AB + AD + CB + CD = 4MN .
3a + 5b = 8c
3a + 5b 5b + 3a
c =
=
8
5+3
vertices A, B, C, D, M , N respectively.
Since M and N are midpoints of diagonal
AC and BD respectively.
3a = 8c 5b
8c 5b 8c 5b
a=
=
3
83
m =
a +c
,
2
n =
b +d
2
2m
= a + c & 2n
= b +d
(i)
Now AB + AD + CB + CD
Q-2) Show that the points whose position
= b a +d a +b c +d c
= 2b + 2d 2a 2c
3a + 6b + 5c are collinear.
Ans. Let
p = 5a + 6b + 7c ,
( ) ( )
= 4n 4m
r = 3a + 6b + 5c ,
= 4 n m
= qp
=
QR
... (i)
(3a + 6b + 5c ) ( 7a + 6b + 9c )
= 4a 4c
AB + AD + CB + CD
= 4MN
= r q
=
= 4MN
(7a + 6b + 9c ) (5a + 6b + 7c )
= 2a + 2c
= 2 2n 2 2m
q = 7a + 6b + 9c ,
PQ
) (
= 2 b + d 2 a + c (using i)
2 2a + 2c
2PQ [using i]
Vectors
a +b +c
3
3g
= a +b +c
...[i] And
g'
3g '
L.H.S. =
c + a a +b b + c
+
2
2
2
...[ii]
= 3g ' 3g
= 3GG '
1
c +a +a +b b c
1
2a
2
( )
= OA
= a
= R.H.S.
Hence proved.
(ii) L.H.S.
2
1
BE + CF
3
3
AD +
(d a ) + 23 (e b ) + 13 ( f
b +c
2 c +a
1 a +b
= 2 a + 3 2 b + 3 2 c
i) OE + OF + DO = OA
ii) AD +
2
1
1
BE + CF = AC
3
3
2
b +c
2
...(i);
e =
c +a
2
...(ii)
f =
a +b
2
...(iii)
(i) L.H.S.
3b + 3c 6a + 2a 4b + b 2c
6
1
3c 3a
1
c a
1
AC
2
= OE + OF + DO
= OE + OF OD
= e+ f d
Vectors
b + c 2a 2 c + a 2b
a + b 2c
+
+
2
6
6
b + c 2a 2 c + a 2b
+
2
3
2
1 a + b 2c
+
3
2
= 2 P 2P
2P = 2PO
Hence proved.
Ans. Given 2a + 7b = 5c + 4d
2a + 7b
2+7
=
A
5c + 4d
5+4
= e (say)
P B
D
By section formula,
a +b
2
2q
= a +b
2r
= c +d
...(i)
c +d
2
AB and CD intersect in E.
i) OA + OB + OC = OH
L.H.S.
ii) HA + HB + HC = 2 AO + BO + CO
= PA + PB + PC + PD
=
=
(a p ) + (b p ) + (c p ) + (d p )
(a + b ) + (c + d ) 4 p
= 2q + 2r 4 p
L.H.S.
= 2 q + r 2p
...(i)
By section formula
by parallelogram law
OP
= OQ + OR
= q +r
h + 2o
1+ 2
3g
= h + 2o
(i)
i) L.H.S.
...(ii)
= OA + OB + OC
=
(a b ) + (b o ) + (c o )
Vectors
= a + b + c 3o
a +b +c
= 3g 3o g =
3
a +b
and
2
= h o
n =
c +d
2
= OH
2m
= a + b and 2n = c + d
L.H.S.
= h + 2o 3o
ii) L.H.S.
=
AD + AC
= d a +c b
HA + HB + HC
=
= a h +b h +c h
(c + d ) (a + b )
= 2n 2m
= a + b + c 3h
= 3g 3h
= 2 n m
= 2MN
= 2o 2h
= 2 o h
R.H.S.
a2 + b2 + 8 = 0
= 2HO
Ans. Let
= 2 AO + BO + CO
) (
) (
r = ai + 3 j + bk
(ii)
= 2 o a + o b + o c
= 2 3o 3g
= 2 3o h + 2o
a 2 + b2 + 9
= 1
a 2 + b2 + 9
= 1
a 2 + b2 + 9
= 1
= 2 3o h 2o
a 2 + b2 + 8
= 0
= 2 o h
= 2HO
r =
But r
= 2 3o a + b + c
(iii)
c = xa + yb
Ans. a = 2 j k ;
Q-9) ABCD is a quadrilateral M and N are mid points of the diagonal AC and BD
respectively. Show that AD + BC = 2MN .
Ans. Let a , b, c , d , m, n be the position vectors of
points A,B,C,D,M,N w.r.t a fixed point
Vectors
(i)
b =
j + 3k ;
c =
j + 2k
c =
xa + yb
j + 2k
x 2 j k + y j + 3k
j + 2k
( 2x y ) j + ( x + 3y ) k
2x y
= 1
x + 3y = 2
3 3i + j + k
... (ii)
) (
= 3 3i + j k + i + 5 j + 2k
+ x1i + y1 j + z1k
AC.
Ans. AB
=
AC
( 3 +1 x1 ) i + (1+ 5 + y1 ) j + ( 1+ 2 + z1 ) k
9i + 9 j + 3k
i + j + 5k
=
= c a
=
AC
9i + 9 j + 3k
=
= b a
3i + 3 j +15k
= 3AB
( x1 + 4 ) i + (y1 + 6 ) j + ( z1 +1) k
9 = x1 + 4, 9 = y1 + 6 and 3 = z1 + 1
x1 = 5,y1 = 3 and z1 = 2
C(5,3,2)
= 3b 3a c + 2a
c = 5j + 3j +k
c a = 3 b a c a
= 3b
c + 2a
=
3
1.c + 2a
B
1+ 2
b +c
, where p is the position vector
2
p
of P.
p =
(i + 5 j + 2k )(5i + 3 j + 2k )
2
A, B, C are collinear.
=
1
6i + 8 j + 4k 3i + 4 j + 2k
2
g = 3i + 3 j + k ,
Since G is the centroid of the ABC, by the
centroid formula,
3g
a +b +c
3
= a +b +c
3a + 5b
,
8
d =
3a + 5b
8
c =
5a 4b
54
Vectors
d =
3a + 5b
3+5
(i, ii)
= 2s 2r
p + 2r
= q + 2s
p + 2r
3
q + 2s
3
p + 2r
1+ 2
q + 2s
1+ 2
= m
= a 3b + c
2a + 3b + 4c
b + 2c
PQ
= qp
) (
= 2a + 3b + 4c a 3b + c
PQ
3a + 6b + 3c
PQ
3 a 2b c
PQ
3
= a 2b c
QR
= r q
) (
w .r.t
origin
O.
If
collinear.
