Malhematical Notes, Vol. 63, No.

6, 1998

On Boundary Properties of the Components of Polyharmonic Functions

E. P. D o l z h e n k o

UDC 517.5

ABSTRACT. The following two classes of functions are introduced for p > 0: the class CUP(G) of uniformly
continuous functions of order p in a domain G C C, and the class 9/F(G) of functions of the boundedness of
order p in G. Criterions are established for an n-analytic function to belong to each of these classes.
KEY WORDS: Cauchy-Riemann equation, polyanalytic function, boundary value, uniform continuity, modulus
of continuity.

Introduction

A function f ( z ) = f ( z , y) (a complex-valued one, generally speaking) that possesses continuous partial

derivatives up to order n :> 1 in x and y in a domain G C C is said to be a polyanalytic f~a~ction of
order n in G, or n-analytic in G, if it satisfies the generalized Cauchy-Riemann e q u a t i o n Onf/O-~ = O.
We denote by An(G) the class of all such functions. As usual, we denote by C ( G ) the class of all
continuous functions in G. The functions f E A2(G) are called bianalytic in G. A n y function f E An(G)
can be represented uniquely in the form

f ( z ) = ~00(z) + ~ l ( z ) + - - - + ~n-l~on-I(z),

(1)

where the functions ~k are holomorphic in G. In the unit disk D := {z : ]z I < 1}, t h e representation (1)
can readily be transformed to the form

f ( z ) = P(z,-~) + go(z) + (1 - [zl2)gl(z) + . o . + (1 - IZI2)n--lgn_l(Z),

P(z,

+... +

Z E D,

(2)

0),

where Pk(z) is a polynomial of degree <_ k - 1 in z for k k 1, and the functions gk are holomorphic
in D.
It is known [1-3] that if a closed Jordan analytic curve F bounds a domain G C C , w = ~(z) is any
one-sheeted conformal mapping of G to the disk D, and r is the inverse mapping, then the equation of
the curve F can be written as ~ = a(z). Here the function
:=

(3)

(often called Schwartz function) is holomorphic and one-sheeted in some neighborhood of the curve I~;
moreover, in some neighborhood Q(ar) of this curve the following inequality holds:

K p ( z , F) _< [ ~ - a(z)l <_ Lp(z, r ) ,

z E Q(ar),

(4)

where p(z, F) is the distance from z to r and the positive constants K and L are independent of
z E Q(ar). Note that aRm(z) = 1/z. By expanding 5 k from Eq. (1) in powers of (~ - a(z)), we see that
if the function f ( z ) is n-analytic in some neighborhood Q of the analytic curve F , which might happen
to be one-sided (Q n 1" : O), and the function a = ar is hotomorphic in Q, then

f(z) = ho(z) + (5 - a(z))hl(z) + . . . + (5 - a(z))n-lh,~_l(Z),

z e Q,

Translated from Matematicheskie Zametki, Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 821-834, June, 1998.
Original article submitted October 28, 1996.
724

0001-4346/98/6356-0724
$20.00 C)1998 Plenum Publishing Corporation

(5)

where the functions hk are holomorphic in Q. This is the generalization of the representation (2).
The functions ~o~, g~ and hk are called holomorphic components of the function f E A,,(G) (evidently,
It is known that "good" properties of a polyanalytic function cannot be automatically extended to its
holomorphic components. For example, there exist functions f that are bianalytic in D and holomorphic
in D whose holomorphic components have discontinuities at every point ~ E OD and which do not possess
even angular limits almost everywhere on OD (see Lemma 5). The main result of this paper is Theorem 1,
which shows that the uniform boundary properties of the summands in the representations (2) and (5) of
the function f E An(G) are not worse than the corresponding properties of f .
Let us recall and introduce some definitions and notation.
As usual, let
co(f, E , 6) := sup{If(z) - f(t)l : z, t E E, Iz - tl <__6},
6> 0
be a modulus of continuity of the function f(z), z E E C C. The function w(r) is called a modulus of
continuity (in the general case) if it is well defined, nonnegative, and does not decrease for r > 0; moreover,
w(0) = 0 and co(u+v) < co(u)+co(v) for all nonnegative u and v. If f ( z ) is bounded on a convez set E ,
then the function co(r) := co(f, E , r) possesses all these properties. For any modulus of continuity c0(r),
there exists a modulus of continuity ~(r) which is concave for r > 0 and twice continuously differentiable
for r > 0 and satisfies 3 - t w ( r ) < D(r) < 3co(r) for r > 0 (see [4, w

Halo difference and halo modulus of continuity

Definition 1. For any number R > 0 and any function f(z) defined at the point z and Lebesgue
integrable on the circle C = {z : It - z I = R}, the expression

