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Two Way Slab Direct Design Method


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Concrete Slab Design - Two Way Slab Direct Design Method

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ACI 318 provides two alternative methods for designing two-way slabs for concrete, The equivalent frame
method? (EFM) and the direct design method (DDM). This section will explain how the direct design method is

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For the Direct Design Method moments are found using a simplified procedure similar to analyzing a One-Way
Slab.

The Conditions:

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Construction

The following conditions must be met to use the DDM:


Panels must be rectangular in shape with a ratio of the long side to the short side of no more than 2 (this
ensures that the slab acts as a two-way slab).

Environmental

The loading consists of uniformly distributed gravity loads.


The live load does not exceed two times the dead load

General Engineering

There are a minimum of three spans.


If there are beams are present, the relative stiffness in two perpendicular directions, 0.2 <

Electrical Engineering

1l22/2l12

< 5.0

Geotechnical

Successive span lengths do not differ by 1/3 of the longest span.


And Columns are not offset by more than 10% of the span in the direction of the offset. While designing two

Structural

-way slabs, column offsets will not be considered, this is why the offset must remain small (L.T. 10%). For
large column offsets neither the DDM or EFM can be used, instead a finite element model must be used to

Statics

calculate the moment in the slab.

Mechanics of Materials
Structural Analysis

Direct Design Method Steps:

Aluminum

Step 1:

Concrete

Divide the slab into wide beams (Similar to a tributary area method but how the equations are set up I believe

Masonry

basically voids this idea, it is just good for visualization of the problem).

Steel

Step 2:

Wood

Calculate the total moment in each span using ACI 13.6.2.2[1]


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MO =

wu l2 l2n
8

where:
MO = The total moment
wu = The total factored distributed load (See Concrete LRFD to understand the required loading factors)

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l2 = the width of the wide beam


ln = face to face of the columns or other supports (note that ln 0.65l1)
l1 = center to center of the columns or supports
Note: The idea is to find a maximum moment in a beam spanning ln carrying a load wul2.

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WikiEngineer :: Structural :: Two Way Slab Direct Design Method

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Step 3:

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The Moment (MO) for each span must be distributed up into positive and negative moments according to the

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tables below:

Table 1: Distribution of Moments in Exterior Spans


Slabs that contain no beams
b/w interior supports
Type of Moment

exterior edge

slab w/ beams

without edge

with edge

exterior edge

unrestrained

b/w all supports

beam

beam

fully restrained

0.75

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.65

0.63

0.57

0.52

0.50

0.35

0.16

0.26

0.30

0.65

interior negative
moment (factored)
positive moment
(factored)
exterior negative
moment (factored)

Table 2: Distribution of Moments in Interior Spans


Type of Moment

Factor

negative moment (factored)

0.65

positive moment (factored)

0.35

The factor is multiplied by the total moment to find the positive and negative moments (e.g. a positive interior
factored moment will be 0.35xMO)

Step 4:
The width of the wide beam will now be divided into column-strip and middle-strip regions.
where:
Column Strip = a strip with a width on each side of the centerline of 0.25l2 or 0.25l1, whichever is less.
Middle Strip = a design strip bounded by two column strips (the leftovers)

Step 5:
The column strip will now take the fractions of the moment designated in Table 3 which has been provided
below.

Table 3: Distribution of Moments into Column Strips[2], a


(3.1) Positive Factored Moment
(l2 / l1)

l2
l1
l2
l1

= 0 (no beams)
1

0.5

1.0

2.0

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.90

0.75

0.45

0.5

1.0

2.0

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.90

0.75

0.45

(3.2) Interior Negative Factored Moment


(l2 / l1)

l2
l1
l2
l1

= 0 (no beams)
1

(3.3) Exterior Negative Factored Moment


(l2 / l1)

tb

0.5

1.0

2.0

l2
l1

= 0

t = 0

1.00

1.00

1.00

l2
l1

= 0

t 2.5

0.75

0.75

0.75

l2
l1

t = 0

1.00

1.00

1.00

l2
l1

t 2.5

0.90

0.75

0.45

where:

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WikiEngineer :: Structural :: Two Way Slab Direct Design Method

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Ecb Ib
Ecs Is

t = the torsional stiffness of the edge beam (Computed here)

Notes:
(a) Linear interpolation can be used when (l2/l1) is between 0 and 1.
(b) t is a torsional stiffness calc. for the edge beams.

Step 6:
Middle strips will be designed for the fraction of the moment not assigned to the column strip (which has been
computed using the factors from Table 3 above).
Therefore if section 5 gave a factor (for the two-way slab in question) of 0.35 then the moment for the middle
strip will be 1-0.35 or 0.65.

References:
1. American Concrete Institute, "ACI 318", 2005
This equation can be found in ACI 318 13.6.2.2
2. American Concrete Institute, "ACI 318", 2005
This information can be found in 13.6.4.1 through 13.6.4.3

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