government or country in which
power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government
leaders exercise power according to the rule of law. In modern times, the definition
of a republic is commonly limited to a government which excludes a monarch12.
Republic
11 http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=hacking
12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic

That form of government in which the administration of affairs is open to all the citiz
ens. A political unit or "state," independent of its form ofgovernment.
The word republic, derived from the Latin res publica, or "public thing," refers
to a form of government where the citizens conduct their affairsfor their own
benefit rather than for the benefit of a ruler. Historically republics have not al
ways been democratic in character, however. Forexample, the ancient Republ
ic of Venice was ruled by an aristocratic elite.
In the U.S. historical tradition, the belief in republicanism shaped the U.S. Rev
olution and Constitution. Before the revolution, leadersdeveloped many politi
cal theories to justify independence from Great Britain.ThomasPaine, in his
book Common Sense (1776), called for arepresentative government for the c
olonies and for a written constitution. Paine rejected the legitimacy of the mo
narchy to have a part ingovernment. This attack on the king was echoed the f
ollowing year in the Declaration of Independence, where Thomas
Jefferson proposedthat colonists reject the monarchy and become republica
n citizens. Framers of the U.S. Constitution intended to create a republicango
vernment. Article IV, Section 4, states "The United States shall guarantee to e
very State in this Union a Republican Form ofGovernment." Though the lang
uage was vague, the authors of the Constitution clearly intended to prevent t
he rise to power of either amonarchy or a hereditary aristocracy. Article I, Sec
tion 9, states, "No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States," and
most state constitutions have similar provisions.
The guarantee of republican government was designed to provide a national r
emedy for domestic insurrection threatening the stategovernments and to pr
event the rise of a monarchy, about which there was some talk at the time.Ja
mes
Madison, the author of many of theessays included in The Federalist Papers
(178788), put forward a sophisticated concept of republican government. He
explained in Number10 that a republic must be contrasted with a democracy.
In the eighteenth century the term "democracy" meant what is now called a p
ure ordirect democracy, wherein legislation is made by a primary assembly of
citizens, as existed in several rural Swiss cantons and in NewEngland towns. I
n a pure democracy, Madison argued, there is no check on the majority to pro
tect the weaker party or individuals andtherefore such democracies "have ev
er been spectacles of turbulence and contention," where rights of personal se
curity and property are always in jeopardy.13
Even in the said prominent state in International Relations the United States
of America, have their biases and inequalities. That is why, we could not easily infer
13 http://legaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/The+republican+form+of+government

the totality of inequality in its narrow perspective. We could not imagine where it
exist and where it does not.
However, to get to know the International Relations better, an individual should be
introduced to the mainstream concepts of theories of International Relations which
is the liberalism, realism, and economic structuralism. With enough knowledge in
these mainstream principles, we can acknowledge the part of inequality in every
state to states and nation to nations. We will shortly tackle the religious belief and
ideologies of Islam State as a source of conflict and is viewed by the United Nations
as their enemy. Their ideals, beliefs, customs and any other. Power will be the most
fundamental key in understanding the mainstream principles for power could be the
prominent weapon man have had been searching for. As I have defined before
power, in accordance to book Contending Theories of International Relations,
power has both military and non-military components, and realist theorists have
developed framework for classifying the elements of National power. Such
capabilities include not only military forces, but also levels of technology,
population, natural resources, and geographical factors, form of government,
political leadership and ideology. And the realists seem to define man as evil, sinful,
power-seeking that accordingly to realist theory, human nature is not innately good
or perfectible. So in this sense, the task of the statesman lies on fashioning the
political framework of their states. According to Hans J. Morgenthau, his six
principles of realism is the cultural imperialism that affect the human mind. So H.
Morgenthau, created a notion where the balance of power will re-enacted. First,
diplomacy, second foreign policy, third nations perspective, and fourth nations
compromise. These are just the faade of the principle of H. Morgenthau introduced.
As we go on and follow the most prominent concepts of realism, let us take the step
in comprehending and knowing the full essence of six principle of realism.
(1) Politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in
human nature. This means it is possible to develop a theory that reflects
these laws and to differentiate between truth and opinion. We can put
ourselves in the position of a statesman and predict what he should
rationally do.
(2) Interest is defined in terms of power. This sets politics apart from
other spheres of action, such as economics (interest defined in terms of
wealth). Because we can assume a definition of interest, we do not have to
concern ourselves with questions of motives, preferences, and intellectual
and moral qualities of successive statesmen. Nonetheless, M. later says that
intellectual capability can affect a statesmans ability to comprehend the
essentials of foreign policy and translate them into political action. Not all
foreign policies will follow the rational course predicted by realism, due to
personal weaknesses and collective irrationality wrong ideas that have
become popularly accepted, despite reality. M. makes normative claims, too

