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1846830_Maths_3_CE_CV_02.indd 1
Mathematics
Three (EXTENSION)
for
Common
Entrance
Serena Alexander
781471 846830
01/07/2015 09:52
Introduction
Example
Worked examples are given throughout to aid understanding of each part of
a topic.
Exercise
Exercises are provided to give pupils plenty of opportunities to practise what
they have learned.
Extension Exercise
Some exercises contain questions that are more challenging. These extension
exercises are designed tow stretch more able pupils.
Summary Exercise
Each chapter ends with a summary exercise, containing questions on all the
topics in the chapter.
Useful rules and reminders are scattered throughout the book.
Activity
The National Curriculum for Mathematics reflects the importance of spoken
language in pupils development across the whole curriculum cognitively,
socially and linguistically. Activities to develop these skills are interspersed
between the chapters. These are essential for developing pupils mathematical
vocabulary and presenting a mathematical justification, argument or proof.
ix
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You already know a great deal about numbers. You should also know
that there are many different ways of working with them, particularly
when they are very large or very small. The number system continues
infinitely, without end, in both the positive and negative directions.
In this chapter you will look again at some basic information that will
help you with later chapters.
Exercise 1.1
Write the numbers from 1 to 60 down your page before you start. Make a note of
the time as you start and check how long it takes you to complete the exercise.
For this exercise only, just write down the answers. It should take you no more
than 10 minutes!
1 75
6 94 + 17
11 318 + 122
16 319 123
2 89
7 12 8
12 3 15
17 191 + 325
3 36 + 123
8 124 + 74
13 72 12
18 424 8
4 42 7
9 126 9
14 368 143
19 8 15
5 82 51
10 45 17
15 4 19
20 308 11
21 25 7
27 331 117
33 305 199
39 35 6
22 302 + 99
28 504 3
34 417 + 392
40 399 + 417
23 125 5
29 680 156
35 45 7
41 225 186
24 425 106
30 19 3
36 720 36
42 225 45
25 13 3
31 127 + 523
37 237 + 283
43 225 15
26 199 + 249
32 144 8
38 200 137
44 19 6
1
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45 19 9
49 128 + 512
53 13 13
57 125 4
46 360 179
50 207 + 153
54 15 15
58 20 500
47 95 5
51 305 125
55 75 3
59 3600 90
48 99 8
52 288 12
56 25 9
60 100000 80
Example
Multiply: 5264 63
Estimate: 5000 60 = 300000
63 is 60 + 3
Then: 5264 63 = 5264 (3 + 60)
Next to each row of the calculation, write down what you are multiplying by.
HTh TTh Th
71 91 2 3
3 11 53
82 4
3
1
1
1
5264 63 = 331632
The method for long division is similar to that for short division
but you show all the working. This is so that you can calculate the
remainders clearly and accurately.
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Examples
(i) Divide: 8921 37
Th H
r4
8
4
8921 37 = 241 r 4
(ii) Divide: 861 35
Estimate: 900 40 22
H
3
Remember that
when you have
remainders you can
write extra zeros after
the decimal point
and carry on dividing.
861 35 = 24.6
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Exercise 1.2
Multiply or divide, showing all your working clearly.
1 27 36
6 3648 91
11 213 69
16 1809 55
2 147 29
7 5624 72
12 1161 43
17 1008 45
3 389 47
8 6293 29
13 2713 28
18 999 037
4 391 17
9 7746 36
14 13 500 36
19 3005 17
5 989 23
10 9900 48
15 2145 42
20 1155 42
Problem solving
When solving problems, you need to consider the question carefully
and see if you need to add, subtract, multiply or divide. Sometimes
you may need to do more than one calculation to work out the
answer. Write every calculation out neatly so that you can check it
through. Do remember to estimate first so you can check your answer
looks sensible.
Remainders
There are different ways of dealing with remainders, depending on the
problem.