1 fc
aRf(

= A

f(z) -

i #.2~
if(t) -

Idtl =

]o

+ Re'~ -

dO

is called a halo difference of radiuz R at the point z of the function f . Clearly,

1

at
f(O - f(z)) t-

Rf(z) =

(6)

It is known that if the function f ( z , y) has smooth derivatives of the second order in the neighborhood
of a point (x, y), then

l{

lira R - 2 A R f ( x , y) = -~~,

f(x,y)

R--.*O

Ox2

Ni

0 f(x,y)
OzOF

For a function f(z) belonging to the domain of nth power of the operator AR at a point z, the
expression A~Rf(z ) is said to be an nth halo difference of radius R at the point z of the function f .
The function
Wo(~)(f, G, 6) = sup{IA~f(z)l},

0 < 6 < oo,

co(q)rfor
,~, G, 0) = 0,

is said to be a halo modulus of continuity of order q (q > 1) of the function f defined in some domain G,
where the supremum is taken over all pairs (z, R) such that 0 < R < g and the closed disk of radius qR
and center z is in G.
R e m a r k 1. For p > 0, it follows from the definitions of A~f(z) and w([)(f, G, 6) that if f E 9YtP(G)
(see Definition 2 below), then w(qr)(f, G, 6) = O(6 s) as 6 --* 0, where s = rain{p, q}, and if f E CUP(G)
then W(oqr)(f, G, 6) = o(6~).
In what follows, we write C~ := k!/p!(k - p)! for the binomial coefficients.
725

L e m m a 1. If the function f e A,(G) is represented in the form (1), then

n--2

A R f ( z ) = Z - ~ v S p ( f , R ; z),

z e a,

o < R < p := p(z,

OG),

(7)

p=O
n--1

R2k_2p

,~

s ~ ( l , R ; ~ ) = 6=v+1
~ ~t~6, ( ~ - P)t'~6~'-~,'tz)'"
AaR-lf(z) ----(rt -- l~R' 2~'-afln'-x)tz~,

wn-I , ,,

n _> 2,

p=O,...,n--2,
zEG,

0<R<

t,( , , OC)
n-1

(8)

P r o o f . If {t : I t - z I < R} C G then

1 fc~6--~6

u-1

c = {z: It- ~1 = R}

(9)

6=1

(see (6) and (1)). Further,

k-1

P - ~ = ~ c~(~-

~)~-~",

p=O

(t---~)q~ok(t)(t - z) -1 dt = R 2q ~ ~ok(t)(t - z) - q - ' dt = R2q2~ri'"(q)"

-~[-. wt, tz),"
1 f c ~6 _ -~6

2~i

k-1

t----=7-~6(tlet= ~ c ~ ( k - p ) !

R2(6_p)yv~o~6_r)(z),

p=O
n--I k--1

~s(.)

= ~
k=l

n--2

~ ' ~ 6 ~ - o l ~.~6-.)~,,~(6-.).~.
~6 ,-, = ~ ' s . ( s , R ;
p=O

--

"

~)

p-----O

(see (9)), and this proves (7). Since the leading term (for p = n - 2, k = n - 1) of the sum (7) has
the form -~"-2S,,_2(f, R; z) = -~"-2(n - 1)R2~0"_l(z), we obtain Eq. (8) for (n - 1)th power of the
operator AR. V1
C o r o l l a r y 1. I f f E An(G), n >_2, then

(see(1))

_<

(f,

where
Cn

n2n--2
-

(.

- 1)!

zeG,

p=p(z,OG),

< .-.--1 (2~(n_ 1))-~/'

(To estimate Cn, one needs Stirling's formula and the inequality (n[(n - 1)) "-1 < e.)
w

Uniform boundedness and uniform continuity

Let p be a real number. We denote by (p) the maximal integer which is strictly less than p (p = (p)+a,

O<a<_l).
D e f i n i t i o n 2. Bounded (respectively uniformly continuous) functions in a domain G axe called bounded
(respectively uniformly continuous) of order 0 in this domain. For p > 0, the function f ( z ) = f ( x , y) is
said to be bounded of order p in a domain G if it possesses all its partial derivatives of order (p) or less
in G, and the derivatives of order less than (p) satisfy the Lip 1 condition (we set O~176176 := f), and
all derivatives of order (p) satisfy the condition Lip(p - (p)). Moreover, if all the partial derivatives of
726

order [p] exist, and their modulus of continuity in G is of order o(rP-Ir]) as r ---}O, then the function f
is said to be a uniformly continuous of order p in the domain G. For p < 0, we call a function ] bounded
of order p if it is locally bounded in G and [f(z)[ = O(p n) for p = p(z, OG) --* 0; if f is continuous in G
and If(z)l = o(pp) as p --, 0, then f is said to be uniformly continuous of order p in the domain G.
If it is possible to connect any two points z and t in G from a bounded domain G by a smooth
curve L(z, t) of length < C[z - t[, where C is independent of z and t, then the boundedness (uniform
boundedness) of integer order p > 0 of a polyanalytic in G function f is equivalent to the boundedness
in G (respectively uniform continuity) of all its partial derivatives of order p. The class of all functions f
which are bounded of order p in a domain G is denoted by lOin(G) and CUr(G) stands for the class
of all functions f uniformly continuous of order p. The classes M(rnw(r), G) are generalizations of the
classes