Ans. 7c
...(i)
= 2a 4b 2c
= 4a + 3b
4a + 3b
7
4a + 3b
4+3
= b + 2c + 2a 3b 4c
a, b, c
vectors
7c = 4a + 3b , p rove th at A, B, C are
= b + 2c 2a + 3b + 4c
= 2 a 2b c
PQ
= 2 3
QR
Ans. 2r
= 5 p 3q
5 p 3q
2
5 p 3q
53
Vectors
b +c a +c a +b
+
+
2
2
2
2a + 2b + 2c
2
2 a +b +c
=
i) AD + BE + CF = 0
= a +b +c
ii) OA + OB + OC = OD + OE + OF
= OA + OB + OC
iii) BC = 2FE
= L.H.S
iii)
=2 e f
R.H.S = 2 FE
a + c a + b
= 2 2 2
a + c a b
= 2
= c b
point D. E. F are mid points of sides BC, AC
= BC
and AB respectvely
b +c
,
d =
2
= L.H.S
a +c
,
e =
2
f =
a +b
2
i) AD + BE + CF
a ,b ,c ,d
then
= d a +e b + f c
= 2a + 3b ,
b +c
a +c
a +b
a +
b+
c
=
2
2
2
= a 2b
AC
= c a
2a 2a + 2b 2b + 2c 2c
2
0
2
= 2a + 3b a
= a + 3b
DB
= b a 2b
= R.H.S
= 3b a
ii) R.H.S = OD + OE + OF
= d +e + f
= b d
BC
= c b
= 2a + 3b b
Vectors
= 2a + 2b
d
Q-8) A divides seg PQ internally in the ratio
the ratio 5 : 2. Express AB in terms of p, q
and r .
Ans. Let a,b, p, q and r be position vectors of points
A, B, P, Q and R w.r.t a fixed point.
a =
a =
( )
.... (ii)
c (1+ x ) = a + xb
.... (iii)
d (1 x ) = a xb
.... (iv)
c (1+ x ) + d (1 x )
1 q +3p
a + xb
1 x
a =
= 2a
(1 + x ) c + (1 x ) d
2
1+ 3
q +3p
4
a =
...(i)
(1 + x ) c + (1 x )
(1 + x ) + (1 x )
A divides OC in ratio
(1 + x) : (1 x)
or A divides CD internally in ratio
5r 2q
52
5r 2q
3
AB
= b a
(1 x) : (1 + x)
i.e.
...(ii)
1 x
1+ x
5r 2q q + 3 p
3
4
20 r 8 q 3 q 9 p
12
1
20 r 11 q 9 p
12
c (1+ x ) d (1 x )
b =
b =
a + xb
=
1+ x
2x
(1 + x ) c (1 x ) d
(1 + x ) (1 x )
1 x
A and B divides CD in ratio
1+ x
and
Q-10) If the vectors 2i q j + 3k
are collinear, then find q.
4i 5 j + 6k
Ans. Let
.... (i)
(1 + x ) c (1 x ) d
1 x
(1 x) : (1 + x) i.e.
1+ x
1 x
that A and B divides CD in ratio
1+ x
= 2xb
Vectors
2
=
4
q
5
3
6
1
=
2
q
5
1
2
q =
5
2
3 : 1.
ii) Putting = 3 in equation (2), we get
3( 3 + 1)
6 = 3q
the ratio 1 : 4
i + q j + 3k and
c = 3i + 3 j + 0.k
b =
in the ratio : 1.
.b +1a
. +1
3i + 3 j + 0.k
) (
c =
+1
=
( + 3 ) i + 3qi + ( 3 + p ) k
.... (i)
3(
+ 1) =
.... (ii)
0 = 3
+p
1.b + 4a
1+ 4
3i + 2 j
p = 9
Hence p = 9 and q = 2
b =
= 2
0 = 9 + p
= 3q
i)
.... (iii)
c =
1
5i 2 j + 20k
5
2
i j + 4k
5
i.e., QP = p and QG = g
2
=6
= 3
Vectors
10
= 3q
QP
= 3QG
p
3
pi + q j + 7k ;
AB
= b a
( 3i + 4 j + 5k ) (i + 2 j + 3k )
= 2i + 2 j + 2k
AC
= c a
( pi + p j + 7k ) (i + 2 j + 3k )
( p 1) i + (q 2) j + 4k
b = ai + bj + k,
2i + 2 j + 2k
c = i + 2 j 2k,
3g
= a +b +c
4m = 2 m(p 1) = 2 p 1 = 4 m (q 2) = 2
a +b +c
3
3 2i + j ck
= m ( p 1) i + ( q 2) j + uk
g = 2i + j ck
... (ii)
a = ai + 2 j + 2k,
G is centroid of ABC
... (i)
1
(q 2) = 2
2
q =6
Q-16) If the three points A(4,5,p). B(q,2,4) and
C(5,8,0) are collinear then find
= 6i + 3 j 3ck = ( 2a +1) i + ( 4 + b ) j + k
4+b=3
3c = 1
C respectively.
a = 4i + 5 j + p.k,
5
2
b = qi + 2 j + 4k,
b = 1
c = 5i + 8 j + 0k,
a=
c = 1/3
AB in the ratio :1
= i + 2 j + 3k ;
= 3i + 4 j + 5k ;
Vectors
c =
.b +1.a
+1
+1 5i + 8 j + 0k
11
) (
= qi + 2 j + 4k + 4i + 5 j + Pk
Then p = i 2 j + k and q = i + 4 j 2k
( q + 4) i + ( 2 + 5 ) j + ( 4 + P ) k
... (1)
8(+1) = 2 + 5
... (2)
0 = 4 + P
Sinc e
r =
... (3)
2q +1. p
2 +1
) (
2 i + 4 j 2k + i 2 j + k
From (1)
5 + 5 = q + 4
5 q = 1
2i + 8 j 4k + i 2 j + k
3
1
3i + 6 j 3k
3
... (5)
From (2)
8 + 8 = 2 + 5
6 = 3
x=
1
2
r = i + 2 j k
... (6)
1 1
1
ii) 5 q = 1 Substitue =
2
2
2
B (2, 1, 5)
Let a, b be the position vectors of A and B.
w.r.t fixed point.
in (5)
5 q
+
2 2
= i + 2 j + 4k ,
5+q=2
= 2i j + 5k
q=3
AB
= b a
= 1=
0 = 4 + p
= 2i j + 5k i 2 j 4k
4 + p = 0
1
4
2
= i 3j +k
= p
a
p=2
p = 2 and q = 3
i + 4 j 2k
res p ectively .
(1)2 + ( 2)2 + ( 4 )2
1+ 4 +16
21
( 2)2 + ( 1)2 + (5 )2
4 +1 + 25
30
Fin d
a
unit vectors along a
Vectors
12
AB
i + 2 j + 4k
21
2i + j + 5k
30
(1)2 + ( 3 )2 + (1)2
1+ 9 +1
11
b
b
B (2, 5, 0)
C (4, 2, 0)
a = i + 3j
b = 2i + 5 j
c = 4i + 2 j
AB
unit vectors along AB =
AB
Now, c
xa + yb
i 3j +k
4i + 2 j
x i + 3 j + y 2i + 5 j
4i + 2 j
xi + 3xj + 2yi + 5y j
4i + 2 j
( x + 2y ) i + ( 3x + 5y ) j
11
ordinates of B.