1 Leave it as a remainder.
2 Round up to the nearest whole number.
3 Round down, ignoring the remainder.
Exercise 1.3
1 There are 365 days in a year and 24 hours in a day. How many hours are
there in a year?
2 How many minutes are there in a week? How many seconds are there in a
week?
3 In the imperial system of weight there are 16 ounces in a pound and
14 pounds in a stone. How many ounces are there in 7 stone?
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Integers
Integers
An integer is a whole number, so natural numbers are all integers.
Integers, however, also include 0 (zero) and negative numbers such as
3, 2 and 1
Negative integers are the set of integers (whole numbers) that are
less than zero. Negative numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied
and divided in a similar fashion to natural (positive whole) numbers.
Remember what happens when you are calculating with negative
numbers.
For example: 4 4 = 0 but 4 (4) = 8
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Examples
(i) 2 + 3
+3
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
2+3=5
(ii) 2 + (3)
+ (3)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
2 + (3) = 1
2 + 3 = 5 but
So
(2) + 3 = 1
2 + (3) = 2 3 = 1
and
Similarly 5 3 = 2 but
3 5 = 2 and
5 (3) = 5 + 3 = 8
2 3 = 6 but
2 3 = 6 and
(2) (3) = 6
6 3 = 2 but
6 (3) = 2 and
(6) (3) = 2
When calculating with negative numbers you should write down the
question, then your working and finally the answer.
Example
3
3
(7)
It is not good
practice to write an
operator (+, , , )
next to a raised
negative sign, so
always use brackets.
(7)
= 3 + 7
=4
Exercise 1.4
Add, subtract, multiply or divide, showing all your working clearly.
6
2 58
13
3 3 + (6)
8 (3) 7
13 14 8
4 (4) (4)
9 12 (3)
14
10 (24) (8)
15
(8)
5 3 (3)
+5
9
11 3 (4)
12 12 (5)
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21 4 9
26 (5) + (2)
17 16 (4)
22 7 3
27 8 3
18 7
(5)
23 4
(3)
16 5 (2)
28 8 (2)
19 25 5
24 12 (6)
29 24 8
20 (5) (5)
25 5 + (6)
30 100 (10)
24
is a multiple of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24
If you had to write the multiples of 5 that were less than 30 you
would write:
5, 10, 15, 20, 25
Prime factors
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Example
Find the prime factors of 210
2
5
7
7
1
210 = 2 3 5 7
210 = 2 3 5 7
Index numbers
When the product of prime factors includes repeats of prime factors
you can use index notation to record them.
16 = 2 2 2 2
So 16 = 24
4 is the index number that indicates there are four 2s in the product.
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Exercise 1.5
1 Which of these numbers are prime numbers?
5
17
25
27
32
37
48
10
36
72
360
12
24
36
14
21
42
10
20
17
34
(b) 101
(c) 19
(d) 72
(b) 136
(c) 1000
(d) 945
(b) 20 and 30
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15 Look at the lists in questions 1214. What is the lowest number that is a
multiple of:
(a) 4 and 6
(b) 4 and 10
These numbers are called lowest common multiples (LCM) of each pair of
numbers.
16 Find the lowest common multiple of each pair of numbers.
(a) 8 and 10
(b) 20 and 30
In the previous exercise highest common factors (HCF) and lowest common
multiples (LCM) were quite easy to find by inspecting the various factors and
multiples. For larger numbers it is not always as simple.
Consider the question: What is the highest common factor of 210 and 375?
To find out, you need to write each number as the product of its prime factors.
Example
What is the HCF of 210 and 375?
2
5
7
1
210 = 2 3 5 7
5
1
375 = 3 5 5 5
= 3 53
Suppose you had been asked to find the lowest common multiple
of210 and 375
For smaller numbers you could look at the first few multiples.
Forlarger numbers you need to look at the prime factors.
