TTC and ATC by Shabanzadeh

:
!"#$%
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80 )
2008 Morteza Shaban Zadeh & Power and Water University of Technology
TTC and ATC

Total Transfer Capability
Available Transfer Capability
(2)
! " # $%& '(

m.shabanzadeh@yahoo.com
,- ! .
/0
1
!
: (1) 20
% #&'
" " #$
: (2) 200
TTC ( ATC ) *+
( #$
: (3) 20
ATC # ,
#
: (4) 20
Power World ( Matlab
0 1 2 #
#3
-. /
= $>
? @1
0
9:;
<
B%
,8
6 ( /9
B% A
= $>
? @1
9:;
<
: (Monopoly0 .
2D ) C = $>
. : *" ; < =
4 5( 6+ , 7
.
:
2D .>9- >(BCD)@
/ 9 .1
; : G . .2
B
0 I ":
:(Restructure) 0
B% = $>
. 9" /. 1#*J. GK B3 L % /
; # *@"*
: 0
B% = $>
> & 9
(Open Access) %K /
@ . (Fair) D B
:. F
(Congestion) / < "
: ,>G
B% A
:
= $>
BJ9$
.
CC
2DC
I G
9:;
<
( % OK G . ( 1990) (
<K G PJ 9. B
% G < 99" B"
: Q 9.
@ .K .1
3" 9 0 .2
:
% R*O
# ( G < 99" W 6. ( G < 99" T 8 ; /3

0
? @1
.U
TP
TP
V
2DC
"B
#<
C; 0
CC J 2
TP=Transmission Provider
B% A
(0 / 1
= $>
? @1
!2 3 4% $5) 0 / 1
6 7 % . 8 9 3 *3
" !
8:/ 1
1
! +
9:;
<
) * + , - ./
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0
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B% A
9.
= $>
L/
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2 +. 7 (
. < /. /
9:;
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BJ9$
J.
Restructured Power System

stem
H %@ 1
H %@ 1
C0
<
; = $>
9#KG J
C9 & B% = $> .>0 M & B
. G
2 +
L !
N& 9
H %@ 1
!
TTC , ATC , TRM , CBM
:@ 1
9:; @ C @ O$
: (Independent System Operator)
.B
.G .03 #]
.
.(
, B, ; # [ +$
% %
9" (
/, ^#
( 0
ISO
#Z .
:J
.
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, (
%
, B D#Z .
o
= B, / C. ( / +.
0 7D . o
: < A
% /&J 8 %
<#*
B * *Z . " /
9 .)
(TP) H %
CC . F %
Transmission Provider
:
/G
L # #. 0 _
= $>
B 5 73"
1 TP @ 1
T = T 82
. 3
CC . F %
#=9. ; 9
99" `9 3 B D J
:
H
H
CC
.>R
@1
>- %
CC S & %
2DC
9:;
C; 0
0
2DC
CC J 2
10
1$ @1 . ;
& H
CC . F %
@1
&Y F
F0
&
, C H C>KV .># WXN
CC
<
&T
H9
>KU%
11
@ 1 .># A : D & J
Transfer Capability (TC)
12
@ 1 .># A : D & J
:(TC) @ 1 .># Z R%
% ( # #.
0 , ( U#a!)
A F>/B%
F>/B ,> T[
0I &
B ( +. \4' " / #
.
'
' 7
. # /. ) 9.
,:
%Y K N
. ; 0
\
@ 1 .>#
>
;
;
13
@ 1 .># A : D & J
(TC) @ 1 .>#
>- %
F>
9:;
;
[.
]
T
C0
H & .;]
F0 B>
F0
< @1
S.M.
H %@ 1 H
&
S.M.
D ,<
^_
CF
F0
F0
S.M.= Security Margin
14
@1
:
( +.
@ G 9 3] B * ;
.#
,
% .
/
(Transient Stability ) b<
."#G
'
' : / 0 .1
B ( +.
: .1
(Dynamic Stability ) / . 9
: .2
(Voltage Stability ) ,9
: .3
S D(
>
/3
.2
15
:@ 1 .>#
@ 1 .>0 M A X%
:@ 1 .>0 M
= $> A F>/B% e
b & ( <
..
c d
$ @ 1 ./<
N b H CG
.>0 M & ? .RCa `Y KR