Ans. Let a, b, c be the position vectors of points
sides
x + 2y = 4
...(i)
A (3, 8, 6)
3x + 5y = 2
...(ii)
C (1, 5, 0)
a = 3i + 8 j + 6k
3x + 6y = 12
c = i +5j
3x + 5y = 2
c =
( ) ( )
5 b +6 a
i +5j =
5+6
( ) (
5 b + 6 3i + 8 j + 6k
11
11i + 55 j
= 5b +18i + 48 j + 36k
5b
7i + 7 j 36k
7
7
36
i+ j
k
5
5
5
7 7 36
, ,
co-ordinates of B
5 5 5
y = 10
substitute y = 10 in equation (i)
x + 20
= 4
= 16
{x = 16, y = 10}
Q-21) If A (0, 1, 3), B (3, 2, 1) and
A B = xi + yj + zk then prove x + y + z = 0
= (0, 1, 3)
= (3, 2, 1)
= 3i +2 j k
AB
= b a
j + 3k
Vectors
= 3 i + 2 j k j 3k
x i +y j +zk
13
3i k
(m + 2n ) i + (m n ) j
+ ( 2m + n ) k
= 3 i + j 4k
x i +y j +zk
By equality of vectors,
m + 2n = 3
.... (i)
x = 3, y = 1, z = 4
mn=0
.....(ii)
L.H.S
= x+y+2
and 2m + n = 1
= 3+14
= 0
.....(iii)
3n = 3
= R.H.S.
Q-22) If A (1, 4, 1), B (2, 3, 5) and C (5, 7, 2) are
n = 1
m + 2(1) = 3
m = 1
Substituting m = 1, n = 1 in equation (iii), we
get,
G respectively.
Let G be the centroid.
= 2 + 1
2i + 3 j 5k
= 1
= RHS.
c = 5i 7 j + 2k
Hence, m = 1 and n = 1.
3g
= a +b +c
=
3g
g
a +b +c
3
(i + 4 j + k ) + ( 2i + 3 j + 5k )
+ ( 5i 7 j + 2k )
= 4i + 0 j 2k
=
4
2
i + 0j + k
3
3
2
4
G ,0,
3
3
a + b + c = 3 g1 and p + q + r = 3 g 2
) (
) (
= p +q +r a +b +c
= 3 g 2 3 g1
such that c = mb + nb
= 3 g 2 g1
Ans. c = mb + nb
) (
= p a + q b + r c
, b = 2i j + 2k
and
Q-23) If a = i + j 2k
3i k
g1 =
... (i)
Now, AP + BQ + CR
Centroid of ABC
a+b +c
p+ q + r
and g 2 =
3
3
) (
)
... [From (i)]
= 3G1 G2
Vectors
14
= 6i + 6 j 6k
AC
= c a
B,C are
= 5i 5 j + 5k
a = i + 3 j + 0.k, b = 2i + 5 j + 0.k,
c = 4i + 2 j + 0.k,
=
Now c = ma + nb
5
6i + 6 j 6k
6
....(ii)
4i + 2 j + 0.k
....(i)
= m i + 3 j + 0.k + n 2i + 5 j + 0.k
AC
5
= AB
6
4i + 2 j + 0.k
= (m + 2n ) i + ( 3m + 5m ) j + 0.k
By equality of vectors,
m + 2n = 4
.....(i)
and 3m + 5n = 2
......(ii)
and 4i 5 j + 6k
Q-2) If the vectors 2i q j + 3k
we get, n = 10
m + 2(10) = 4
= (1) PQ .
PR
3m + 6n = 12
m = 16
b = 4i 5 j + 6k .
2
=
4
q
5
3
6
1
=
2
q
5
1
2
q =
5
.
2
a = 3i + 2 j 4k ,
b = 9i + 8 j 10k ,
Alternative Method.
c = 2i 3 j + k .
Let
g = 3i + 3 j + k ,
AB
= b a
a b = 0
Vectors
i
j
15
= i 2 j + 3k
k
2 q 3
4 5 6
i ( 6q +15 ) j (12 12 )
AB
x.AC + y.AD
( ) (
x 2 j + y i 2 j + 3k
+ k ( 10 + 4q ) = 0
2i + 2 j =
( 6q +15 ) j 0 j ( 10 + 4q ) k
= 0i + 0 j + 0k
By equalify of vectors,
6q + 15 = 0 and 10 + 4q = 0
15
q =
6
10
q =
4
Hence, q
5
and
2
5
2
5
2
y = 2
....(i)
2x 2y = 2
....(ii)
3y = 0
....(iii)
From (i), y = 2
From (iii), y = 0
This is not possible.
Hence, the points A, B, C, D are not coplanar.
Q-4) If a , b , c are non-coplanar vectors then
p ro ve
that
th e
vectors
2a 4b + 4c , a 2b + 4c and a + 2b + 4c
are collinear
p, q , r are given by
B, C, D are
= i j + k ,
= i + j + k ,
= 2i 3 j + 4k
AB
= b a
=
=
AC
i + j + k ,
) (
i + j + k i j + k
= 2a 4b + 4c ,
= a 2b + 0.c ,
PQ
= qp
PR
2i + 2 j
) (
i + j + k i j + k
= 2 j
(a 2b + 4c ) (2a 4b + 4c )
a + 2b + 0.c
(a + 2b + 4c ) (2a 4b + 4c )
(
and
.... (i)
= r q
= 3 a + 2b + 0.c
= d a
=
a + 2b + 4c .
= c a
=
AD
PQ
PQ + ( 3 ) PQ
= 3PQ
)
.... [By (i)]
= 0
) (
2i 3 j + 4k i j + k
)
Vectors
16
Now,
r = x 2a b + 4c + y a + 4b 3c
collinear
5a 6b +11c
Q-5) Express p = 3i + 2 j + 4k
as the linear
a = i + j , b = j + k and c = k + i
Ans. To express p as a linear combination of
( 2x y ) a + ( x + 4y ) b + ( 4x 3y ) c
2x y = 5
...(i)
x + 4y = 6
...(ii)
4x 3y = 11
...(iii)
a , b, c
Let p = xa + yb + zc
where x , y, z
L.H.S of (iii)
are scalars
= 4(2) 3(1)
3i + 2 j + 4k
= 11
= x i + j +y j +k + z k +i
=
= R.H.S.
Thus, these values satisfy the (iii) equation
also.
( x + z ) i + ( x + y ) j + (y + z ) k
x + z = 3;
x + y = 2;
y +z = 4
Solving we get
z =
5
;
2
y =
3
;
2
x =
1
2
p =
1
3
5
a+ b+ c
2
2
2
( x 2) a + b
= t ( 2x +1) a b
( x 2) a + b
= t ( 2x +1) a tb
x2
= t(2x + 1) and
t
= 1
= 1
x2
Ans. p = 2a b + 4c ,
q =
a + 4b 3c , r
= 5a 6b +11c
In order to show that vectors p, q and r are
coplanar.