rational foreign policy is good foreign policy because it minimizes risks

and benefits and, hence, complies both with the moral precept of prudence
and the political requirement of success.
(3) Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally
valid, but whose meaning can change. M. defines power broadly as anything
that establishes and maintains the control of man over man. Also, the
centrality of the nation state is changeable over time. While the realist
indeed believes that interest is the perennial standard by which political
action must be judged and directed, the contemporary connection between
interest and the nation state is a product of history, and is therefore bound to
disappear in the course of history.
(4) Universal moral principles cannot be applied to the actions of
states in the abstract; the circumstances of time and place must be
considered. The state must place its survival above all other moral goods.
Thus, prudence the weighing of the consequences of alternative political
actions is the supreme virtue in politics. Actions are judged by their
consequences.
(5) The moral laws that govern the universe are distinct for the
morals of any one nation.
(6) The difference between political realism and other schools is real
and profound. Realism maintains the autonomy of the political sphere and,
while recognizing that different facts of human nature (economic man,
religious man, etc.) exist, judges that political man interested only in
power is the appropriate facet for the study of politics. Legalistic-moralist
standards are appropriate to other spheres, not to politics. 14

In accordance to the theory of Hans J. Morgenthau, moral principles or moral standards

cannot be applied to the actions of states in the abstract. This only means that the
state on every nation in the planet will necessarily takes step not considering the
morality of ascribed society as means of interest. In realism also, there is no such
thing as inequality because the one who stood high above else, is taken for its merit
and acknowledge for his/her excellency. In the meantime, there is one concept in
International Relations that could be suspicious about the existence of inequality. Or
how inequality came into existence when there is this fight of idea which they called
feminism? After we have incorporated all ideas since the beginning of this seminar
paper, we will all know that this abstract concept of inequality does not exist and its
implication to human individual towards to the collective society.

14 http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~plam/irnotes07/Morgenthau1948.pdf

Feminism in its broadest significant sense, is a movement and ideologies that share
common goals: to define, establish and fight for the equal political, economic,
cultural, personal and social rights for women, a feminist is an advocates that
supports the equality and rights of women. 15 Feminism is accordingly defined by the
Merriam Webster as a belief that men and women should have equal opportunities
and rights to establish womens interest. 16 It could be however, that this feminism
is not only a notion that defines obsolete norms of women in the society, but also
including the rights of men. That men and women should be equal in terms of rights
and opportunities. Thus, what could be the implications of feminism to inequality in
the context of International Relations? No means of having a bias in a mobilization
aspect, but for what the writer have had perceived this feminism has had got to do
with inequality.
First and foremost, in what era did the concept of feminism arise? Are they having
consistency in the era of inequality. And what particular period, does this inequality
came to its existence. To what aspect that this inequality is relevant to inequality
when the definition of the said notion said that it is for the equality of men and
women. That this is the moral standard that the people around the world should
follow. Let us have a deeper understanding. Second, if these inequality had their
existence long ago and not too long ago, it is still the same as feminism does. Third,
when it comes to the conflict of feminism, how will the people realize that even if
feminism is imposed, still there is no equality in it. Why? I think that, still majority of
women in different context has been abused by men in transparent manner from
which minority will not be exposed to them. That there is the essence of irrelevant
forces undefined, to show that still, what the humans are looking for is unreachable
and never could be attained. In ancient times, they say that women, young men,
girls etc., was deprived of their social, personal, cultural and political rights that
there is no tangible and concrete equality between men and women. Exactly! I think
that this equality. If today, feminism is already been sensible in a way that it is
nearly impose in every part of the world. I think then that this equality. So where is
inequality in this part? A man walking in the street caught by a traffic enforcer and
imprisoned for the case of j-walking. Is this unequal? A woman was severely
damaged because of his husbands doing for not making a dinner and was
sentenced by the not so incompetent court adultery. Is this equal? So we cannot
rest assure that these notion of ours, is tantamount of changing the world.
According to Karl Marx in his famous quote says that, many thinkers and
philosophers had interpreted the world, however the point is to change is. 17 Yes, we
15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism
16 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/feminism
17 http://study.com/academy/lesson/karl-marxs-theories-class-differentiation-andrevolution-socialism-capitalism.html

