HEATS OF SOLUTION

2-201

HEATS OF SOLUTION
TABLE 2-224

Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water

Heat evolved, in kilogram-calories per gram formula weight, on solution in water at 18C. Computed from data in Bichowsky and Rossini, Thermochemistry of
Chemical Substances, Reinhold, New York, 1936.

Substance

Dilution*

Formula

Heat,
kg-cal/
g-mole

Aluminum bromide
chloride

aq
600
600
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq

aq
600
aq

aq

800
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq

AlBr3
AlCl3
AlCl36H2O
AlF3
AlF3aH2O
AlF33aH2O
AlI3
Al2(SO4)3
Al2(SO4)36H2O
Al2(SO4)318H2O
NH4Br
NH4Cl
(NH4)2CrO4
(NH4)2Cr2O7
NH4I
NH4NO3
NH4BO3H2O
(NH4)2SO4
NH4HSO4
(NH4)2SO3
(NH4)2SO3H2O
SbF3
SbI3
H3AsO4

+85.3
+77.9
+13.2
+31
+19.0
1.7
+89.0
+126
+56.2
+6.7
4.45
3.82
5.82
12.9
3.56
6.47
9.0
2.75
+0.56
1.2
4.13
1.7
0.8
0.4

aq
aq
aq

aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq

Ba(BrO3)2H2O
BaBr2
BaBr2H2O
BaBr22H2O
Ba(ClO3)2
Ba(ClO3)2H2O
BaCl2
BaCl2H2O
BaCl2.2H2O
Ba(CN)2
Ba(CN)2H2O
Ba(CN)22H2O
Ba(IO3)2
Ba(IO3)2H2O
BaI2
BaI2H2O
BaI22H2O
BaI22aH2O
BaI27H2O
Ba(NO3)2
Ba(ClO4)2
Ba(ClO4)23H2O
BaS
BeBr2
BeCl2
BeI2
BeSO4
BeSO4H2O
BeSO42H2O
BeSO44H2O
BiI3
H3BO3

15.9
+5.3
0.8
3.87
6.7
10.6
+2.4
2.17
4.5
+1.5
2.4
4.9
9.1
11.3
+10.5
+2.7
+0.14
0.58
6.61
10.2
2.8
10.5
+7.2
+62.6
+51.1
+72.6
+18.1
+13.5
+7.9
+1.1
+3
5.4

400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400

CdBr2
CdBr24H2O
CdCl2
CdCl2H2O
CdCl22aH2O
Cd(NO3)2H2O
Cd(NO3)24H2O
CdSO4
CdSO4H2O
CdSO42wH2O
Ca(C2H3O2)2
Ca(C2H3O2)2H2O

+0.4
7.3
+3.1
+0.6
3.00
+4.17
5.08
+10.69
+6.05
+2.51
+7.6
+6.5

fluoride
iodide
sulfate
Ammonium bromide
chloride
chromate
dichromate
iodide
nitrate
perborate
sulfate
sulfate, acid
sulfite
Antimony fluoride
iodide
Arsenic acid
Barium bromate
bromide
chlorate
chloride
cyanide
iodate
iodide

nitrate
perchlorate
sulfide
Beryllium bromide
chloride
iodide
sulfate

Bismuth iodide
Boric acid
Cadmium bromide
chloride
nitrate
sulfate
Calcium acetate

Substance
Calcium(Cont.)
bromide

Dilution*

Formula

Heat,
kg-cal/
g-mole

400

aq
aq

aq

+24.86
0.9
+4.9
+12.3
+12.5
+2.4
4.11
+0.7
+28.0
+1.8
+4.1
+0.7
3.2
4.2
7.99
0.6
1
+5.1
+3.6
0.18
+18.6
+5.3
+2.0
+5.7
+18.4
1.25
+18.5
+9.8
2.9
+18.8
+15.0
1.4
3.6
+2.4
+0.5
+10.3
2.6
10.7
+15.9
+9.3
+3.65
2.85
+11.6

