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    Nursing Anatomy & Physiology
    Nursing Anatomy & Physiology
    Nursing Anatomy & Physiology
    Ebook172 pages2 hours

    Nursing Anatomy & Physiology

    By john thuko

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    About this ebook

    This eBook is written for physical therapists, nursing students and other healthcare professionals. it covers the following body systems: Cardiovascular system, digestive system, muscular system and skeletal system, endocrine system, integumentary system, nervous system, immune system, Respiratory System and a List of medical root words. This book comes with detailed diagrams and in-depth descriptions. The book also cover the diseases that affect these systems.

    LanguageEnglish
    Publisherjohn thuko
    Release dateFeb 6, 2016
    ISBN9781311178664
    Nursing Anatomy & Physiology
    Author

    john thuko

    I am a freelance writer and App developer with numerous ebooks in the market. I am currently working on a fictional crime thriller.

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      Book preview

      Nursing Anatomy & Physiology - john thuko

      NURSING ANATOMY

      BY

      JOHN THUKO

      Copyright 2016. All rights reserved. No copy of this Book, except for brief review, may be transmitted, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, in any form or by any means- electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise- without the written permission of the publisher/author.

      ALFAJIRI PUBLICATIONS

      1510 WEST PAWNEE

      WICHITA, KANSAS

      Table of contents

      Cardiovascular system

      Digestive System

      Muscular System

      Skeletal System

      Endocrine System

      Female Reproductive system

      Male reproductive System

      Integumentary System

      Nervous System

      Immune System

      Respiratory System

      Medical Root words

      Cardiovascular system

      The cardiovascular system contains the Heart, Blood vessels and

      blood. There is approximately 5 liters of blood that course through

      these blood vessels as it’s pumped by the Heart. The cardiovascular

      system transports nutrients, oxygen, cellular waste products and

      hormones to the rest of the body. The heart pumps blood througout

      the body every minute.

      The Heart

      The heart is a fist-sized organ located in the thoracic region within the mediastinum and rests on the. It weighs less than a pound. The heart serves as a pump that sends blood (through blood vessels) throughout the body to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, vitamins, minerals, waste products, water and other substances.

      Pericardium- A double-walled sac covering the Heart.

      Protects the Heart

      Confines the Heart to the Mediastinum

      Allows sufficient movement

      The Pericardium consists of two parts:

      Fibrous

      Serous

      Fibrous- A thin inelastic, dense and irregular connective tissue. It helps protect the Heart and anchor it to the Mediastinum.

      Serous- This is thin and delicate. Divided into Perietal and Visceral

      Layers of the Heart wall

      Epicardium- Composed of the Mesothelium and delicate connective tissue.

      Myocardium- Responsible for pumping.

      Endocardium- Thin layer of endothelium.

      CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

      The heart consists of four Chambers:

      Right Atrium

      Left Atrium

      Left Ventricle

      Right Ventricle

      Ventricles are thick walled while the Atria are thin walled

      The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle

      Atria- they receive blood from other parts of the body:

      Left Atrium- Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.

      Right Atrium- Receives oxygen-depleted blood from the major veins

      Ventricles- they are the pumping chambers:

      Right Ventricle- Pumps oxygen-depleted blood via a short loop through the lungs where it is replenished with oxygen.

      Left Ventricle- Pumps oxygen rich blood to the rest of the body.

      The Circulatory System

      The circulatory system is a closed circuit (its contents, for the most part, does not mix with outside fluids) that efficiently moves large volumes of blood throughout the body. Blood is carried to and from the heart by a vast network different sized ‘pipes’ or vessels. The circulatory system in most adults circulates about 5 liters (5,000 ml) of blood around the body every minute. In newborns only about 2 liters is circulated. In children and adolescents, it’s about 4.1 to 4.3 liters.