= (2x + 1)
= 2x 1
3x = 1
x =
r = x p + yq
Vectors
1
3
17
By equality of vectors,
2x + 2y + 3z
= 1
xy+z
= 3
4x + 3y 2z = 4
Ans. Let P, Q and R be the points whose position
vectors are p = 2a 4b + 4c , q = a 2b + 4c ,
r = a + 2b + 4c
D =
Now,
) (
PQ = q p = a 2b + 4c 2a 4b + 4c
= 2 4 3 = 9 0
and
) (
PR = r p = a + 2b + 4c 2a 4b + 4c
= 3a + 6b + 0c = 3 a + 2b + 0.c
1 1
3 2
... (i)
PQ = a + 2b + 0.c
1
4
Dx
1 2
3 1
4
3
1
3 2
PR = 3PQ
PR + ( 3 ) PQ = 0
p = 2a 4b + 4c , q = a 2b + 4c
r = a + 2b + 4c are collinear.
= 4 + 2 24 = 18
Q-3) Ex press
i 3 j + 4k
combination
of
as
th e
the
= 1 4 15 = 18
Dy
lin ear
Dz
vectors
, 2i j + 3k
and 3i + j 2k
.
2i + j 4k
b = 2i j + 3k ,
x=
Dz 18
=
= 2,
D
9
y=
Dy
D
18
= 2,
9
Dz 27
z = D = 9 = 3
i 3 j + 4k .
Suppose p = xa + yb + ze.
2 1
1 3
3 4
= 10 + 16 + 1 = 27
p =
2
1
4
a = 2i + j 4k ,
Ans. Let
2 1 3
1 3 1
4 4 2
p = 2a + 2b 3c
Then, i 3 j + 4k
) (
)
+ z ( 3i + j 2k )
= x 2i + j 4k + y 2i j + 3k
i 3 j + 4k
=
as the linear
Q-4) Ex press P = 3i + 2 j + 4k
com binatio n
of
the
vectors
, c = k
+ i
a = i + j , b = j + k
Ans. To express p as a linear combination of a , b, c
Let
( 2x + 2y + 3z ) i + ( x y + z ) j
+ ( 4x + 3y 2z ) k
p = xa + yb + zc
3i + 2 j + 4k
Vectors
18
) (
) (
x i + j + y j + k + z k + i
( x + z ) i + ( x + y ) j + (y + z ) k
x + z = 3;
x =
x y = 2 gives
y =
x = y = 2;
y+z=4
3
2
z =
5
,
2
y =
3
,
2
5x + y =
x =
1
2
p =
1
3
5
a+ b+ c
2
2
2
a + 3b 5c , a + b + c and 2a 3b + c are
collinear
Ans. Let
1 3
5 +
2 2
5 3
2 2
= 1
a + 3b 5c ,
a + b + c
= 2a 3b + c
1
3
r = 2 p + 2 q
Q-6) Ex p ress
and
i 3 j + 4k
com binatio n
p =
x a + 3b 5c + y a + b + 5c
( x y ) a + ( 3x + y ) b + ( 5x + y ) c
i 3 j + 4k .
Suppose p =
xa + yb + zc .
Then, i 3 j + 4k
r = 2a 3b + c
=
2a 3b + c
x y
= 2
.... (i)
3x + y
= 3
.... (ii)
and 5x + y = 1
Adding (i) and (ii), we get,
2x = 1
.... (iii)
) (
)
+ z ( 3i + j 2k )
( x y ) a + ( 3x + y ) b + ( 5x + y ) c
By equality of vectors,
Vectors
the
b = 2i j + 3k ,
Now, x p + yq
th e
a = 2i + j 4k ,
Ans. Let
r = x p + yq
and
of
as
lin ear
vectors
, 2i j + 3k
and 3i + j 2k
.
2i + j 4k
1
y =2
2
1
2
2
solving, we get
1
2
i 3 j + 4k
=
( 2x + 2y + 3z ) i + ( x y + z ) j
+ ( 4x + 3y 2z ) k
19
By equality of vectors,
2x + 2y + 3z
= 1
x y+z
= 3
p = i + 4 j 4k .
suppose p =
Then,
4x + 3y 2z = 4
Solve these equations by using Cramers Rule
= 2 4 3 = 9 0
Dx
3 1
i + 4 j 4k
=
xa + yb + zc .
) (
)
+ z ( i 3 j 5k )
i + 4 j 4k
= x ( 2x + y z ) i + y ( x 2y + 3z ) j
+ ( 3x + 4y 5z ) k
By equality of vectors,
3 2
2x + y z = 1
= 1(2 3) 2(6 4) + 3(9 + 4)
= 1 4 15 = 18
Dy
x 2y + 32 = 4
3x + 4y 5z = 1
2 1
1 3
cramers Rule.
2
2
D =
Dz
2 1
1 3
1 2
3
= 4 + 2 24 = 18
2
1 1
3
4 5
4
1
Dx =
= 10 + 16 + 1 = 27
x=
Dz 18
=
= 2,
D
9
y=
Dy
D
18
= 2,
9
Dz 27
z = D = 9 = 3
Dx = 2
p = 2a + 2b 3c
Dy =
2
1
3
as the linear
Q-7) Express the vector i + 4 j 4k
combination of the vectors
.
, i 2 j + 4k
and i + 3 j 5k
2i j + 3k
Ans. Let
a = 2i j + 3k ,
c =
i 3 j 5k
and
1 1
4
4 5
Dz =
b = i 2 j + 4k ,
1 1
Vectors
20
Dz = 6
2 0 0
Dx
D
x =
Dy
y =
D
Dz
D
z =
2
2
= 1
4
2
= 2
6
2
= 3
0 3 0
0 0 4
= 2 (12) 0 + 0
= 24 cubic units.
Q-4) Show that vectors
a = i + j + k, b = i j + k &
p = a + 2b + 3c
c = 2i + 3 j + 2k are coplanar.
ii) a b c
3 2 1
= 1 1 2
3 1 2
Ans. If [a b c ] = 0
= 1(1) 1(1)
=2
L.H.S.
a b c
1 1 1
1 1 1
2
1( 2 3) 1(2 2) + 1(3 + 2)
Q-1) Find [a b c ] if
= 5+5=0
= R.H.S.
a = 2i + j + 3k , b = i + 2 j + 4k ,
c = i + j + 2k
2 1 3
Ans. a b c
[a b c ]
1 2 4
1 1 2
= 1
coplanar if
[ AB AC AD ] = 0
Q-2) a = i j + pk , b = i + j 4k , c = 2i + j + k
find p, if [a b c ] = 0
Ans. a b c
AB
1
2
4
= 0
1
= 0
p = 14
= i + 2 j + 3k
AC
= c a
an d
c = 4k
are
th e
Vectors
( 7 2) i + ( 1 1) j + ( 4 + 3) k
AC
= 5i 2 j + 7k
AD
= d a
=
( 2 2) i + ( 5 1) j + ( 7 + 3) k
6 j 4k
a = 2i , b = 3 j
( 3 2) i + ( 3 1) j + ( 0 + 3) k
AB
14 p = 0
= b a
=
= 0
1 1
1
1
a , b, c
L.H.S.