have nearly change the world because of this, and still, is the world that everyone
desires? Then if so, what would you call to those people who have nothing in this
world even families, is the world that they desire? Maybe internal and external
conflict could only arise in every time and in every moment. That is why, the reason
for this seminar paper is to enrich and to empower the citizen of the Republic of the
Philippines that in a small way, we should not be dependent in our government
alone and instead, we should rely on our own strength and weaknesses. That we
should believe in a saying that, if the government cannot help us, why dont we
help our government? Therefore, we could accumulate a lot of energy that the
government could and never will be expected.
Institutionalism
Institutionalism comprises a group of differing theories in International Relations.
Functionalist and neofunctionalist approaches, regime theory, and state cartel
theory have in common their focus on the structures of the international system,
but they substantially differ in the way they proceed. 18 Functionalist approaches of
functional agencies should the needs of cooperation among even conflicting states.
The neofunctionalism and communitarian method of Jean Monnet advocated the
principle of supranationality: international bodies superordinated to the nation
states should administer the common interests. The functionalist approaches have
been often criticized to be idealistic and normative in their positive view in
international institutions as according indicated in the famous web. 19 This is the
most common goal of what we call institutions of international relations that could
be the manifestation of equality in the sense of world governance. The so said world
governance that we talked about the in earlier part, is a unifying forces that
maintaining the balance and conflict of the world. In the other hand, what is the socalled anarchy? What do we mean by anarchy? Anarchy is the state of the world
having the absence of world governance. Not to be mention but, it defies the
existence of international organizations or institutions that is maintaining the
harmony. 20 Why there is always disruption of country to countries, state to states
and nation to nations? Why do you think so that conflict and misinterpretation of
interest never subsides? In the art of political science as indicated thoroughly in the
book of Dannug and Campanilla, politics is a special field of interest that can be
interpreted differently. Different people coming from different backgrounds forming
different views create different brands of politics. Preferences, ideological
orientation, class origin, social status, principles, ambition, interest, goals, mission,
association, profession, career, and desires help define the politics of men.
18 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionalism_(international_relations)
19 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neofunctionalism
20 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/anarchy