      With each contraction of the heart, 60 to 130 ml is pumped out of an adult’s (about 40 ml in children) left chamber into the artery that leads to the rest of the body. As blood moves away from the heart, the large blood vessels (arteries) divide into smaller vessels (capillaries) enabling them to supply its contents (oxygen and nutrients) to every cell in the body. On the way back to the heart, the vessels merge together into larger veins as they pick up waste products (carbon dioxide and cellular waste) and deliver them to waste disposal organs:

      Lungs- Blood drops off carbon dioxide, heat and water and picks up oxygen

      Kidneys- Blood drops off waste products, salts, excess water and vitamins

      Intestines- Blood picks up nutrients, water, some vitamins and minerals.

      Other organs- Blood picks up hormones.

      The great blood vessels (aorta, pulmonary trunk, vena cava and pulmonary veins) are connected at the top of the heart.

      There are two circulatory loops, the systemic circulatory loop and the

      Pulmonary circulatory loop.

      The systemic loop carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the

      heart to the body tissues and organs (except to the heart and lungs)

      and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart. The systemic circulatory loop also gets rid of waste from body tissues.

      The pulmonary circulation loop carries deoxygenated oxygen from the

      right side of the heart to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and

      returns it to the left side of the heart.

      Blood vessels

      Blood vessels are the blood ‘highways’ of our body. The size of the

      Vessel corresponds to the quantity of blood that goes through (arteries

      are thick and capillaries thin). The hollow portion of the blood vessel

      through which blood passes is called the lumen. Blood vessels are

      lined with a thin layer of epithelium known as endothelium. the

      endothelium prevents blood clots and protects blood cells.

      There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries.

      Blood vessels are usually named according to the region they carry

      blood or nearby body structures.

      Arteries- They carry blood away from the heart. All arteries except the

      pulmonary trunk and arteries of the pulmonary circulation loop

      carry highly oxygenated blood to tall parts of the body. Due to the

      pressure of blood going through arteries they are usually thick

      walled, muscular and elastic.

      Arterioles are small arteries that branch off from the main

      Arteries and carry blood to capillaries.

      Capillaries- they are the smallest, thinnest and most common vessels

      in the body. Capillaries connect to arterioles on one end and to

      venules on the other. Capillaries help in the exchange of gases,

      Nutrients and waste products. The endothelium of the capillaries is

      very thin , it acts as a filter to allow for gases, liquids and nutrients

      to go through while keeping the blood cells inside the capillaries.

      Veins- they carry deoxygenated blood to the heart. They usually

      undergo low blood pressure and their walls are therefore thin, less

      elastic and less muscular. Since veins do not rely on the heart to

      pump blood back, they rely on gravity, inertia and skeletal muscle

      contractions to help in blood flow. Vein contain one-way valves to

      prevent the blood from flowing away from the heart.

      Venules are like arterioles but connect to veins.

      Coronary Circulation

      The heart has blood vessels that provide the myocardium with oxygen

      and nutrients. The left and right coronary arteries provide blood to the

      left and right sides of the heart. The coronary sinus is a vein that

      returns deoxygenated blood from the myocardium to the vena cava

      Hepatic Portal Circulation

      The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the stomach and small

      intestines to the liver. The liver removes toxins, stores sugars and

      processes the products of digestion before they reach other body

      tissues. Blood from the liver then returns to the heart through the

      Vena Cava.

      Aorta- Large Artery that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to other arteries leading to different regions of the body

      Inferior Vena Cava- Large Vein that returns blood from the legs and trunk of the body to the heart

      Left Auricle- Muscular flap on the outside of the heart’s left atrium that slightly increases the atrium’s capacity.

      Pulmonary Arteries- Arteries that carry oxygen-poor blood away from the heart to the lungs.

      Pulmonary Veins- Large veins that return oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the heart.

      Right Auricles- Muscular flap on the outside of the heart’s right atrium. Slightly increases the capacity of the atrium.

      Superior Vena Cava- Large vein that returns blood from the head, arms and neck to the heart.

      Blood

      The body carries about 5 liters of blood. Blood carries nutrients, waste

      and gases throughout the body. Blood is made up of red blood cells,

      white blood cells, platelets, and liquid plasma.

      Red blood cells- They make up

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