Definition 3. Let us assume that p is an integer , p E ( - o o , oo), w(r) is a modulus of continuity, G is

a domain, and a function f is defined and locally bounded on G. We say that f possesses boundeduess of
refined order rPw(r), and write f E M(rPw(r), G) if If(z)[ = O(pPw(p)) for p < 0 as p = p(z, OG) --} O,
or f has partial derivatives of all orders < p in G for p >_ 0, and moreover, the modulus of continuity
of all derivatives of order p equals O(w(r)) in G, and the derivatives of smaller orders satisfy the Lip 1
condition in G.
According to the above, for a bounded domain G (only such domains are considered) without loss of
generality we can assume that either w(r) - 1 for r > 0 (w(0) = 0) or w(r) is continuous and concave
for r > 0 and continuously differentiable for r > 0. Moreover, in the definitions of the classes 9)I(. )
and CU(. ), we evidently need not require that properties of the function w(r) concerning the modulus
of continuity or refined boundedness hold for all r > 0; it suffices that these properties hold in some
interval [0, e], e > 0 (in that case the function w(r) can be extended to [0, co) with the above-mentioned
properties preserved).
L e m m a 2. Assume that G is a domain bounded by a finite number of dosed smoo~h Jordan curves
without common points, j and p (j > p, j >__1) are integers, w(r) is a modulus of continuity, the
function f(z) = f ( z , y) has continuous partial derivatives of all orders <_j in" "G, and its derivatives of
order j belong to M(rn-iw(r)). Then

['
f e M (\Jr

feM
\

r p [ w(S) d s + r p+I
J0
s

p= -1,

(11)

ds ,

p>O,

(12)

ds

p >_O,

S2

f E M rp

(10)

p <_ -2,

f e M(rPw(r)),
/

'

"7

p>_O,

'

j = p + l,

fo 1
8

ds < oo,
(13)

ds < c~.

R e m a r k 2. If the modulus of continuity co(r) is concave and continuously differentiable for r > 0,
then Eqs. (11)-(13) can be rewritten in the "canonical" form f E M(rqwk(r)) (see Definition 3), where q
is an integer, and the continuity modulus w~(r) is concave and continuously differentiable for r > 0
(k -- 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) .
P r o o f o f L e m m a 2. We assume that the function w(r) is concave for r > 0 and continuously
differentiable for r > 0.
Assume that L(z) is any smooth curve connecting some fixed point b E G to z E G,

9i,q(t)-

Oil(z)

'

O<q<j,
T27

dgj,q(t)/ds is the derivative of gj,q(t) at the point t E L(z) in the negative direction along the arc of the
curve L(z). Clearly,

dgJ-l'q(t)l<:[gj,q+l(t)[+[gj,q(t)[ ,
~

f, EL(z),

O<q<j-

1.

Choosing the curve L(z) so that its extremity tends to z along the normal to F = ~ G (the normal from
the point r e F nearest to z), and integrating dgi_l,q(t)/ds in ds from z to b along L(z), we obtain
the estimate

cgJ-'f(z)

]----0

O~q O v i - l - q l

(//

r'-Jw(r)dr

p=p(~,r)-.0,

0<q<j-1

(14)

which is uniform in z ---, F. Replacing j successively by j - 1, j - 2 , . . . , 1 in (14) a n d using the Cauchy

formula for j-nmltiple integrals with respect to the lower limit, we obtain

I/(~)1

= O

(I'

(r - p)j-lrp-iw(r)dr

)(I

=0

rP-lw(r) dr ,

p = p(z, F) ---* 0.

(15)

For p = - 1 this gives (11). For p < - 2 , using integration by parts and the estimates

2~.,(,-) ___,~(~) _< ~o(~)

~(~)e~,

for ,,(~) ---

we obtain the inequality

.7:=

,,(r),"-2dr>O-f,,,(p)+

,-,-l~,(,-)d,-=,,(1)-~-l,,(p)+(1-p)

(1-p)J;

therefore I < 2f~(p). Together with (15), this gives (10).