AB AC AD
1
=
21
5 2
1 2 3
2 3 4
= 0
x y z
0 6 4
= 1(8 + 42) 2( 20) + 3 ( 30)
= 50 + 40 90 = 0 = R. H. S.
3z 4y 4z + 8x + 6y 9x = 0
x + 2y z = 0
x 2y z = 0
D (2,4,3)
AD as concurrent edges.
AB
= b a
=
( 4 2) i + (1+1) j + ( 3 1) k
AB
= 2i + j + 2k
AC
= c a
(m 2) i + (1+1) j + (1 1) k
AC
(m 2 ) i + 2 j
AD
= d a
=
AB
= b a
=
= i 2 j + 2k
AC
= c a
AB AC AD = 0
1 2
m 2 2 0
0
5 2
= 2i 3 j 3k
AD
= d a = ( 3 1) i + ( 3 1) j + ( 4 1) k
AD
= 2i + 2 j + 3k
volume of parallelopiped
= 0
1 2
2 3 3
2 2 3
8m = 8
m=1
= 1 ( 9 + 6) + 2 (6 + 6) + 2 (4 + 6)
= 3 + 24 + 20 = 41 cubic units.
= [a + b b + c c + a ]
(a + b ) .[ (b + c ) (c + a )]
= a = i + 2 j + 3k
(a + b ) .[b c + b a + c c + c a ]
OB
= b = 2i + 3 j + 4k
OP
= a . [b c + b a + c a ]
+ b. [b c + b a + c a ]
[OA OB OP ]
OA
( 3 1) i + ( 2 1) j + ( 2 1) k
AC
= 5 j + 2k
( 2 1) i + ( 1 1) j + ( 3 1) k
AB
( 2 2) i + ( 4 +1) j + ( 3 1) k
AB , AC , AD
AD
= 0
p = xi + y j + zk
[OA OB OC ]
= 0
Vectors
22
[ c c = 0]
=
(a b ).[(b c ) (c a )] = 2a .b c
( ) ( )
+ b. (b c ) + b. (b a ) + b. (c a )
a. b c + a . b a + a. c a
a. b c + b. c a
) +0+0+0+0
[a b c ] = 0
i.e., a . b c
[a b c ] + [b c a ]
L.H.S.
[a b c ] + [a b c ]
(a b ) . (b c ) (c a )
( a b c = b c a )
(a b ) .[b c b a c c + c a ]
2[a b c ] = R.H .S .
(a b ) .[b c + a b + c a ]
b.[b c + a b + c a ]
a , b, c are coplanar
a b c
= 2a.b c
a + 3b
c2
Vectors
a + 3b
)(
+ 6a .b + 9 b
+ 6 a 6 cos
+6 a b .
)
= 0
= (0)
= 0
R.H.S.
= a.a + 3a .b + 3b . a + ab .b
=
a + 3b . a + 3b
= 2[a b c ]
= [a b c ] [a b c ]
c =
= [a b c ] [b c a ]
= 0
R.H.S
= a . b c b. c a
c = a + 3b
b. b c + b. a b + b. c a
a. b c + a. a b + a . c a
Ans. c = a + 3b
= 0
a.[b c + a b + c a ]
c 2 = a 2 + 3 3ab + ab 2 , P ro ve th at th e
value is zero)
L.H.S
= R.H.S
2
3
+9b
2
3
+ 9 b2
= a + 6a b .
2
( )
+9 b
p=
a b c
,q =
ca
a b c
,r =
ab
a b c
a . p + b.q + c .r = 3
ii)
( a + b ) .p + ( b + c ) .q + ( c + a ) .r = 3
= a 2 + 3 3 ab + 9 b 2
bc
23
Ans. i) L.H.S.
= a. p + b.q + c .r
a. b c
=
[a b c ]
= a.
iii) a . p.
) + b. (c a ) + c. (a b )
[a b c ]
[a b c ]
c .q
= c.
(b c )
(a b c )
(c q )
(a b c )
[a b c ] + [b c a ] + [c a b ]
[a b c ]
=
[a b c ] + [a b c ] + [a b c ]
b .p =
[a b c ]
= 3
ii) L.H.S. a + b . p + b + c .q + c + a .r
(b c ) (b + c ) . (c a )
(a + b ) . [a b c ] + [a b c ]
b . b c
3[a b c ]
(c c a )
(a b c )
= 1
[a b c ]
(a b c )
(a b c )
+ c +a
(a b c )
(b b c )
(a b c )
c . a b
c .v
[a b c ]
(a b c )
(c a b )
(a b c )
(a b c )
(a b c )
(a b c )
(a b )
.
Since a b c is a scalar.
(a b c )
=0
Let a b c = k
(a + b ) . p
(b + c )
(a + b ) .
1
a b c + a b c
1
a b c + 0
b .p
b . c a
1
a b c
k
1
0k
k
= 1
and c + a .r
(b c a )
(a b c )
(
a .r
(a b c )
(a b c )
(a b c )
= 1
(a b c )
a . c a
= 1
Similarly b + c .q
(a b c )
(a b c )
0
abc
= 0
(a + b ) .p + (b + c ) .q + (c + a ) .r
= 1+1+1=3
Vectors
24
Q-13) If the vectors
ai + j + k ; i + b j + k ; i + ck a b c 1
are coplanar then show that
1
1
1
+
+
= 1.
1a 1 b 1 c
Ans. Let
p = ai + j + k ,
c
1
1
+
1+
+
1
c
1
b
1
= 1
1 c +c
1
1
+
+
1c
1b 1a
= 1
1
1
1
+
+
1c 1b 1a
= 1
1
1
1
+
+
1a 1b 1c
= 1
q = i + bj + k ,
Q-14) Show that if four points A, B, C D with
r = i + j + ck
[ pqr ] = 0
a 1 1
[ pqr ] =
1 b 1
1 1 c
Applying C1 C2 and C2 C3
a 1
0
1c
1
= 0
b 1 1
1c
AB AC AD
AB . AC AD
= 0
= 0
(b a ) . (c a ) (d a )
= 0
(b a ) . c d c a a d + a a
(a 1)(b 1)(1 c)
1
1 0
a 1
1
0 1
b 1
c
1 1
1c
= 0
a b c 1
(a 1) (b 1) (c 1) 0
1
1 0
a 1
1
0 1
b 1
c
1 1
1c
= 0
= 0
) ( ) ( )
=
a . (c d ) + a . (c a ) a . (a d )
b. c d b . c a b . a d
a a = 0
b c d b c a b a d a c d
+ a c a + a a d
= 0
b c d a b c a b d c a d + 0 + 0
= 0
b c d + a b d + c a d = a b c
Q-1) Find a b c
c
1
1
1 c b 1 a 1
= 0
i)
; b = 10i + 3k
;
a = 2i 2 j + 3k
c = i j + 2k
c
1
1
+
+
1 c b 1 1 a
= 0
ii)
a = i + j , b = j k and c = k + i
Vectors
Ans. i) a =
25
Ans. i) a =
j 2 j + k
b = 10i + 3k
b = 3 j 2 j + k
c = i + j + 2k
c =
2
a b c
ii) a b c
j + j + 5k
2 3
1 2 1
10 0 3
=
1 1 2
a b c
3
1
2
1
1
5
= 2 (0 + 3) + 2 (20 3) + 3 (10 0)
= 1 (10 1) + 2 (15 1) + 1 (3 2)
= 6 + 34 30
= 9 + 28 + 1
= 10
= 38
3 2 1
= 1 1 2
3 1 2
a b c
ii)
1 0 2
2 1 1
2 3 3
= 1(1) 1(1)
= 1 (3 2) 0 (6 2) + 2 (4 2)
=2
=10+4
=5
c = 2i + 3 j + pk
Ans. i) a = i + j + k
concurrent edges.