Cuprous sulfate

aq

CaBr2
CaBr26H2O
CaCl2
CaCl2H2O
CaCl22H2O
CaCl24H2O
CaCl26H2O
Ca(CHO2)2
CaI2
CaI28H2O
Ca(NO3)2
Ca(NO3)2H2O
Ca(NO3)22H2O
Ca(NO3)23H2O
Ca(NO3)24H2O
Ca(H2PO4)2H2O
CaHPO42H2O
CaSO4
CaSO4aH2O
CaSO42H2O
CrCl2
CrCl23H2O
CrCl24H2O
CrI2
CoBr2
CoBr26H2O
CoCl2
CoCl22H2O
CoCl26H2O
CoI2
CoSO4
CoSO46H2O
CoSO47H2O
Cu(C2H3O2)2
Cu(CHO2)2
Cu(NO3)2
Cu(NO3)23H2O
Cu(NO3)26H2O
CuSO4
CuSO4H2O
CuSO43H2O
CuSO45H2O
Cu2SO4

Ferric chloride

1000
1000
1000
800
aq
400
400
400
aq
400
400
400
400

FeCl3
FeCl32aH2O
FeCl36H2O
Fe(NO3)39H2O
FeBr2
FeCl2
FeCl22H2O
FeCl24H2O
FeI2
FeSO4
FeSO4H2O
FeSO44H2O
FeSO47H2O

+31.7
+21.0
+5.6
9.1
+18.0
+17.9
+8.7
+2.7
+23.3
+14.7
+7.35
+1.4
4.4

400
400
aq
aq
aq
400

Pb(C2H3O2)2
Pb(C2H3O2)23H2O
PbBr2
PbCl2
Pb(CHO2)2
Pb(NO3)2
LiBr
LiBrH2O
LiBr2H2O
LiBr3H2O
LiCl

+1.4
5.9
10.1
3.4
6.9
7.61
+11.54
+5.30
+2.05
1.59
+8.66

chloride

formate
iodide
nitrate

phosphate, monodibasic
sulfate
Chromous chloride
iodide
Cobaltous bromide
chloride
iodide
sulfate
Cupric acetate
formate
nitrate
sulfate

nitrate
Ferrous bromide
chloride
iodide
sulfate

Lead acetate
bromide
chloride
formate
nitrate
Lithium bromide

chloride

aq
aq
aq
400
400
400
aq
400
400
400
aq
aq
200
200
200
800

*The numbers represent moles of water used to dissolve 1 g formula weight of substance; means infinite dilution; and aq means aqueous solution of unspecified dilution.

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2-202

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-224

Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water (Continued )

Substance
Lithium(Cont.)

fluoride
hydroxide
iodide

nitrate
sulfate
Magnesium bromide
chloride

iodide
nitrate
phosphate
sulfate

sulfide
Manganic nitrate
sulfate
Manganous acetate
bromide
chloride
formate
iodide

sulfate
Mercuric acetate
bromide
chloride
nitrate
Mercurous nitrate
Nickel bromide
Nickel chloride

iodide
nitrate
sulfate

Dilution*

Formula

Heat,
kg-cal/
g-mole

LiClH2O
LiCl2H2O
LiCl3H2O
LiF
LiOH
LiOHfH2O
LiOHH2O
LiI
LiIaH2O
LiIH2O
LiI2H2O
LiI3H2O
LiNO3
LiNO33H2O
Li2SO4
Li2SO4H2O

+4.45
+1.07
1.98
0.74
+4.74
+4.39
+9.6
+14.92
+10.08
+6.93
+3.43
0.17
+0.466
7.87
+6.71
+3.77

aq

aq
400
400
400
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
400
400
400
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
400
400
400
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq

MgBr2
MgBr2H2O
MgBr26H2O
MgCl2
MgCl22H2O
MgCl24H2O
MgCl26H2O
MgI2
Mg(NO3)26H2O
Mg3(PO4)2
MgSO4
MgSO4H2O
MgSO42H2O
MgSO44H2O
MgSO46H2O
MgSO47H2O
MgS
Mn(NO3)2
Mn(NO3)23H2O
Mn(NO3)26H2O
Mn2(SO4)3
Mn(C2H3O2)2
Mn(C2H3O2)24H2O
MnBr2
MnBr2H2O
MnBr24H2O
MnCl2
MnCl22H2O
MnCl24H2O
Mn(CHO2)2
Mn(CHO2)22H2O
MnI2
MnI2H2O
MnI22H2O
MnI24H2O
MnI26H2O
MnSO4
MnSO4H2O
MnSO47H2O
Hg(C2H3O2)2
HgBr2
HgCl2
Hg(NO3)2aH2O
Hg2(NO3)22H2O

+43.7
+35.9
+19.8
+36.3
+20.8
+10.5
+3.4
+50.2
3.7
+10.2
+21.1
+14.0
+11.7
+4.9
+0.55
3.18
+25.8
+12.9
3.9
6.2
+22
+12.2
+1.6
+15
+14.4
+16.1
+16.0
+8.2
+1.5
+4.3
2.9
+26.2
+24.1
+22.7
+19.9
+21.2
+13.8
+11.9
1.7
4.0
2.4
3.3
0.7
11.5

aq
aq
800
800
800
800
aq
200
200
200
200

NiBr2
NiBr23H2O
NiCl2
NiCl22H2O
NiCl24H2O
NiCl26H2O
NiI2
Ni(NO3)2
Ni(NO3)26H2O
NiSO4
NiSO47H2O

+19.0
+0.2
+19.23
+10.4
+4.2
1.15
+19.4
+11.8
7.5
+15.1
4.2

Substance

Dilution*

Phosphoric acid, orthopyroPotassium acetate

aluminum sulfate

400
aq
aq
aq

800

aq
aq

aq

+2.79
0.1
+25.9
+4.65
+3.55
+48.5
+26.6
10.1
5.1
10.13
5.13
+6.58
+4.25
0.43
10.31
4.404
4.9
+55
+42
+33
+7
9.5
3.0
17.8
+3.96
1.85
6.05
+0.86
+1.21
+12.91
+4.27
+3.48
+0.86
6.93
5.23
8.633
4.6
7.5
12.94
10.4
+4.7
11.0
10.22
6.32
3.10
11.0
+1.8
+1.37
6.08
13.0
4.5

aq
200

500
500
1800
900
900

800
800
800
200
200

AgC2H3O2
AgNO3
NaC2H3O2
NaC2H3O23H2O
Na3AsO4
Na3AsO412H2O
NaHCO3
Na2B4O7
Na2B4O710H2O
NaBr
NaBr2H2O
Na2CO3
Na2CO3H2O
Na2CO37H2O
Na2CO310H2O
NaClO3
NaCl
Na2CrO4
Na2CrO44H2O
Na2CrO410H2O
NaCN
NaCNaH2O

5.4
4.4
+4.085
4.665
+15.6
12.61
4.1
+10.0
16.8
0.58
4.57
+5.57
+2.19
10.81
16.22
5.37
1.164
+2.50
7.52
16.0
0.37
0.92

2000

chlorate
chloride
chromate
chrome sulfate

2185
600

cyanide
dichromate
fluoride

200
1600

400

hydroxide

iodate
iodide
nitrate
oxalate
perchlorate
permanganate
phosphate, dihydrogen
pyrosulfite
sulfate
sulfate, acid
sulfide
sulfite
thiocyanate
thionate, dithiosulfate
Silver acetate
nitrate
Sodium acetate
arsenate
bicarbonate
borate, tetrabromide
carbonate

chlorate
chloride
chromate
cyanide

Heat,
kg-cal/
g-mole

H3PO4
H3PO4aH2O
H4P2O7
H4P2O71aH2O
KC2H3O2
KAl(SO4)2
KAl(SO4)23H2O
KAl(SO4)212H2O
KHCO3
KBrO3
KBr
K2CO3
K2CO3aH2O
K2CO31aH2O
KClO3
KCl
K2CrO4
KCr(SO4)2
KCr(SO4)2H2O
KCr(SO4)22H2O
KCr(SO4)26H2O
KCr(SO4)212H2O
KCN
K2Cr2O7
KF
KF2H2O
KF4H2O
KHS
KHSdH2O
KOH
KOHeH2O
KOHH2O
KOH7H2O
KIO3
KI
KNO3
K2C2O4
K2C2O4H2O
KClO4
KMnO4
KH2PO4
K2S2O5
K2S2O5aH2O
K2SO4
KHSO4
K2S
K2SO3
K2SO3H2O
KCNS
K2S2O6
K2S2O3

400
400
aq
aq

600
600

bicarbonate
bromate
bromide
carbonate

hydrosulfide

Formula

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its license agreement. Click here to view.