If p _> O, then by successively applying equality (14) and replacing j by j , j - 1, j - 2, . . . , p + 1 in it,
we obtain

Ovf(z)
Ox~OyP-q

=0

--dr

p=p(z,F)--*O,

'

O<q<p.
-

This proves Eq. (12).

Finally, let p > 0 and f01 ,o(,) ds < oo. Let us prove that every function

OPf(z)

0 <_q <_p,

gp,q(Z) = O x q O y p - q '

has a continuous extension to F~ and

w(gp,q, F, ~) = 0

dr + ~

dr

~ --+ O"

'

(16)

'

moreover, the second summand in the right-hand side of Eq. (16) vanishes for j = p -F 1.
Note that if j = p + 1, then

gp+l,q(Z)= 0 ( ~ - ~ - ) ,

p= p(z,F)~

0,

(17)

0<_q< pq-1,

since gJ,q e M(rP-iw(r)). If j > p + 1, then replacing j successively by j , j - 1, j - 2 , . . . , j - p - 1

in (14) as above, we obtain
Igp+l,q(Z)l ----O

728

(i

(r - p)/-P-2rP-Jw(r) dr

= O

-7

dr ,

p -, 0

(18)

for 0 < _ q _ p + l .
Now let w E F, let a smooth curve start at the point b E G and finish as an interval which is
perpendicular to F at the point w, and let all points of L(w) belong to G with the exception of w.
Then (17) and (18) imply that the integral of dgp,q(z)/ds in ds along L(w) exists and is independent of
the choice of L(w); thus gp,q(z) has the limit gp,q(w) along the normal at the point w. If v, w E F and
d := Iv - w[ is small, then the internal normals of length d to F with the starting points v and w and
final points V and W , respectively, together with the interval [V, W], form a three-arc polygonal line
connecting v t o w . From Eq. (18), it follows that for j > p + 1 the increments A~v and Aww of the
function gp,q(z) on [% V] and [W, w] have values of order

and its increment A v w on [V, W] is of order

uniformly in the pairs v and w as d --* 0. If j = p + 1, then, by Eq. (17), we have

a.v

= o

dr

a.w

= o

ar

xvw =

= o

dr
7"

The last equality concerning the order follows from the monotone decreasing of w(r)/r (because the
function w(r) is concave). This proves Eq. (16).
Next, for a 1-connected domain G, we set h = 1 and set h := rain{l, h ~} in the multiply connected
case, where h t is the minimum of pairwise distances between the 1-connected components F. Let 7 be
one such component, and G(7) = {z 6 G : p(z, 7) < hi4}. Let us take some points V, W e G(7). Let v
and w be the points on 7 nearest to V and W respectively such that the distance between them is
minimal. Set
S := [v - W[,
a := min{p(V, r ) , p ( w , r)}.
If 6 >_ R, than [Avw[ _< [A~v[ + [A~,[ + [A~w[; hence

Igp,,(V)

- gp,,(W)l < B

w(r) dr + 6

dr

6 > O,

0 < q < p

(19)

( B is independent of V and W). If 6 < R, then the distance between any point ~ E [V, W] and F is no
less then R/2, and from (17) we obtain
(R

~0~ w(r)

for j = p + 1, because the function w(r)/r decreases and

~w

8 < 2w

_< 2w(6) < 2

~r

dr.

For j > p + 1 from (18), we have

[gv,,(V)-gv,,(W)l < C3(foS ~ d r

+ 6 ~ 1 ~ 2 ) dr) ;

hence we obtain inequality (19) as 6 = IV - W I ~ 0 for any position of the points V and W in G(7).
Thus relations (13) are proved. []
The next assertion, which is necessary in the sequel, follows directly from L e m m a 2.
L e m m a 3. Assume that the domain G is bounded by a finite number of dosed smooth Jordan curves
without common points, p is a negative or noninteger positive number, j is a natural number, and all
partial derivatives of order j of the function f belongs to the class 9~P-i(G) (or CUP-i(G) ). Then
f C 9JlP(G) (or f C CUP(G), respectively).
729

The main theorem

The next assertion is a particular case of Theorem 1.

L e m m a 4. Assume that F is a dosed Jordan analytic curve, the function a(z) = a t ( z ) is holomorphic
and satisaes inequalities (4) on the closure of some 2-connected domaha Q bounded by the curve F and a
closed Jordan analytic curve s s
= 0 , the function h(z) is holomorphlc on Q u s p is a real number,
and k is a nonnegative integer. Then for the (k + 1)-analytic in Q function f ( z ) = (-i - a(z))kh(z) to be
an element of 9~k+P(Q) or CU~'+F(Q), it is necessary and stt~cient that h belong to ffJtp(Q) or CUp(Q)
respectively. If h E ffJtp(Q) and p + k > O, then the function f extended to F by zero and all its
partial derivatives of order less than k + (p) satisfy the Lip I condition on Q and all its derivatives of
order k + (p) satisfy the L i p ( p - ( p ) ) condition; further, all its derivatives of orders 0 < q < k - p vanish
on r ( p - = r e = i - p , 0}).