Ans. A (1, 1, 1), B = (2, 1, 3), C (3, 2, 2),
D (3, 2, 4)
b = i j + k
c = 2i + 3 j + pk
a b c
= 0
1 1 1
2 3 p
= 0
1 (P 3) 1 (P 2) + 1 (3 + 2)
P3P+2+5=0
2 P = 4
= i + j + k
= 2i + j + 3k
= 3i + 2 j 4k
AB
= b a
P=2
= i + 2k
,
, b = 3i + 2 j + k
a = i 2 j k
c = i + j + 5k
, b = 2i + j + k
,
ii) a = i + 2k
c = 2i + 2 j + 3k
AC
= c a
=
= 2i + j + k
vol. of parallelopiped
AB AC AD
Vectors
26
(a b c )
1 0 2
=
2 1 1
= 0
so,
2 1 3
=20+0
=2
(a b c )
(a b c )
, 2i + j k
, i + 3 j + 2k
3i + 2 j + nk
= 0
= 2i + j k
(a b c )
3 2
2
1 3
i + 3k 2k
= 7
= 0
, b = i j + k
Q-7) If a = i + j + k
find a . b c
and c = 2i + 3 j + 2k
1 1
= 3 (12 12) 1 (4 4) + (6 6)
= 3i + 2 j + nk
(a b c )
3 1 3
1 3 2
2 6 4
is 7 find n.
Ans. Let
= 0
= i + j + k
Ans. a
3 (2 + 3) 2 (4 1) + n (6 + 1) = 7
5 6 + 6n + n = 7
= i j + k
= 2i + 3 j + 2k
7n = 7 + 21
i j k
1 1 1
2 3 2
7n = 28
b c =
n=4
, i + 3 j 4k
, i + 4 j 3k
3i 5 j + 2k
ii)
, i + 3 j + 2k
, 2i + 6 j + 4k
3i + j + 3k
(a b c )
(a b c )
3 4
= 3 (16 + 9) + 5 (4 + 3) + 2 ( 3 4)
= 3 (7) + (7) + 2 (7)
= 21 + 35 14
=0
Vectors
a. b c
=0
3 5 2
1 4 3
1
5i + 5k
= 5 + 0 + 5
= 0
= i ( 2 3 ) j ( 2 2 ) + k ( 3 )
a , b, c are caplaner.
Q-8) Find p if the following vectors are coplanar
, b = 2i 5 j + pk
, c = i j 6k
a = i 3 j + 4k
Ans. a b c = 0
27
2k + 26 6k 30 + ( 12 ) = 0
1 3 4
2 5 P
1
= 0
4k 16 = 0
1 6
1 (30 + P) + 3 (12 P) + 4 (2 + 5) = 0
30 + P 36 3P + 12 = 0
k = 4
, b = i + j + 2 and
Q-10) If a = 3i + 2 j + k
2P + 6 = 0
P=3
a b c
3 1 2
= 3(4) 2( 4) + 1 ( 4)
b = 5i + 4 j + 2k
= 12 + 8 4
c = 6i + 3 j + 5k
= 16
d = i + kx
1
a b c
volume of a Tetrahedron =
= b a
AB
16
6
= 2i + 2 j + 3k
8
3
volume of a Tetrahedron =
= c a
AC
= 3i + j + 6k
= d a
AD
1
a b c
) (
2 j 2 j + k + 1 x
3i + 2 j k
i + kx
c = 9a 2 + 6 2ab + 4b 2 a = a and b = b
= 0
b b = 0
If in a scalar triple product, two vectors are
equal, then the secalar triple product is zero.
a b c = a b c
= a b 3a + 2b
2 2
= 0
(k +1)
2 k + 1 + 12 + 2 3k + 3 + 12 + 3 ( 6 + 2) = 0
= a 3b a + 2b b
= a 3b a + 0
= 3a b a
)
Vectors
28
( 3a 2b ) . ( 3a 2b )
c2 = C.C
(3a + 2b ) . (3a + 2b )
( a = a & b = b )
c =
( a = a & b = b )
2
= 9a +12ab cos + 4b
4
1
2
9a 2 12ab
+ 4b
2
9a 2 6 2ab + 4b 2
c2 =
a = a&b
1
2
9a +12ab
+ 4b
2
and
= b
9a + 6 2ab + 4b
a = a&b
, v = 3i + k
and w = j k
Q -13) If u = i 2 j + k
and
= b
Find (u + w ).[(u v ) (v w )]
Ans. u = i 2 j + k
v = 3i + k
w=
j k
(u + w )
let a =
= i j
(u v )
b =
b b = 0
= a b c
= i + j + k
i
= a 3b a 2b b
= a 3b a 0
= 3a b a
is
4
k
= i (1) + k (1)
(v w )
c =
i j
3 0
=30=0
The measure of angle between a & b
j
1 2 1
0 1 1
= a b 3a 2b
k
1
0 1 1
= i ( 1) j ( 3) + k ( 3 )
i + 3 j + 3k
c = c.c
Vectors
2
2
= 9a 12ab cos + 4b
4
To find u + w . u v v w
) (
) (
29
a. b c
a b c
1
=
a . c d
1 0
) (
) (
a d c
c a d
Also, b. c d =
b c d
b. c a
) (
a. b c = b. c d + c. a d a . b d
a b d
=4
= 1(3 3) 1(3 + 1)
b d a
= a. d c
1 1 1
1 3 3
u + w . u v v w = 4
a . b c a b c
from (I)
b c d + c a d + a b d = a b c
)
(
a . b c = 1 , w here
Q-15 ) I f
,
a = i + j + k
and c = i j + 4k
,
b = 2i + q j + k
b c d + c a d + a b d = a b c
find q
Let, a,b,c and d be the position of the points
AB
= b a,
AC
= c a ,
AD
= d a
a. b c
=1
1 1 1
2 q 1
=1
1 1 4
1(4q + 1) 1 (8 1) + 1 ( 2 1) = 1
4q + 1 7 2 q = 1
3q 8 = 1
3q = 9
q = 3.
the AB AC AD = 0
b a c a d a = 0
(b a ) . (c a ) (d a ) = 0
(b a ) . (c d c a a d a a ) = 0
where a a = 0
(b a ) . (c d c a a d ) = 0
b. c d b. c d b. a d
Ans. Let
p = a 2c , q = 3a + b + 5c ,
r = 2a 4b + 3c
a. c d + a. c a + a. a d = 0 ...(I)
Now, a. c d = 0, a. a d = 0,
b. a d
= b. d a
1 0 2
pqr = 3 1 5
2 4 3
= 1(3 + 20) 0(9 10) 2(12 2)
= 23 + 28 0
p, q , r are non-coplanar.