. ;
G .>K b @ 1 .>0 M
C
A F>/B% f ! ) 9:;
.
.>K b @ 1 .>0 M . ;
D WXN
1C
:@
@ 1 .>#
>
% 1
>N
>N
16
9:; g
> 9:;
XC 9:;
:
/' #
D# 2 #
> 9:; . F
# /. ' 7
GK
G
G
3'L #:
. /. I 0 49.
TC(
> ) > TC ( XC )
(
/. 1
#:
TC
D# c( ! 1 9
#! B 9. \4' B,
. 9" /. /
D# B
.# G
/ #:
B
+. .
/ #
17
> 9:; b &
OK! @ 1
:(c d H & Ai
Imax) %
. ; Q ,> T jG
\C
N
D .1
D .2
: 0.95<V<1.05 (p
(p.u.))
: 0.90<V<1.05 (p.u.)
9:;
h -
: ]
&
:G Imax &
:Q b &
:h G .- N
!I .- N
D g
9:;
<
d>
D .3
= $>
$
%
(min) 9> C
(ms) ]
18
Security 2 TC
& % ] J !R
% C
>
>$ ` COK!
.
&
TC
: :
jD B>
:0 / " /
F TC
9k TC
K $>
CR
.
K $>
19
(TRM)@ 1 H C>KV >; N

Transfer Reliability Margin
:(TRM)@ 1 H C>KV >; N Z R%
, 1 9
. # ; .e
3 /
P3
(security)B 9. L # J.
"B
TC
.
B Ja 1 8 % /J (
9.
, #. (
" # /. g8
bD # /. TC ( (security) B 9. I 0 g8 TRM G#_

. # 9. , GK
0. % % G %
% h ]L
G 9 3]
' i J j ] " B TRM I 0 LW L % /' ]

.
B Ja 1 8 k # % /*. " B! 9
20
.>R!
C> > & ;

!
H % Dispatch D & ;
!
(Load Pattern) A F>/B% ]
>>l%
(Structure) 9:;
>>l%
&
>$ >^m%
9 f ! KR- n9G
(Generation Pattern) >- %
T
>>l%
! &
C
% o 9#KG
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
5
.6
.7
.8
21
(CBM).>0 M >X
>; N
Capacity Benefit Margin

:.>0 M >X
>; N Z R%
% G 9 3]
(LSE)
99" bl
, " # /. 4< TC %
.
j ] % D# /
. P : , #. 1 9 TTC % G (K (
. 9 3 /. ( %
G ! _ !m # 3" _ (Cin)
R6 B 5 # 3" B*8
" / ] 9.
) PG#
2
;
. # /.
j] 9. G ! _ !m # 3"" g8
g
. # (( % ) !m
2! B 5 %
.
( a! k# ( #$
CBM = ; &
1
( # /.
i* C. /' # ;
)"
D# B 5 L
G # n 0 B*8
' . /. I " /' # /!
D# B 5 R6
1%@ 9 0
"B /
( < U# . !m ; . 3 !m CBM
# ;
.
a9. 7
22
(TTC)
Total Transfer Capability
@ 1 .>#
: TTC Z R%
P=TTC
B
Y TC
S D(
*" (oJ
0,
*"
: %2
b<
, 2
( a! % ) .1
. 9 /. ( % . ( +.
/ # ( # S p 7 c( ! L2! 7 Qa 9 .) (n-1)
PO ) .
.2
.
; ,
: ( /<
( / 5 4' 0 , ( D
*38 % J ( ( a! r )/ . 9
# G " I"( % J .3
b< /
9 3
. =9 k(
# :s 9 % ) (
!
l
. 9
aT 2
# )
( +.
; S D( (oJ 0 ,
*"
23
TTC >>R%
# D)
(Base Scheduled Transfer) :
^_ Q ;
= $>
C: Q ; (Z-
/ 6.
/9 I : .1
# S;
0
Q %# #+ .2
! .3
.4
D
2! ( # S )-. / 0 ,
= $>
TTC=Min { %
N N [h -
N[ ]
d> (p
c( ! ).
D ('
N}
24
TTC
TTC=Min {'
@1
B BC1 -3
>
9 BC D6
1
9 B}
25
(ATC)s
@ 1 .>#
Available Transfer Capability
t ;u !
& k ATC jD
FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission)