P r o o f . In what follows, we set p := p(z, F) < p(r, s

Necessity. Let f E ff)I~+P(Q). If p > 0 then the holomorphic function

h-

10kf
k! 8-~k

belongs to 99Zp(Q); this is the required assertion. If p < 0 and k + p < 0, then [f(z)l = O(pk+P), p ~ O,
and lh(~)l = o ( r
h ~ ~ p ( Q ) (by definition of f). If p < 0, k + p > 0, then, by Remark 1 and
Corollary 1, we have

lh(k)(z)l = O(p-2kp k+p) = O ( f - k ) ,

h (k) e ~ p - k ( Q )

( h . = ~., see (i) and (5)).

By Lemma 3, this implies h E ~t2~P(Q).
S~ffJciency. Since

0y

of

of

of
.of
.of
yff = ' ~ - ' ~ ,

a z - o~ + ~ ,

then
Oqf(z)
OxrOyq-"

0<,,~<k
0<j<~
l<j+m<_q

,,,~,j(~)(~- <~))~-'~h(~)(~),

q >_ 1,

o < ,- < q,

(20)

where the functions Umd(Z) = u,~,,i(q , r ; z) axe holomorphic on Q u F. Let h E !~)tP(Q).

1) Let p > 0 be n o n i n t e g e r a n d p = v + a
(v = [p] > 0, 0 < a < 1). I f j _< v, then the function
f=,i(z) := ( 5 - a(z))k-mh(D(z) is continuous and satisfies the L i p s condition on Q (see (4)), and if
q < k then f m , i ( z ) --* 0 as p ---* O. If j > v + 1(> p), then we represent the function h (~) e Lip o~ on Q
as a Cauchy integral in OQ. By the Cauchy formula for derivatives, we obtain the relation

dJ-"h(")(z) _ O(p,~-(/-,,)) = O(pP-J),

h(J)(z) = - - d z i - "
which, together with (4), implies

fm,i(~) = O(p Ck+')-r

= O(p~+P-~) ;

thus f,~,i(z) ~ 0 as p --~ 0 for q < k + p in this case also. From the above it follows that

Oqf ( z )
OzrOyq--r
730

*0

for

q < k,

O<r<q,

p---~O.

(21)

For 0 < r < q, by (21) we have the estimate (see Lemma 3)

a=,auk+.+~_ ~ = o(v~-~),

/ 9 ~k+P(O,)

as v --* o.

2) Let p > 0 be an integer. Then IhO)(z)l _< M = const for j _< p, z 9 Q. If j > p, z 9 Q, then

hence IhU)(z)l = O ( ~ - ~ ) . Therefore, equality (21) is fulfLlled in all cases; this implies the boundedness
of all (k + p)-derivatives of the function f , the inclusion f 9 ~/v+k(Q), and the convergence to 0 of all
its partial derivatives of order q < k as p ~ O.
3) Let p < 0, k + p < 0. Then Ih(z)l = O(r
If(z)l = O(pk+P), f 9 ~k+p(Q).
4) Finally, let p < 0, k + p > 0. From the Cauchy inequality

we obtain h(J)(z) = O(tr*-j) as p ---*O. Eq. (21) follows from this and from (4). For q = k + (p) + 1,
by (21) and (20), we have
a, y(z) = o(r
OZr Oyq--r

o < , < q.

For integer p, this implies the boundedness of the derivatives of order q = k + (p) + I = k + p of the
function f , and for noninteger p, it means that the derivatives of order q = k + [p] + 1 of the function f
are equal O(pr-[rl-1). In both cases f q 9Ytk+r(Q) (see Lemma 3). From (21), it also follows that
Oqf ( z ) --~ 0
Ozr Oyq-r

The case h

for

O < q < k + p,

0<r<q,

z---,r.