Vectors
30
Q-17) prove that
i) b + c c + a a + b = 2a . b c
) (
ii) a b + c a + b + c = 0
iii) a + 2b c a b a b c
= 3 a b c
) (
a b c + 2 a b c
= 3 a b c
(b c a ) + (c a b )
= RHS
(a b c ) + (a b c )
(
= 2a. b c
= R.H.S.
ii) LHS =
a b + c a + b + c
= a b + c a + b + c
) (
b a + b b + b c + c a
= a.
+c b +c c
= a. b a + a. b b + a . b c
+ a. c a + a . c b + a. c c
+0
+0
= 0 + 0 + a. b c
a. b c
= 0
= RHS
iii) LHS
= a. a + 2b c . a b a b c
Vectors
a b c + b c a
b + c c + a a + a
= 2 a bc
= 0 + a. b c + 2b. c a + 2 0 0 0
Ans. i) LHS = b + c . c + a a + b
) ( ) ( )
+ 2b. (b c ) c . (c a ) c . (b c )
a. c a + a. b c + 2b. c a
=
(a + 2b c ) . c a + b c
a a a b a c
(a + 2b c ) . b a + b b + b c
(a + 2b c ) .
0 a b + c a + a b
o + b c
31
then
A
00
F
B
E
P
C
x
x
b +c
,
2
c +a
,
2
a +b
=
2
2d
= b +c ;
2e
= c +a ;
2f
BC i.e., y : x,
Hence by section formula, the postion vectors
of the points D, E and F are
= a +b
2d + a
= a +b +c
2e + b
= a +b +c
2f + c
= a +b +c
2d + a
2 +1
2e + b
2 +1
= g
2f + c
2 +1
a +b +c
3
... (Say)
in the ratio 2 : 1.
Hence, the medians are concurrent in the
po in t G an d i ts p os it ion v e c to r is
(a + b + c ) / 3.
d =
zc + yb
;
z +y
e =
zc + xa
;
z +x
f =
yb + xa
;
y+x
(y + z ) d
= yb + zc ;
(z + x ) e
= zc + xa ;
(x + y ) f
( y + z ) d + xa
xa + yb.
=
(x + y ) f
xa + yb + zc
( z + x ) e + yb
+ zc
(y + z ) d + xa
(y + z ) + x
( z + x ) e + yb
(z + x ) + y
Vectors
32
( x + y ) f + zc
(x + y ) + z
xa + yb + zc
x +y +z
...(Say)
a +c
=
2
a +c = b +d
b a = c d
xa + yb + zc
.
is
x +y +z
AB = DC
AB= DC and side AB || side DC
ABCD is parallelogram.
AD + BC = k .BC + BC
= (k + 1) BC
A
AB
b a = c d
a +c = b +d
a +c
b +d
=
2
2
... (i)
Vectors
... (i)
= DC
and D of the
b +d
2
(a + c )
2
and
m=
MN
a +b
d +c
and n =
2
2
= n m
d +c a +b
=
2 2
33
1
d +c a b
2
1
d a + c +d
AD + BC
2
) (
...[(by (i)]
MN is a scalar multiple of BC
MN and BC are parallel vectors
MN || BC where BC ||AD
a + r
(r + a ) . (r a )
= r .r r a + a.r a.a
= r
... (ii)
(k +1) BC
AP.BP
=0
AP BP
AD + BC = AD + BC = AD + BC
F
E
H
AD + BC
MN =
2
1
AD + BC
MN =
2
Then HA = a , HB = b and HC = c ,
subtended on a semi-circle.
AB = b a , BC = c b and AC = c a
Let AC = CB = a and CP = r
Then a = r
Now HA is perpendicular to BC
...(1)
HA. BC = 0
a. c b = 0
a.c a.b = 0
r
A
a
...(1)
Also HA is perpendicular to AB .
AP
AC + CP
= a +r
HC . AB = 0
c. b a = 0
c .b c .a = 0
c .b a.c = 0
= r +a
BP
= BC + CP
=
( c .a = a.c )
...(2)
CB + CP
Vectors
34
Adding (1) and (2), we get
z =
02 + ( 4 ) + 32
c .b a.c = 0
b. c a = 0
HB.AC = 0
HB is perpendicular to AC .
c a .b = 0
16 + 9
25 = 5
( )
h =
xa + yb + zc
x +y +z
( ) ( ) (
4 4 j + 3 3k + 5 4 j + 3k
h =
h =
4+3+5
16 j + 9k + 20 j +15k
12
h =
36 j + 24k
12
a = 0i + 4 j + 0k
0 j + 36 j + 24k
12
b = 0i + 0 j + 3k
h =
c = 0i + 4 j + 3k
h = 0i + 3 j + 2k
AB
= b a
=
H = (0,3,2)
(0i + 0 j + 3k ) ( 0i + 4 j + 0k )
= 0i 4 j = 3k
BC
Ans.
= c b
=
Y
Q
B
(0i + 4 j + 3k ) ( 0i + 0 j + 3k )
= 0i + 4 j + 0k
AC
= c a
=
(0i + 4 j + 3k ) ( 0i + 4 j + 0k )
A
P
= 0i 0 j + 3k
Let
x =
BC ,
y =
AC , and
= AB
and sin ()
x =
=
y =
0 +4 +0
16 = 4
02 + ( 0 ) + 32
Vectors
= 3
= sin ,
OA
35
These are equal.Hence the diagonals OC and
OB
OA OB
i
j
k
cos
cos
sin
sin
0
0
= BC + CA
= a b
OC .BA
(a b ) . (a b )
= a2 b2
( a = b )
= 0
OA OB
= [OA.OB sin ( + )] k
= sin ( + ). k
...(ii)
( a.b = b.a )
right angles.
Since the diagonals bisect each other, the
OB = b . Then OA = OB
a
C
a+
Now,
OC BA
OC . BA = 0
(a + b ) . (a b ) = 0
b
a
a.b + b.a b = 0
b
=0
=b =0
a =b
a = b.
a =b
Now OC = a + b .
l (OA ) = l (OB )
OABC is a rhombus.
Hence, a quadrilateral is rhombus if and only
if diagonals bisect each other at right angle.