OASIS (Open Access Same Time Information System)
: NERC Q
% ATC Z R%
B 5 G#u3 /*. #8 2 # # /. G # G 9 3] )
/ #
GK TTC " #]
< ( +.
: )X . ( ; S D( % LU#a! / '
#P v
B ( +. % 7 u GK
" # /. i J G # % G 0 .
# ( " # /. o (P(t)) / #9"
(3P(t))
(0 G # G 0 . ATC (
. #P v
B ( +. GK
26
ATC : D v
% b< % .
/ #9" TC x .#38 L(G # IC: Dispatch
) ATC
+.
w(
.B ATC 9 G P
I0
. ; ( 9 /. I 0
:
B ( +.
B ( !9
i* C.
B* "B
( T LG # G 9 3] B *
bD
.
/ <K
) G# %
BJ9$ ,. )X . %
%
6
, B,
% #. ATC # ( % G # ;Z3a.
. K /. 3
TTC
TRM
TTC = P0 (t ) + P (t )
CBM
# #. B 5
P (t ) :
0
ATC
P (t ) : ATC
ATC = TTC-TRM-CBM-ETC
ETC
ATC= f ( 9:;
$
[ 9:;
. ; (update ) C/ ` Kw
$
>l )
$ ATC ]-
27
ATC g
ATC
Recallable ATC
Non-recallable ATC
RATC
NATC
RATC=NATC -8F- ,/ ! & 3 " 7 < H 3
NATC=TTC-TRM-(CBM , &)8F- ,/
G! &3 " 7< H3
28
&
L0
ATC
29
RATC
: # /.
+. <
( % RATC
(Planning) F
RATC=TTC " . TRM (8F- ,/
G! &3 " 7<
) (8F- ,/ ! & 3 " 7 <
(Operation)
RATC=TTC " . TRM (8F- ,/ ! &
$ "7<
)-(8F- ,/
G! &
.1
)
/ .2
$ "7<
0 9 : 9 1 ; Individual Transmission Provider
30
K; <i % $xN & 9d%
@i
31
@ 1 .>#
: D
32
@ 1 .>#
: D
(RPF)
9% v
.1
(CPF)
.2
.3
Repeated Power Flow
Continuation Power Flow

(TSCOPF)
>C
>
C>/
Transfer-Based Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow
33
CPF RPF
:
.
*: I 0
v &
< /. =
X
T
@ 1 .>#
CPF ( RPF
: D
w(
5 G # I 0 G . (Z# ( B r Cos< (SD)

#$
D#
;
# " G # I 0 G . (p
.
# (
B ( +. , #. 1 9
34
CPF RPF
v &
CPF RPF &
X
X
@ 1 .>#
TTC I
: D
C@
35
CPF RPF
TTC =
PDi (
max
i sin k
PDi (
max
v &
@ 1 .>#
: D
PDi
i sin k
)=
( =
max
i sin k
PDio =
( = 0)
i sin k
36
RPF v
k(
>;0
. 9"
>;>+1
IC: .
: B ( +. v
>
'v
>
S D( / :(
>
:(Loading Factor) >