E CUP(Q) is analyzed similarly. []

The next theorem is the main assertion of this paper. It implies that the summands of the representations (2) and (5) almost do not interfere with each other, i.e., they are "orthogonal-like." Probably, this
fact plays an important role for the boundary properties of polyharmorfic functions.
Theorem
p ( r , OG \ I')
A ( z ) := ( ~ the curve F,

1. Assume that G is a domain whose boundary contains a closed Jordan analytic curve r ,
> 0, a polyanalytic function f in G can be represented near to r in the form (5), and
a ( z ) ) k h K z ) , 0 < k < n - 1. Then for all p e R, in some one-sided neighborhood Q, C G of
~,e have the equivaiences:

fEgJIP(Q)
fECUP(Q)

.'. ;.

fkEgJIP(Q) Vk, 0 < k < n - 1 -C y hkE92F-k(Q) Vk,

-: '.- f k E C U P ( Q )

Vk, 0 < k < n - 1

hkECUP-k(Q)

O<_k<_n-1,

Vk, 0 < k < n - 1 .

(22)
(23)

P r o o f i Let Q, Q c G be any one-sided neighborhood of the curve F where a t ( z ) is defined, and let
inequalities (4) hold for p = p(z, F).
Let us prove (22). Let f E 9~p(Q). If p > n - 1, then

0n--lf

(n - 1)!h,-1 - O_~n_1 E 9)lp-(n-1) ,

and fn--1 ~ ~P(Q) by Lemma 4. If p < n - 1, then

lh~t-~')(z)l = O(p,,-~(',-'))
731

by Corollary 1. Since p < n - 1, by (n - 1)-multiple integration of h(,,=_~O(z), we obtain the inclusion

h,,_, 9 ~ J ~ - ( " - ' ) ( Q ) ; hence ],,_~ 9 ~J/~(Q) holds by Lemma 4. Thus

f 9

P(Q)

'.. A - , 9

Therefore, the (n - 1)-analytic function f ( z ) - (-~- a ( z ) ) ' * - l h . - , ( z ) belongs to t h e class ~ p ( Q ) . As

proved above, the function (~ - a(z))"-2h._2(z) belongs to 9'Jtp(Q), etc; by induction it follows that
h0 E ffJlP(Q). Thus
IEffJI"(Q) ===vAE99P'(Q) Vk, 0 < k < n - 1 .
The converse assertion is obvious. The equivalence fk 6 ~/~P(Q)
Lemma 4. The proof of (23) is similar. [3

-.' }

hk E 9 ~ p - } ( Q ) follows from

C o r o l l a r y 2. If the domain G C C is hounded by a 6nite number of simple analytic curves without

common points, and f 9 A , ( G ) N ffJt"(G) (or f 9 A , ( G ) 0 OVP(a) ), p 9 R, then (see (1))

~ok 6 ~OIP-"+~(G),

0 < k < n - 1 (respectively,

~ E CU"-"+I(G),

0 < k < n - 1 ).

This assertion cannot be strengthened, whatever the choice of numbers n > 1, p 6 N , 0 < k < n - 1.
Indeed, the right-hand side of the assertion follows from Theorem 1. To prove the second part, set
f ( z ) = (1 - z'~)'*-Xg(z), where g(z) is holomorphic in D, g e ffJlq(D) for q = p - rt 4- 1, but g ~ ~ q ( D )
for q > p - n 4 - 1 .

Corollary 3. If the domain G C C is bounded by a simple analytic curve F a n d f 6 A,,(G) N C(-G)

then the identity ho(Q = f ( Q is true on F for the representation (5) of the function f . If, besides, the
function ho(z) is holomorphic everywhere in G, then w(ho, "G, 5) <<_108w(f, F, 6), ~ > 0.
Indeed, f e CU~
hence hi, e CU-~'(G), hk(z) = o(p -~) for 1 < k < n - 1 ( p = p(z, F) -~ 0) and
fk(z) := (~ - a(z))khl,(z) --* 0 for z --* F; thus fk(f) = 0 for k _> 1, h0(t) -- f ( Q ( f E F). The inequality
w(g,-G, 5) <_ 108w(g, F, 5) is proved in [5] for arbitrary functions g 6 C(G) holomorphic in G.

Corollary 4. Let the function f E A , ( D ) be represented in the form (2) and f k ( z ) := (1 -[zl2)kg~(z).
Then
f69Y~P(D) .'. '.. fl, 6frJIP(D)

f6CUP(D)

-'. '.- fi, e C U P ( D )

Vk, 0 < k < n - 1

-~ ~ gke93IP-J'(D)

Vk, O < k < n - 1

.'. :. g k 6 C U P - k ( D )

Vk, 0 < k < n - 1 ,

Vk, O<k<n-1.