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Example
Find the lowest common multiple of 210 and 375
210 = 2 3 5 7
375 = 3 5 5 5
LCM = 2 3 5 5 5 7
= 5250
Exercise 1.6
1 Find the HCF of the numbers in each pair.
(a) 504 and 945
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Order of operations
When you have mixed calculations, you need to do them in the correct order.
Multiplication and division must be done before addition and subtraction.
Hence 5 + 7 3 = 26 not 36
Examples
(i) Work out: 5 + 7 3
5 + 7 3 = 5 + (7 3)
(5 + 7) 3 = 12 3
= 5 + 21
= 36
= 26
Can you see how the brackets make a difference to the calculation? You
canuse brackets to indicate that you must carry out the addition first.
Sometimes a calculation may have numbers with indices. You must do those
before addition and subtraction too.
Example
Multiply: 3 53
3 53 = 3 125
= 375
Brackets
Index numbers
Divide
Multiply
Add
Subtract
Exercise 1.7
Calculate the answers.
1 14 3 2
6 5 (11 4)2 7
2 (14 3) 2
7 5 34 25 8
92 8
67
4 5 (28 4) 6
5 3 43 36 32
3 4 24
5
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However good your mental arithmetic is and however quick you are
with pencil and paper calculations, it is always worth checking if
there is an efficient way to carry out a calculation without writing it
out in full.
Consider 722 27
You may spot that 27 has some common factors with 72. To be sure of
calculating accurately you need to write the calculation as a product
of prime factors.
722
27 = (2 2 2 3 3)2 (3 3 3)
1
2223 3 222 3 3
31 31 31
=2222223
= 64 3
= 192
It is often easiest
to write a division as
a fraction and cancel
common factors.
You can also use prime factors to find roots. Under the rules of
BIDMAS, roots are considered as index numbers.
Example
Calculate:
3375
225
3375 = 3 3 3 5 5 5
3
3375 = 3 5 = 15
3375
225 = 3 3 5 5
225 = 3 5 = 15
225 = 1
Example
Calculate: (35
225
441 )2
225 = 3 3 5 5
225 = 15
441 = 3 3 7 7
441 = 21
(35 225
5 7 3 5 2
37
441 )2 =
= 252
= 625
13
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6 1252 53
2 225 15
4 452 15
11 72 362 123
16
12 ( 65 26 10 52)2
17
13 (2160 63)2
18 ( 4 1296
1764 ( 3 9261
14
81
45 63 35 3 45 75
15 45 27
729
8 4902 1225
11025
256 )
1225
4
3375
40180
3
3
20 ( 2025
144
343
64 )
91 21 39
19
15 (98 56 143)2
2
3
63 147
3375 )3
6 324 138
2 165 41
7 108 4
3 12 8
8 116 4
4 144 12
9 148 3
5 334 + 159
10 138 6
11 Answer these without using a calculator. Write down the question and any
necessary working.
(a) 7 + (4)
(f) 3 + (8)
(b) 4 (7)
(g) 15 (5)
(h) 6 9
(d) 14 (2)
(i)
(e) 4 + 12
+ (9)
13
24
31
99
12
15
30
14
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(a) 16 and 24
Write down your working clearly for questions 1718. Do not use a calculator.
17 On an intergalactic expedition I have packed 25 space pods weighing 12 kg
each, 38 space suits weighing 28 kg each and 9 extra-terrestrial repellent
missiles weighing 135 kg each. Have I packed more than the 2500 kg limit?
18 (a) The mass of one astronaut plus his kit is 84 kg. The total mass allowance
on the space station is 4000 kg. If there are 23 astronauts how much
mass allowance is there left?
(b) One quarter of that remaining mass allowance is for food. Each
astronaut is allowed 1 kg of food per day. How many days can the
astronauts survive on their food allowance?
Smallest sum
6, 7, 8, 9
Largest sum
Smallest difference
Largest difference
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
6047
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
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