>; ( >- % )
F0 J R
.
G
. ;
\
=>C
& ( . ^ ) . C9 ! > v
.=>w K
@1
> & 9 =K F
N %
G :
37
TTC
TTC=Min { %
@1
N N[h -
>
N[ ]
1
N}
38
CPF v
F(z,>)=0 :
IC: D J.
b< / # 3 0" .
@ J.
8)' w(
).
u : 8#T#. %
%
=9 ( [ +6 L/99
. 9" /.
:B
+.
. ( /.
w( ;
% RPFw( Wo!
* 9" /3 4
I: ( L . :
4 ( l . 1 < )1 <
*' . ( ). CPF
# D
(; 3C ) (K *' ..1
[ +6 *' ..2
39
CPF =
g ;
>C
<
( >K %)
#N
y>D2% #N
D z1
>
#
H
40
v
TSCOPF
. 9" 9 , W Q R ' (feasible); 3. " a
9" /. /J w( ;
y #' ; % 7 k# ( /
% ( # /.
r ' N % / D w( ;
% 7
v
#$
9" )38 #! i 5( 1 3
( 3
:
/
. 9" /. !m / ,
(
/. 3 ! " .
w( ;
B ( +.
W
Min f(z)
# " G# L
D# 9 0 L
s.t.
g(z0) 9 b0
g(zi) 9 bi
: ( K " ,$ )73 .JB
"' #
: ( K " %/) *3 .JB
i : 1, 2, ,N
0 .
a %
/ T L
^#
:f(.)
()
D# W + L 4*
z6 !
... ( # S
J D J. :g(.)
( IC:)
.B
< 9 , *Z . )' a #
"B
#
l . : zi
3 0" . ' : bi
41
! v &
X
Linear Method
H % @ 1 .>#
&
[ 9:; @ 1 .>#
f ! &
:G >
f ! &
:G >
: D
: D
! v
: >
H % \N{ H
H % @ 1 .>#
: D (Z-
H % \N{
H % @ 1 .>#
: D
(p
42
f ! &
:G >
H % \N{ H
H % @ 1 .>#
: D
: #O$ A >I 0
DC
>;
1 F%
.. A X#% H
9:;
H % , C [ ! A 2 > H % A >>l%
.. 9:;
: #O$ J
& b>|>
. s i C>;
. d'
>
:G H %
D &
1
%
d> : D
X$ % f !
43
f ! &
:G >
ATC : D
H % \N{ H
Pi
C; 0
i
j
Pjk
i s , jk
s
k
Pi
Pjk
i
s , jk
i >;
k j >;
>
P jk
Pi
H % L F%
>
a Q &
:G H % >>l%
Power Transfer Distribution Factor (PTDF)
44
f ! &
L #P
:G >
H % \N{ H
T _ jk 2! " / #$
s(i;
( ; G#
: K /. B
ATC : D
l
. -" '
% a j ]%
45
f ! &
:G >
:@ 1 .># Q
:G H % A >>l% &
ATC : D
H % \N{
K/ )F< [ & 0 2
>
H %H
H % .1
. T p $N
.MW ,$N
;
MVA ,$N Q
% N N .2
. &
!
v & ;
! H K
N \C .3
= $>
} D>
46
f ! &
:G >
H % \N{
ATC : D
2! D
47
f ! &
:=>
:G >
H % \N{
& !
T.
K . ^ ` : 1% H % @ :%% >N
Vk Vj
ATC : D
H K SK< H
h - &
:=>
% a
b - R
48
f ! &
:G >
H % \N{
: %
: ;
Z R% & A 2 j-k Q
ATC : D
N N.
MVA ,$N @ 1 A
N N
Q
/! /!
S 0jk
'
B4 3 L !
S max
jk
49
f ! &
:G >
H % \N{
H % @ 1 .>#
: D
{% &
50
.> $N F>- T v
TTC : D
P :( TTC
T :P
P
T
T
=
P
P
T : @ 1 .>#
.
D ~)
:
.:$ T .> $N
T
T =
P
P
: ; bk
51
.> $N F>- T v
%
TTC : D
. D# B ( +. ( U#a! / ' B ( +. L ; S D( B ( +. : P
0
l r ( # / " B 9.
'
9" /. {
%
B,
. 9" /. =9 $ GK % ( . /.
:
" a
" a 7
:.>> $N F>
F>- T v
.=>
TTC : D =
A : D [ C: A G{V s
(1
(2
( a 10 `{~ )
F0 J 2 >;
& C>R a
% h
Ck | Ck ..
;
CC >- %
> AGC 0
= >
. K X . d , I & H % >- % >>R% ./< C K >- % H FK !
52
TTC : D
.> $N F>- T v
.
3R ' 4 / (2) 3 (1) .JB
P9
F0
.:$ @ 1 Q
SL0+ESL
'M3
F0
F0
./
H % @ 1 A >>l% e
.:$ h -
.:$ >- % >;
. < N
&
<
A >>l% e
H % A >>l% e
B O ; (3
T
SL
E
SL
PG
SL
53
TTC : D
.> $N F>- T v
F0 & B
N[
N.
H %
&B
.> $N , I & (4
:= T .
T.
F0
S LT = (TLimit
h - .
&B
F0
S
% h
>- % .
&B
S LG = ( PG , Limit
E
L
= ( E Limit
E ) /(
T 0 ) /(
E
SL
T
)
SL
F0
0
PG ) /(
PG
)
SL
54
TTC : D
.> $N F>- T v
0
&B
F0
d> ? 0 Q
S L = Min
: ;
: D
&
T.
:= T .
& X
.
D
S LT , S L , S LG
&A 2 J 2
>- % >N
&
TTC = P + S L
0
ij
(5
}
> TTC
:G H %
! !
1 (6
; 0
Q
Pij
SL
55
K /- ~ >#D%
@ 1 .>#
@ 1 .>#
Matlab F0
bK
: D
56
Case Study
One-line diagram of a simple 26-bus power system