36
Q-2) Using vectors prove that, if the diagonals
and
AC
BD
= b 2 2a.b + a 2
AB + BC
= a +b
2a.b + 2a.b
= BA + AD
= 0 4 a.b = 0 a.b = 0
( )
a + b
(a + b )( a + b ) =
a b AB AD AB AD
Let AB = p and AD = q
AB + BC
DC = AB = p and BC = AD = q
= a +b
AC = AB + BC = p + q
BD
Let AB = a , AD = b
= BC + CD
)(
AC 2 = AC .AC = p + q . p + q
= b a
= p.p + p.q + q. p + q .q
a
= p2 + q2 + 2p.q
= BC + CD
= BC DC
BD2
= BD.BD
= p2 + q2 + 2p.q
= BD
AC 2 + BD
Vectors
( q p ) . (q p )
( p.q = q.p )
( p2 + q 2 + 2 p.q )
+ ( p 2 + q 2 2 p.q )
= p2 + q2 + p2 + q2
(a + b ) . (a + b ) = (b a ) . (b a )
= qp
= q.q q. p p.q + p. p
( p.q = q.p )
BD
b
37
= AB2 + BC 2 + CD 2+ DA 2
(i + j 3k ) (i 2 j + k )
= 0i + 3 j 4k
= r q
QR
= 0i 3 j + Ok
having BC as diameter.
Ans. A (1, 2, 3), B (3, 1, 5), C (4, 0, 3)
(i 2 j 3k ) (i + j 3k )
= r p
PR
(i 2 j 3k ) (i 2 j + k )
b = 3i j + 5k
y =
c = 4i 3k
AB
= b a
=
(3i j + 5k ) (i + 2 j + 3k )
PQ
x =
02 + ( 3 ) + 02
= c a
=
y =
( 4i 3k ) (i + 2 j + 3k )
= 3i 2 j 6k
z =
AB . AC =
(2i 3 j + 2k ) . (3i 2 j 6k )
( )
( )
= 2 ( 3 ) i . i + ( 3 )( 2 ) j j + 2 ( 6 ) k .k
= 6 (1) + 6 (1) 12 (1)
= 0
PR
z =
= 2i 3 j + 2k
AC
QR ,
= 3
2
02 + 02 + ( 4 )
16 = 4
2
02 + 02 + ( 4 )
9 +16
25 = 5
( )
seg AB seg AC
i.e. seg BC subtends right angle at A
h =
x p + yq + zr
x +y + z
h
=
3i 6 j + 3k + 4i + 4 j 12k + 5i 10 j 15k
3+4+5
12i 12 j 24k
12
= i 2j +k
h = i j 2k
= i j 3k
h = (1, 1, 2)
= i 2 j 3k
PQ
= qp
Vectors
38
Q -7) Using vectors, prove that the perpendicular
bisectors of the sides
concurrent.
of a triangle are
Ans.
A
c +a
. c a =0
2
as above c2 b2 = 0
...(2)
b2 = a2
F
b2 = a2 = 0
(b + a ) . (b a ) = 0
(b + a ) . (b a ) = 0
f = OF
is perpendicular bisector of the sides of ABC
are concurrent.
C, D, E, F respectively.
perpendicular to AB = b a .
b +c
,
d =
2
c +a
,
e =
2
f =
f. b a =0
D respectively.
a +b
,
2
D d
C c
A a
B b
Now OD = d is perpendicular to BC = c b .
d. c b = 0
b +c
. c b =0
2
(c + b ) . (c b ) = 0
c .c + b.c c .b b.b = 0
AB = DC
c2 b2 = 0
b a =c d
b +d =a +c
c2 b2
b +d a +c
=
= p ... (Say)
2
2
...(1)
Also, OE = e is pcpendicular to AC = c a
e. c a = 0
Vectors
39
at P.
Now, AC r BD = 0
...(i)
Now, AC = BC = BC + AB
and BD = BC + CD = BC + BA ... CD = BA
AC .BD = 0
( BC + AB ) . ( BC AB ) = 0
BC
BC
BC
BC = AB
= BC AB
(BC + AB ) . ( BC AB )
AC .BD =
BC
AB .BC + AB .BC AB
l ( BC ) l ( AB )
... l ( AB ) = l ( BC )
=0
AC is perpendicular to BD
( BC )
( )
( )
+ AB
and BD.BD
... AB r BC
BC
( BC )
( )
0 0 + AB
2
( )
+ AB
ABCD is a rhombus.
AC = BD
AC
AC .AC = BD.BD
( BC .AB ) . ( BC + AB )
AC
= BD
= BD
( BC AB ) . (BC AB )
... AB BC
AB .BC + AB .BC
=
AC .AC = BD.BD
2
(BC AB ) . ( BC AB )
=0
(BC + AB ) . ( BC + AB )
+ 0 + 0 + AB
= AB
=0
l(BC) = l(AB)
BC
AB
... (ii)
Also, AC .AC =
l(AC) = l(BD)
...(iii)
AB .BC AB .BC
4AB .BC = 0
AB .BC = 0
AB r BC
angles.
Conversely : Let the diagonals AC and BD of
the quadrilaeral ABCD are congruent and
bisect each other at right angles.
Vectors
40
Q-9) Using vector method, find the incentre of
a triangle whose vertices are P(0,2,1),
P,Q,R are
= 2 j + k , q = 2k and
PQ
= qp
3 1
H = , ,1
2 2
Q-10)Prove that the segment joining the midpoints of the diagonals of a trapezium is
parallel to the parallel sides and equals half
its difference.
2i + 2k
2i 2 j + 2k
2i 2 j k
= 2k
2i 2 j + k
PR
z =
PQ
and
m =
x =
0+0+2
y =
= 3
and y =
= 3
= 2
( )
x p + yq + zr
x +y +z
) ( ) (
... (i)
1
4 j + 2k 6i 6i + 6k
8
1
12i + 4 j + 8k
8
b +d
a +c
and n =
2
2
MN = n m =
b +d a +c
2
2
1
d a c b
1
AD BC
2
) (
)
k 1
BC
2
MN BC , where BC AD .
2+3+3
AD BC = k .BC BC = (k 1) BC
QR ,
y =
AD = k .BC
Let x =
and
= r p
PR
Vectors
= r p
QR
3 1
i + j +k
2
2
h =
AD BC = AD BC = AD BC
41
From (iii) and (iv), we get,
AC . AC = BD . BD
1
1
AD BC =
AD BC .
2
2
AC
AC = BD
MN =
equal.
Ans.
l (AC) = l (BD)
Hence, the diagonal of the tranpezium are
euqal.
D
D
= BD
C
C
AMD BNC
C ...(ii)
D =
Now, AC = AD + DC and BD = BC + CD
)(
AC . AC = AD + DC . AD + DC
= AD . AD + AD . DC + DC . AD + DC . DC
2
= AD + 2AD . DC + DC
( AD . DC = DC . AD )
2
= AD + 2 AD . DC cos ( D ) + DC
2
= AD 2 AD . CD cos D + DC ...(iii)
)(
and BD . BD = BC + CD . BC + CD
2
= BC + 2BC .CD + CD
( BC .CD = CD . BC )
2
= BC + 2 BC CD cos ( C ) + CD
2
= BC 2 BC CD cos C + CD
2
= AD 2 AD . CD cos D + CD ...(iv)
[By (i) and (ii)]
Vectors