However, the standard definition of politics would definitely include some essential
elements: power, rule, authority, and influence and the manner in which all are
acquired and exercised. The manner of acquiring and exercising power, authority
and influence can be democratic, autocratic, theocratic, authoritarian, consensual,
or invasional. Thus, politics is the owning and exercising of power, rule authority and
influence for whatever reasons. It is therefore no surprise that many social scientist
agree that politics is the study of power and the powerful, of influence and the
influential, of rulers and ruled, and of authority and the authoritative. 21
Liberalism
What could be liberalism? Liberalism is a political philosophy composed and
comprised of contending philosophies regarding to equality and liberty. As
accordingly indicated by Kenneth Minague in his article, it is a political doctrine
which protect the nature of human being, its freedom and its liberty as the central
problem of politics. That liberals typically believe that the government should
necessarily protect the individual from being harmed to another entity of the
government itself. As the American revolutionary pamphleteer Thomas Phaine
expressed it in Common Sense (1776), government is at best a necessary evil.
Laws, judges, and police are needed to secure the individuals life and liberty, but
their coercive power may also be turned against him. The problem, then, is to
devise a system that gives the government the power necessary to protect
individual liberty but also prevents those who govern from abusing that power. 22 The
problem is, how does the citizen should know that from giving them their liberty and
freedom it is already a sign of equality? How would you differentiate inequality from
liberty and freedom? Is there some connection? I think not. There is no at all. That is
why, whatever we take any principle in our mind, there is no such thing as
inequality. Inequality is a transcendental equality that is innately coming from the
mind of a Being. What is a Being therefore? According to Martin Heidegger, it is an
entity, an Omnipotent, Omnipresent, Omniscient, and Omniscience Being that
everyone around the globe could not even perceived, comprehend, analyze, and
simply understand. Conclusively presuming that inequality is tantamount to Being,
that inequality is an unreachable notion for everybody. It is a profound notion that
every individual seeks for. This is also the irony of life that they called mystery
because of the reason that every human being is searching for the infinite truth
which is attainable. So, arbitrary mechanical tools of human nature was invented.
Because there was never an answer, humans take the steps to invent such answer
temporarily proven and temporarily believed. Temporal notions such transcendental
qualities is symmetric to ethical studies. Ethics for example or most famous moral
philosophy, is the study of morality: of what is good and evil. According to St.
Thomas Aquinas (Christian moral philosopher and Theologian) in work Summa
21 Dannug and Campanillo 2003 Politics, Governance and Government with
Philippine Constitution
22 http://www.britannica.com/topic/liberalism

Theologae defined good and evil as transcendental qualities. What is good or

goodness? And what is evil? Good is a transcendental quality of man that is innate
and the source of its existence. Evil is the lack of presence of goodness. Let us say
for example that a cup of glass was filled by milk the three-fourth portion of it. The
three-fourth portion of the glass represents the goodness of a human being while
the one-fourth portion refers to evil on it. The cup of glass represents the human
being. Every one of us, is completely analogous to the cup of glasses that were not
filled by goodness but instead evil was there. Totally and completely concluded that
evil is non-existing itself. That we are the only one who is giving its existence, that is
why according to Hans Morgenthau in his six principles of realism that any moral
and ethical principle could never be applied to politics. Considering that politics, as
its broadest sense, is also tantamount to the prime mover or the primary or the
most well-known term which God. Wherefore, if inequality is a transcendental
quality which symmetric to evil, then, inequality is non-existing notion even though
it is still there. The state of being there do not totally deplete the notion of evil as
the meaning of the term being. In liberalism, liberalist fights for the freedom and
liberty of each people in a particular state, however, are we really sure that it is for
us, taking the view of realism in it, and as liberalism and realism share the same
common ideology which they find that the world is a harsh and a dangerous place
to live, how can an individual be sure that those people who fight for their right of
freedom and liberty is for their own sake. It could be that these people who try to be
a Saint could be hypocritical in terms of the manifestation of power. These people
only need for power, they want to be acknowledge and praise as they are striking
for their self-interest. Back again to the main question, where is this the equality in
it? According to Rene Descartes, I think therefore I exist, this statement is very
valuable as the writer find this the closest essence in finding the infinite truth. This
very profound notion deals with existentialism, philosophical science, religion etc.,
that this philosophy of Rene was enlightening the readers and students of
metaphysical understanding of what is really metaphysical metaphysics of
philosophy. This answer the broad question what is metaphysics and what is
philosophy? What could be the real essence of life and liberty? Are they temporal?
Or infinite? We are not so sure of the things around us for in a realists view, we
could be dead at any time.
Economic Structuralism
Economic Structuralism is an approach to economics and politics which represents
to the economic structure that analyze the development of institution which helps
build and maintains the harmony of the world. Such structures are represented by
International Institutions such World Health Organizations, World Bank Organization
and many others.23 Typically means that, whenever there are improvements,
institutions would the most effective way to be imposed. One of the signs that the
state is prominent or influencing is the institutions and establishments are
increasingly high. That there is ample of contribution about these investments and
whatsoever. In the meantime, we could measure the national power through
23 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralist_economics