57
1 &
>:;
58
TSCOPF [CPF [RPF v

A
= $>
&
ATC TTC A : D
0
>#D%
K C>; 26 9:;
A: D
:.
; B [A R
;
: @i .- N
& B > h - .0 H F0 H - G .- N
9:;
F0 f ! &
:G H % 1
>;
F0 Q ;
& n
.
:G H %
F0 k f ! & 9 9C
>;
C; 0
?
>;
>;
?
%
K
h h -
0.96533
24
N
Q
0I
400
1
Q
0I
405.18
>;
Q
>;
Q
/
TTC
(MW)
ATC
(MW)
63.006
41.006
59
2 &
>:;
60
TSCOPF [CPF [RPF v
ATC TTC A : D
: i
& B > h - .0 H
>; h - ! > . N .#G
(0.95 p.u.)
& B N&
CDC
. C
>;
C; 0
?
>;
>;
?
21
%
h -
N
Q
0I
21
h -
0.94989
>#D%
.- N
F0 H - G .- N
9:;
>;
F0 Q ;
& n
>; &
R% PV
1
% Z>RI
1
Q
0I
>;
Q
>;
Q
/
TTC
(MW)
ATC
(MW)
79.475
33.475
61
3 &
>:;
62
TSCOPF [CPF [RPF v
ATC TTC A : D
: i
& B > h - .0 H J V& f ! H <