HEATS OF SOLUTION
TABLE 2-224

Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water (Concluded )

Substance

Dilution*

Formula

200

600

aq

1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
600
600
800
800
1600
1600
1200
1200

800
800

NaCN2H2O
NaF
NaHS
NaHS2H2O
NaOH
NaOHaH2O
NaOHwH2O
NaOHeH2O
NaOHH2O
NaI
NaI2H2O
NaPO3
NaNO3
NaNO2
NaClO4
Na2HPO4
Na3PO4
Na3PO412H2O
Na2HPO42H2O
Na2HPO47H2O
Na2HPO412H2O
NaH2PO3
NaH2PO32aH2O
Na2HPO3
Na2HPO35H2O
Na4P2O7
Na4P2O710H2O
Na2H2P2O7
Na2H2P2O76H2O
Na2SO4
Na2SO410H2O
NaHSO4
NaHSO4H2O
Na2S
Na2S4aH2O
Na2S5H2O
Na2S9H2O
Na2SO3
Na2SO37H2O
NaCNS

Sodium(Cont.)
fluoride
hydrosulfide
Sodium hydroxide

iodide
metaphosphate
nitrate
nitrite
perchlorate
phosphate di
triphosphate di
diphosphite, monodipyrophosphate
disulfate
sulfate, acid
sulfide

sulfite
thiocyanate
NOTE:

2-203

Heat,
kg-cal/
g-mole
4.41
0.27
+4.62
1.49
+10.18
+8.17
+7.08
+6.48
+5.17
+1.57
3.89
+3.97
5.05
3.6
4.15
+5.21
+13
15.3
0.82
12.04
23.18
+0.90
5.29
+9.30
4.54
+11.9
11.7
2.2
14.0
+0.28
18.74
+1.74
+0.15
+15.2
+0.09
6.54
16.65
+2.8
11.1
1.83

Substance
Sodium(Cont.)
thionate, diSodium thiosulfate
Stannic bromide
Stannous bromide
iodide
Strontium acetate
bromide

chloride

iodide

nitrate
sulfate
Sulfuric acid, pyroZinc acetate
bromide
chloride
iodide
nitrate
sulfate

Dilution*

Formula

Heat,
kg-cal/
g-mole

aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq

Na2S2O6
Na2S2O62H2O
Na2S2O3
Na2S2O35H2O
SnBr4
SnBr2
SnI2
Sr(C2H3O2)2
Sr(C2H3O2)2aH2O
SrBr2
SrBr2H2O
SrBr22H2O
SrBr24H2O
SrBr26H2O
SrCl2
SrCl2H2O
SrCl22H2O
SrCl26H2O
SrI2
SrI2H2O
SrI22H2O
SrI26H2O
Sr(NO3)2
Sr(NO3)24H2O
SrSO4
H2S2O7

5.80
11.86
+2.0
11.30
+15.5
1.6
5.8
+6.2
+5.9
+16.4
+9.25
+6.5
+0.4
6.1
+11.54
+6.4
+2.95
7.1
+20.7
+12.65
+10.4
4.5
4.8
12.4
+0.5
18.08

400
400
400
400
400
aq
400
400
400
400
400
400

Zn(C2H3O2)2
Zn(C2H3O2)2H2O
Zn(C2H3O2)22H2O
ZnBr2
ZnCl2
ZnI2
Zn(NO3)23H2O
Zn(NO3)26H2O
ZnSO4
ZnSO4H2O
ZnSO46H2O
ZnSO47H2O

+9.8
+7.0
+3.9
+15.0
+15.72
+11.6
5
6.0
+18.5
+10.0
0.8
4.3

To convert kilocalories per gram-mole to British thermal units per pound-mole, multiply by 1.799 103.