economic structuralism, the facilities and infrastructure of state manifest that this
state is prominent. In terms of agricultural industry, economic structuralism is
concerned. In every establishments and foundations, there is economic
structuralism in there, however, the question remains in the person behind these
developments. Who are persons involved and what could be their ulterior motives?
In a game chess, one of the 48 laws of power was observed, concealment of
intentions and striking the opponent surprisingly. To let the opponent there is
nothing to be concerned since the beginning of the game. Then, there is this
efficient and sufficient evidence to present that inequality illuminates in every
aspect of politics. That politics is a competition of the competent. That if an
individual is not competent enough it could be his/her doomed.
War
When talking of politics, there were so many conflict that may arise because as
indicated previously by Dannug and Campanilla, politics is different for it was
interpreted by different persons who have different backgrounds and different
political philosophies. That is why, politics may differ in any aspect, referring to the
person who is involved as well in politics or the politicians. In saying the term in its
broadest significant sense, war may refers to the misunderstanding conflict of
interest. That war may arise because of main fight which is interest. According again
to the famous web, the etymology of war came from the old English words; wyrre
and werre. Meaning to bring into confusion or to bring into misunderstanding. War
in its simpler sense a conflict of armed societies. However, there are wars in every
aspect of internal society. There unnecessary and necessary war which results to
unexpected intrinsic end. We could not say that in our inner selves, there is no war
at all that is currently happening. It is there, it is in the most person who have
confusions in life. And because every person is having a confusion, there is war
already. There is what we call the inner confusion of self as Sigmund Freud stated in
his Psychosocial development theory. This may be literal, but literal interpretation
may be the most significant part of understanding a concept or idea. An abstract
idea could be vary through interpretation that could lead misunderstanding that is
why people need literacy for literary arts and literal understanding.
WORLD WAR I
World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great
War, was a global war centered in Europe that began on 28 of July 1914 and lasted
until 11 November 1918. More than 9 million combatants and 7 million civilians died
as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents technological
and industrial sophistication, and tactical stalemate. It was one of the deadliest
conflict in history, paving the way for major political changes, including revolutions
in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds economic great
powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the allies (based on the Triple Entente
of the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire) and the Central Powers of
Germany and Austria-Hungary. Although Italy had also been a member of Triple

Alliance alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary, it did not join the Central Powers,
as Austria-Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance. These
alliances were reorganized and expanded as more nations entered the war: Italy,
Japan and the United States joined the Allies, and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million
Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. The trigger for war
was the 28 June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria,
heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in
Sarajevo. The set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered the
ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia, and entangled international alliances formed
over the previous decades were invoked. Within weeks, the major powers were at
war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On July 28, the AustroHungarians declared war in Serbia and subsequently invaded. As Russia mobilized
in support of Serbia, Germany invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before
moving towards France, leading Britain to declare war on Germany. After the
German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front
settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that would change little until
1917. Meanwhile, on the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the
Austro-Hungarians, but was stopped in its invasion of East Prussia by the Germans.
In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Germans, opening fronts in the
Causcasus, Mesopotamia and Sinai. Italy joined the Allies in 1915 and Bulgaria
joined the Central Powers in the same year, while Romania joined the Allies in 1916,
and the United States joined Allies in 1917. The Russian government collapsed in
March 1917, and a subsequent revolution in November brought the Russians to
terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest Litovsk, which constituted a
massive German victory until nullified by the 1918 victory over the Western allies.
After a stunning Spring 1918 German offensive along the Western Front, the Allies
rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensive on 4
November 1918, ending the war in victory for the Allies. By the end of the war, the
German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire
had ceased to exist. 24
WORLD WAR II
Second World War, was a global war that lasted from the 1939 to 1945, though
related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds nations
including all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military
alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and
directly involved more than 100 million people from over the 30 countries. In a state
of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and
scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian
and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including Holocaust (in
which approximately 11 million people were killed, and which included the atomic
bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85
million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.
24 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I