F0 .#G J V b &
H < h - H FK . / LPV CDC
>;
C; 0
?
>;
>;
?
17
%
K
h h -
0.94089
17
N
Q
0I
170
>#D%
.- N
F0 H - G .- N
9:;
>;
F0 Q ;
& n
>; h - ! > . N .#G
&B
N& f !
. ; '
1
Q
0I
175.6
>;
Q
>;
/
TTC
(MW)
ATC
(MW)
98.987
20.987
63
4 &
>:;
64
TSCOPF [CPF [RPF v
ATC TTC A : D
:
>;
C; 0
?
&B
. >
>;
>;
?
26
N& K h >;
K A a ATC TTC >>R%
. ;
%
h -
N
Q
0I
24
h -
0.93154
1
Q
0I
>#D%
/k .- N
.- N
H K & 9:;
%: D
. yI S
1 H K TTC 1 .- N
>;
Q
>;
/
TTC
(MW)
ATC
(MW)
40
65
5 &
>:;
66
TSCOPF [CPF [RPF v
ATC TTC A : D
>#D%
: =BC .- N
0I
V ! & B N& K h . > K A a ATC TTC >>R%
>;
C; 0
?
26
13
>;
>;
K
h h -
0.90007
25
%: D
. ;
N
%
>;
N
Q
0I
220
1
Q
0I
345.1
.- N
. yI S
1 H K TTC
>;
Q
>;
Q
/
26
H K & 9:;
n ;
1 .- N
TTC
(MW)
ATC
(MW)
31
67
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FERC : Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
OASIS : Open Access Same Time Information System
NERC : North American Reliability Council
TTC : Total Transfer Capability
ATC : Available Transfer Capability
TRM : Transfer Reliability Margin
CBM : Capacity Benefit Margin
TP : Transmission Provider
RPF : Repeated Power Flow
CPF : Continuation Power Flow
TSCOPF: Transfer-based Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow
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[3] Ion Dobson, Scott Green, and Rajesh Rajaraman, Electric Power Transfer Capability:
Concepts, Applications, Sensitivity and Uncertainty, Power Systems Engineering Research
Center (PSERC), 1996
[4] Peter W. Sauer, Technical Challenges of Computing Available Transfer Capability (ATC) in
Electric Power Systems, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 1997
[5] Xuemin Zhang, Y. H. Song, Qiang Lu, and Shengwei Mei, Dynamic Available Transfer
Capability (ATC) Evaluation by Dynamic Constrained Optimization, IEEE Transaction on
Power Systems, Vol. 19, No. 2, May 2004
[6] Alberto Berizzi, Cristian Bovo, Maurizio Delfanti, Marco Merlo, and Marco Savino,
A Monte Carlo Approach for TTC Evaluation, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems,
Vol. 22, No. 2, May 2007
87
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TTC and ATC by Shabanzadeh

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TTC and ATC

! " # $%& '(

Power World ( Matlab

# ( G < 99" W 6. ( G < 99" T 8 ; /3

=< "3 / 3 ' 8

Restructured Power System

TTC , ATC , TRM , CBM

: (Independent System Operator)

, C H C>KV .># WXN

Transfer Capability (TC)

.>0 M & ? .RCa `Y KR

> 9:; b &

(TRM)@ 1 H C>KV >; N

bD # /. TC ( (security) B 9. I 0 g8 TRM G#_

' i J j ] " B TRM I 0 LW L % /' ]

C> > & ;

Capacity Benefit Margin

(Base Scheduled Transfer) :

Available Transfer Capability

FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission)

RATC=NATC -8F- ,/ ! & 3 " 7 < H 3

G! &3 " 7< H3

G! &3 " 7<

) (8F- ,/ ! & 3 " 7 <

0 9 : 9 1 ; Individual Transmission Provider

K; <i % $xN & 9d%

Repeated Power Flow

Continuation Power Flow

Transfer-Based Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow

5 G # I 0 G . (Z# ( B r Cos< (SD)

:(Loading Factor) >

: ( K " ,$ )73 .JB

: ( K " %/) *3 .JB

Power Transfer Distribution Factor (PTDF)

3R ' 4 / (2) 3 (1) .JB

.:$ >- % >;

One-line diagram of a simple 26-bus power system

TSCOPF [CPF [RPF v

TSCOPF [CPF [RPF v

TSCOPF [CPF [RPF v

& B > h - .0 H J V& f ! H <

TSCOPF [CPF [RPF v

TSCOPF [CPF [RPF v

>; & >:;

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