Mobile Communication entails transmission of data to and from handheld devices. Two or more communications
devices, at least one is handheld or mobile. Location of the device can vary either locally or globally. Communication
takes place through a wireless, distributed, or diversified network.
Communication a two-way transmission and reception of data streams
Signals for Voice, data, or multimedia streams transmitted
Signals received by a receiver. It is communicated by a variation of electrical voltage v or current I through a path
between two points in a circuit. The values v or i vary as a function of time t.
Signals from a system transmit through a fiber, wire, or wireless medium.
According to defined regulations, recommended standards, and protocols.
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Antennae
Devices that transmit and receive electromagnetic signals
Most function efficiently for relatively narrow frequency ranges
If not properly tuned to the frequency band in which the transmitting system connected to it operates, the transmitted
or received signals may be impaired.
The forms of antennae are chiefly determined by the frequency ranges they operate in and can vary from a single
piece of wire to a parabolic dish.
Antennae Forms
Chiefly determined by the frequency ranges they operate in
Vary from a single piece of wire to a parabolic dish.
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Fig: /2 and /4 Radiation pattern in z-y and x-z planes- Identical signal amplitude along circle.
Fig: Directed Transmission Antenna Radiation pattern in z-y and z-z planes Radiation Pattern.
Fig: Same Antenna Radiation pattern in x-y planes Radiation Pattern.
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Modulation
Makes wireless transmission practical
Increases the compatibility of transmitted signal and transmission medium
The process of varying one signal, called carrier, according to the pattern provided by another signal (modulating
signal).
The carrier usually an analog signal selected to match the characteristics of a particular transmission system.
The amplitude, frequency, or phase angle of a carrier wave is varied in proportion to the variation in the
amplitude variation of the modulating wave (message signal).
Equation for signal amplitude
at an instant t,
s(t) s(t)= s0 sin [(2 c/ t) + t0 ]
= s0 sin [(2 f t) + t0]
s0 the peak amplitude (amplitude varies between s0 and s0)
c the velocity of the transmitted wave
t0 the phase angle of the signal at t = 0 (a reference point with respect to which t is considered)
f the signal frequency
Modulation of the voice or data signal
A technique by which fc or a set of carrier frequencies used for wireless transmission such that
peak amplitude, sc0,
frequency, fc,
Phase angle ct0 varies with t in proportion to the peak amplitude of the modulating signal sm(t).
Types of Modulation
Amplitude modulation (AM) if amplitude of carrier varied
Frequency modulation (FM) if frequency varied
Phase modulation if phase angle varied
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Frequency Modulation:
Digital Modulation
A technique by which amplitude, frequency, or phase angle parameters of carrier or sub-carrier frequencies varied
according to the variation in the
modulating signal bit 1 or 0 the or
modulating bit-pair 00, 01, 10 or 11
or set of 4 or more bits
Digital Modulation of 1s and 0s
Amplitude Shifted Keying (ASK) if as per 1 or 0 amplitude of carrier varied
Frequency Shifted Keying (FSK) if as per 1 or 0 frequency varied
Amplitude Shifted Keying Modulation (ASK)
BPSK
QPSK
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GSM standards
A set of standards and protocols for mobile telecommunication
A global system for mobile (GSM) was developed by the Groupe Spciale Mobile (GSM)
Founded in Europe in 1982
Support cellular networks
GSM 900
GMSK modulation
FDMA for 124 up channels and 124 down channels
890-915 MHz for uplink and 935-960MHz
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Mobile Computing Also called pervasive computing when a set of computing devices,
systems, or networks have the characteristics of transparency, application-aware adaptation,
and have an environment sensing ability.
Mobile Computing having :
Novel applications.
A large number of applications.
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1. Programming Languages:
Java -- J2SE.
J2ME (Java2 Micro edition)
Java Card (Java for smart card
The Java enterprise edition (J2EE) used for web and enterprise server based
applications of mobile services.
C and C++
Visual C++
Visual Basic.
2. Operating System:
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5. Protocols :
Such as GSM 900, GSM900/1800/1900, UMTS, and I-Mode
WPAN protocols Bluetooth, IrDA, and Zigbee)
WLAN protocols for example, 802.11a and 802.11b)
WAP
6. Layers :
1. Physical for sending and receiving signals (for example, TDMA or CDMA coding)
2. Data-link (for example, multiplexing)
3. Networking (for linking to the destination)
4. Wireless transport layer security (for establishing end-to-end connectivity)
5. Wireless transaction protocol
6. Wireless session protocol
7. Wireless application environment (for running a web application, for example, mobile ebusiness)
Mobile Devices:
These are classified into a few broad categories.
1. Handheld Mobile Smartphones with Multimedia Functionalities Mobilephones are handheld devices with large functionalities. Each mobile devices
used in cellular network. Smartphones are hybrid cellular phones that possess some
advanced functionalities of multiphones or multimedia phones the functions of regular
mobile phones.They can also play MP3 format for Audio and MP4 format for Videos in
addition to the smartphone functionalities.
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An open standard based on the IP (internet protocol).defined by the IETF RFC Standard.
Mobile IP network provides the mobile IP service using home agents and foreign
agents.
Fig:- Comm`n between mobile devices using a WLAN network through access points(hotspots)
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Fig: Comm`n of mobile nodes and sensors nodes directly and using a base station as a gateway.
1. Explain about Guided and Unguided Transmission along its Advantages & Disadvantages.
2. a) Write short notes on i) Mobile Communication ii) Mobile Computing iii)Antennae iv)Signal v)Modulation
b) Explain in detail about Mobile System Networks & its Types.
3. Briefly explain about Modulation Methods standards for Voice or Data-Oriented Signal.
4. a)what is mobile Computing? Explain Novel Applications and limitations of mobile computing.
b) Explain & Draw a neat sketch of Mobile Computing Architecture.
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