C o r o l l a r y 5. If the function f ( z ) = ~0(z) + 5~l(z) is bianalyfc in the disk D and satisiles the
condition
w ( f , D, 5) = 0(6),
6~ 0
(24)
(i.e., f 6 Lip 1 in D ), then its holomorphic components ~o(z) and ~l(z) have finite angular limits almost
everywhere on (gD. It is impossible to relax assumption (24) to w ( f , G, 5) = O(w(6)), 6 ~ 0 for any
non-Lipshitz modulus of continuity w(6) (i,e., w(6)16 ~ oo for 6 ---* 0 ).
The last statement follows from the following assertion.
L e m m a 5. For any non-Lipshitz modulus of continuity w( 6) in A2( D ) N C( D ) , there exists a function
f ( z ) = ~0(z) + ~ l ( z ) which vanishes on OD such that w ( f , D, 6) <_ w(6), 6 > O, and moreover the
holomorphic functions ~o(z) and ~pl(z) do not possess angular limit at almost all points ~ E ODo

732

P r o o f . By the Barth and Schneider theorem [6], for any function p(r) > 0, 0 < r < 1, that increases
monotonically to +oo as r increases from 0 to 1, there exists a function ~(z) # 0 holomorphic in D
possessing the radial limit 0 at almost every point ~ E OD; moreover I~,(z)l < p(Izl), z e D . By the
Luzin-Privalov uniqueness theorem [7], ~(z) has no angular limits anywhere on OD. The holomorphic
components of the function f ( z ) := (1 - z'~)~o(z) also have no angular limits anywhere on OD. Let the
function p(r) satisfy the inequalities
24(1 - r)p(r) < ~ ( 1 - r)
for 0 < r < l .

Then for z E D

we have
1

If(z)l < 2(1 - I z l ) p ( 1 - (1 - I~1)) < ~2~( 1 - I z l ) ,

f ( z ) --* 0 for I~1 --* 1. Set f ( z ) = 0 on OO. If z ~ D and t ~_ OD, then for A := f ( t ) -- f ( z ) we obtain
I~1 -< l w ( 1 - I~1) <- ~,(Iz - tl).
If z, t E n and for example 1 - Itl < It - zl, then 1 - Izl < (1 - Itl) + It - zl and
I/Xl _< If(t)l + If(z)l _< ~ ( ~ ( 1

-Itl) +~(1

N o w let z, t e D , It - zl <_ 1 - Izl < 1 - Itl. If the function

for 2d = p =: p(z, a G ) and C := { t : It - zl = d} we have

Eg'(.)l=

9(t)(t-.)-2dt

<

- Itl) + ~,(It - zl)) < ~,(It - zl).

g(z)

is holomorphic in s o m e d o m a i n G , then

m x{19(t)t:t a,

(25)

Hence I~'(z)l < p(1 - d)/d, and for the increment df of the function f along the infinitesimal vector dz
we obtain the inequality

Idfl <_

(1~ I~
~

+ -~u

Idzl < 2 2 p ( 1 - 2 d ) +

Integration of dr(z) along the interval [z, t] yields the inequality

IAI < 1 2 p ( 1 - d)lt "zl < 24t t - zip(1 - It - z[) < a,(It - zl).
Thus If(t) - f ( z ) l

<_ w(lt - z l ) for any z , t E D; this proves the assertion.

w

On Hardy-Littlewood

[]

type theorems

The following two theorems of Hardy and Littlewood are well known (see [8, Chap. IX]).
T h e o r e m I. A function f which is holomorphic in a disk D satis/~es the condition Lipp, 0 < p < 1
on O if and only if If'(z)l = O((1
Izl)P-'), Izl --, 1.
-

T h e o r e m II. Let f be a function holomorphic on D and continuous on D. I[ f 6 Lipp on aD,

O < p < 1, then f 6 L i p p on D .
The Tamrazov inequality [5], which generalizes Theorem II, was referred to above. The next theorem
immediately generalizes Theorem I to polyanalytic functions and arbitrary p # 0.
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Theorem 2. In a domain G bounded by a simple or composite Jordan analytic curve, the following
implications are true:

f z ~,(a) ~
f E ~t'(a) ~

of
of
~ E ~t,'-'(a) and ~ E ~'-'(a),
Of
Of
-~z E 2rJtP-'(C) and ~zz E ~P-'(G),

p E R \ {0},

(2r

p E R,

(27)

as well as the implications derived from them by replacing ~g~ by CU , or by replacing Of /Oz and Of /O'~
by Of [Oz and Of [~t respectively, or by performing both of these two substitutions.
P r o o f . First, let us assume that f i s holomorphic in G and f E ~J2P'(G). If p < O, then we have
If'(z)l = o ( f -x) (see (25)), f ' E 9 ~ ' - l ( G ) . If 0 < p < 1 then, by Theorem I, f ' E ~ ' - I ( G ) .
Hence
f E 9XP(G)
:- f ' E ffJP'-I(G) for any noninteger p > 0. For integer p > 0, this implication follows
from the boundedness of f(r)(z).
Now let us assume that f E A,,(G) N 9~P(G) and F is one of the connected curves that form OG.
Then fk(z) := ( ~ - a(z))l'h~,(z) (see (5)) also belongs to the class gJtP locally near r (Theorem 1). Since
hk E ffRr-k near F, h~ E 9JIp-t*-', and Ofk/Oz, Ofk/O-g E 9Xp-x close to F (see (4)). This proves
impfication (27). If Ofk/Oz, Ofk[O-~ E ~OtP-~(G) and p # 0 then f E 92tP(G) by L e m m a 3; hence the
implication (26) is proved also. []