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its license agreement. Click here to view.

2-204

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-225 Heats of Solution of Organic Compounds in Water (at Infinite Dilution
and Approximately Room Temperature)
Recalculated and rearranged from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 148150. (gcal)/(gmol) = Btu/(lbmol) 1.799.

Solute
Acetic acid (solid), C2H4O2
Acetylacetone, C5H8O2
Acetylurea, C3H6N2O2
Aconitic acid, C6H6O6
Ammonium benzoate, C7H9NO2
picrate
succinate (n-)
Aniline, hydrochloride, C6H8ClN
Barium picrate
Benzoic acid, C7H6O2
Camphoric acid, C10H16O4
Citric acid, C6H8O7
Dextrin, C12H20O10
Fumaric acid, C4H4O4
Hexamethylenetetramine, C6H12N4
Hydroxybenzamide (m-), C7H7NO2
(m-), (HCl)
(o-), C7H7NO2
(p-)
Hydroxybenzoic acid (o-), C7H6O3
(p-), C7H6O3
Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (o-), C7H8O2
Inulin, C36H62O31
Isosuccinic acid, C4H6O4
Itaconic acid, C5H6O4
Lactose, C12H22O11H2O
Lead picrate
(2H2O)
Magnesium picrate
(8H2O)
Maleic acid, C4H4O4
Malic acid, C4H6O5
Malonic acid, C3H4O4
Mandelic acid, C8H2O3
Mannitol, C6H14O6
Menthol, C10H20O
Nicotine dihydrochloride, C10H16Cl2N2
Nitrobenzoic acid (m-), C7H5NO4
(o-), C7H5NO4
(p-), C7H5NO4
Nitrophenol (m-), C6H5NO3
(o-), C6H5NO3
(p-), C6H5NO3

Heat of Solution,
G-cal/g-mole
Solute*
2,251
641
6,812
4,206
2,700
8,700
3,489
2,732
4,708
6,501
502
5,401
268
5,903
4,780
4,161
7,003
4,340
5,392
6,350
5,781
3,203
96
3,420
5,922
3,705
7,098
13,193
14,699
15,894
4,441
3,150
4,493
3,090
5,260
0
6,561
5,593
5,306
8,891
5,210
6,310
4,493

Solute

Heat of Solution,
G-cal/g-mole
Solute*

Oxalic acid, C2H2O4

(2H2O)
Phenol (solid), C6H6O
Phthalic acid, C8H6O4
Picric acid, C6H3N3O7
Piperic acid, C12H10O4
Piperonylic acid, C8H6O4
Potassium benzoate
citrate
tartrate (n-) (0.5 H2O)
Pyrogallol, C6H6O3
Pyrotartaric acid
Quinone
Raffinose, C18H32O16 (5H2O)
Resorcinol, C6H6O2
Silver malonate (n-)
Sodium citrate (tri-)
picrate
potassium tartrate
(4H2O)
succinate (n-)
(6H2O)
tartrate (n-)
(2H2O)
Strontium picrate
(6H2O)
Succinic acid, C4H6O4
Succinimide, C4H5NO2
Sucrose, C12H22O11
Tartaric acid (d-)
Thiourea, CH4N2S
Urea, CH4N2O
acetate
formate
nitrate
oxalate
Vanillic acid
Vanillin
Zinc picrate
(8H2O)

2,290
8,485
2,605
4,871
7,098
10,492
9,106
1,506
2,820
5,562
3,705
5,019
3,991
9,703
3,960
9,799
5,270
6,441
1,817
12,342
2,390
10,994
1,121
5,882
7,887
14,412
6,405
4,302
1,319
3,451
5,330
3,609
8,795
7,194
10,803
17,806
5,160
5,210
11,496
15,894

*+ denotes heat evolved, and denotes heat absorbed. All values are positive unless otherwise noted. The data in the International Critical Tables were calculated by E. Anderson.

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