The empire of Japan aimed to dominated Asia and the Pacific and was already at
war with the Republic of China in 1937, but the world war is generally said to have
begun in 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Germany and
subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom.
From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany and
the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbors,
Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. For a year starting in late June 1940,
the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth were the only Allied forces
continuing the fight against European Axis powers, with campaigns in North Africa
and the Horn of Africa, the aerial Battle of Britain and Blitz bombing campaign, as
well as the long-running Battle of the Atlantic invasion of the Soviet Union, opening
the largest land theatre of war history, which trapped the major part of the Axis
military forces into a war attrition. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United
States and European territories in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of
the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical
Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, and Germany was defeated in North Africa and then,
decisively, at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded
German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses
and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered
major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies
crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands. The war in
Europe ended with an invasion of Germany by Western Allies and the Soviet union
culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet and Polish troops and the subsequent
German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. Following the Potsdam Declaration
by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms,
the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively. With an invasion of the Japanese
archipelago imminent, the possibility of additional atomic bombings, and the Soviet
Unions declaration of war on Japan and invasion of Manchuria, Japan surrendered
on 15 August 1945. Thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the
Allies. 25
Effective end (overall conclusion, implication of inequality)
Why do you think so that war could be the last idea that the researcher was trying
to imposed to present for? Because in war, there is a high-lighted manifestation of
inequality. That if war really persist to exist, then it is also for inequality. The
question is how imminent war is, because in terms of war, mechanical or biological
weapons are involved for the purpose of massive destruction. For the purpose of
gaining power and interest, war is born. Not through military power but for
economic benefits. That the modern invasion and conquering method is the
invasion through the establishment and empowerment of economic stabilities.
When war is born, business is the symmetric idea in it, that there is business inside
the war, and this is the most basic idea capitalist and communist proponent have
their in mind. Negatively speaking, there is no sense in war. There is no common
25 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II

achievement in war, aside from money. Because it only implies that war is money
and the world is made out of money. That an individual could gain nothing when this
individual do not have money. In various political analysis, money is equivalent to
money. In an electoral campaigns and elections, money is highly needed for a
candidate to win. That every politician should come near to rich business for
sponsorship. How would a politician win if he/she does not have money for vote
buying. Then it only implies that politics also is made of money. Money in a sense,
that politics now, is also a business. A multi-billionaire business a businessman
could ever get. This is only a manifestation of game play of inequality.
In search of infinite truth and infinite good.
One of the most basic idea that the writer could ever find, is how to dwell in
this hateful, sinful, bias etc., world. Individual could not simply eradicate these
underling notion to inequality just by living. The point is how to change this. Well in
fact, the writer conclude that this is not the matter of changing but may the matter
of challenging. Challenging every individual of having the profound notion of
inequality. Meaning, how to accomplish goal in a hard situation. Perfectionism is a
way of life that is innate in every person. When in terms of perfectionism, perfection
is attainable, reachable and always susceptible. However, this what Martin
Heidegger, temporal perfection. A temporary image of perfection that man always
imagine. Hence, the implications of the realism, liberalism, and economic
structuralism and every political philosophy that a man could derive, is only
temporal. That the government entities and every law of the states are temporal
and the perfect infinite abstract laws are the DIVINE INTERVENTION. The real
essence of power reside to the supernatural phenomenon of supernatural abilities of
supernatural entity.