Corollary 6. For a function f polyanalytic on the unit disk D to satisfy the L i p a condition on D
for 0 < a < 1 it is necessary and stt~cient to have

[Of]-g-~z+-~
]0f] = O((1 _ izl)~_,).
As for Theorem II, in the general case things are already different for bianalytic functions: one can
readily construct a function f E A2(D) fl G(-D) that vanishes everywhere on OD and has an arbitrarily
bad modulus of continuity on D . Apparently, for the case in which OG is analytic, the ordinal equality
w(f, "G, r) w(f, F, r) holds for any function f E A,,(G) N G(G), n > 2 if and only if the following
uniqueness theorem is true:

f E A , ( G ) f3C(G)

and

f(z)=O

VzEOG --4. f ( z ) = O .

Domains G in which this theorem is true are completely described in [9] (for n = 2) and in [101 (for

~>3).
w

Possible generalizations

In the applications, the local form, of Theorems 1 and 2 and their corollaries are required, i.e., assertions
for the case in which r is some attainable simple open analytic arc of the boundary G. Such generalization
can easily be derived. The necessary natural generalizations of Definition 2 can readily be made. For
example, local boundedness near the arc r C OG (uniform continuity) of order p E ( - c o , + c o ) for the
function f means the existence of a 1-connected Jordan domain G(z) C G such that s C OG(s) and
f E ffYtP(G(s)) (respectively, f E CUP(G(s))) for all closed arcs s C r . The validity of the local forms
of Lemma 2-4, Theorems 1, 2 and their corollaries mean that these assumptions are satisfied in some
domain G(s) of the given type for all closed arcs s C F.
The definition of the Schwartz function a t ( z ) for a simple open analytic curve r is constructed as
follows:
a) take S C G so that its ends coincide with the ends J and K of the arc F while the arc S,
together with F, J , and K bound a 1-connected subdomain g of the domain G;
b) take some conformal map w = ~0(z) of the domain g onto the unit disk D which takes points J
and K to some points j = ~o(J) and k = ~ ( K ) on the circle OD symmetrical with respect to the
~ i s o x (k = y);
c) define the function ar,(z) in ~ for the arc F by Eq. (3).
734

From this definition it follows that a t ( z ) is holomorphic and one-sheeted in some neighborhood of the
arc r and the equation of this arc has the form ~ = a t ( z ) . Using the Schwartz function a = a t , we
represent the n-analytic in G function f in the form (5) (or in the form (2), if G C D and r c a D ) ;
then the proof of local forms of these Lemma, Theorems and Corollaries reduces almost completely to the
proofs given above.
E*timates of the modulus of continuity of the component~ and their derivative8 can be obtained by using
Lemma 1, 2 and the corresponding generalization of Lemma 4 (see the proof of Theorem 1).
By applying the methods used in this paper, our results can be generalized to functions which are
polyharrnonic on the disk D (it is known that such functions f can be represented by Eq. (2), where gt
are harmonic functions in D , and P ( z , ~) = Q ( x , y) is a polynomial in x, y). Such generalizations can
he also derived from Theorems 1 and 2 by taking into account the fact that f is n-analytic if and only if
R e f is n-harmonic (see (2)), and that R e g t E 9Ytn ~
gt E 9Ytn and R e g t E C U p r
g t E C U p (gt
is holomorphic in D , p ~ 0).
This research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research under grant No. 96-01013766

References
1. M. B. Balk, Polyanalytic Functions, Vol. 63, Math. Res., Akademie-Verlag, Berlin (1991).
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Washington, D.C. (1974).
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de l'Adronautique, Paris (1962).
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growth," Ann. Acad. SoL Fenn. Set. A. [ Math., 432, 1-9 (1968).
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[Differential Equations], 2, No. 2, 214-225 (1966).
10. K. M. Rasulov, "On solution of boundary value problems of the Dirichlet type for polyanalytic functions,= Dokl. Akad.
Nauk SSSR [Soviet Math. Dokl.], 309, No. 6, 1309-1313 (1989).
M. V. L O M O N O S O V M O S C O W STATE UNIVERSITY

Translated by A. M. Chebotarev

735