Chemistry

Chapter 10
Sect ion 10.1 PP T Notes

These are your notes for section 10.1. Fill in the answers carefully ,
study the answers, and be ready for a quiz next time.

1)There is an on-going tug of war in nature. This tug of war occurs

between”
1. _________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________

2)The kinetic molecular theory states that matter

is____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Also, energy of particles and the forces

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

3)There are four states of matter:

a) ______________________________
b) ______________________________
c) ______________________________
d) ______________________________

4)Describe solids:
a) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________
b) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________
c) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________
d) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________
5)Describe liquids:
a) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________
b) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________
c10 and 11 notes Page 1 5/4/10
 c) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________
d) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________

6)Describe gases:
a) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________
b) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________
c) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________
d) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________

7)Describe plasma:
a) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________
b) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________
c) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________
8)The kinetic molecular theory describes gases in terms of _________

9)An ideal gas is ______________________________________

____________________________________________________

4)List the five basic assumptions of the kinetic theory.

a)
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
b)
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
c)
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
d)
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

c10 and 11 notes Page 2 5/4/10

e)
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5)What is an elastic collision? _________________________
__________________________________________________
6)Give the equation for kinetic energy and tell what each variable in the
equation stands for. _________________________________

7)If a gas is heated the average ______________energy of the

particles increase. This means that the velocity of the particles in the gas
_________________________ and the average
_________________________ of the gas increases as well.
8)Two gases have the same temperature. One gas has particles that are
twice as heavy as the other gas.
a)Compare the average kinetic energy of each gas.
_________________________
b)Which gas particles are moving fastest?
_________________________ Why?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________
9)Name and describe five properties of gases.
a) __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

b) __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

c)_________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

d) __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

e) __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

10)What is a fluid? ______________________________________

__________________________________________________

c10 and 11 notes Page 3 5/4/10

11)What is diffusion? ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________

12)What is effusion? ____________________________________

__________________________________________________

Page 332

13)What is a "real gas"?_________________________________

__________________________________________________

14)What two conditions cause a gas to deviate from ideal behavior?

__________________________________________________

15)Gases behave more ideally at _________________________

pressures and _________________________ temperatures.

16)What gases behave most like ideal gases?

_________________________

17)What gases behave least like ideal gases.

__________________________________________________

Sect ion 11.1 N otes

Slid e 13

1)Name and define four physical quantities that are used to describe
gases.

a) __________________________________________________

b) __________________________________________________

c) __________________________________________________

d) __________________________________________________

Slide 14

States of matter change depending on ______________________ of

particles in matter
c10 and 11 notes Page 4 5/4/10
_________________ of particles are determined by pressure and
temperature.

______________________ explains the effects of temperature and

pressure on motion of particles.

Slide 15

Temperature is

Heat is

Give and example of heat vs temperature.

Slide 16

Heat is always transferred from ______________ to

___________________

Slide 17

Temperature is measured with ________________ scales:

a) _________________________________________________
________________________________________________

b) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

c) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________

______________________________ on the Kelvin scale is where all

______________________________ stops.

c10 and 11 notes Page 5 5/4/10

Slide 18

Fill in the blanks of the following table:

Measurement O
F O
C K

Boiling Water 212

Hot day 104

Body Temp. 98.6

Room Temp 72

Freezing water 32

Absolute zero -454

To convert a Celsius measurement to Kelvin you

_____________________

To convert a Kelvin temperature measurement to a Celsius value you

_____________________

Slide 19

Work the followi ng:

Celsius to Kelvin

1)235oC = _______________ K 4)-212 oC = ______________K

2)15.0oC = ______________K 5)-31.0 oC = _____________K

3)1200. oC = ____________K

Kelvin to Celsius

1)28.0 K = ______________oC 4)111 K = ______________oC

2)313 K = ______________oC 5)421 K = ______ _______ oC

3)787 K = ____ __________oC

c10 and 11 notes Page 6 5/4/10

Slide 20

2)Pressure______________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

3)Give the equation for pressure. _________________________

Force is measured in ______________. 1N = ______________ and 1

lb = ______________

Give two equations for area: ____________________________

Area is measured in units of ____________________________

Pressure units would include ______________ and ______________

4)Pressure is _________________________ proportional to force and

_________________________ proportional to surface area.

5)A gas exerts pressure when its molecules collide with the walls of its
container. The more _________________________, means more
_________________________, and, therefore, more pressure.

Slide 21

6)The blanket of gases around Earth is called ______________. It is

made ______________% nitrogen and ______________ % oxygen.
This blanket of gases put pressure on us. Atmosphe ric pressure is
__________________________________

__________________________________________________

7)What device is used to measure air pressure?

_________________________ Who invented it?
_________________________

c10 and 11 notes Page 7 5/4/10

Slide 22

8)Make a simplified sketch of a mercury barometer. Be sure to label all

the components.

9)Air pressure, at sea level, can support a column of water

______________ ft high. Mercury is _________________________
times more dense than water. Air pressure can support a column of
mercury that is _________________________ times shorter than a
column of water under the same amount of air pressure.

Explain how a barometer works.

Slide 23

10)What is the name of the device used to measure gas pressure.

_________________________

11)Draw and label a simplified sketch of the instrument you mentioned in

number 10.

c10 and 11 notes Page 8 5/4/10

Slide 24

Fill in the data table below. Be sure to put these conversions on your
note card.

Unit Symbol Definitions/Relati onships

Pascal

Millimeters
of Mercury

Torr

Atmosphere

Pounds per
square inch

Slide 25

Try These conversions:

1)698.00 mm Hg = _____________________atm

2)2.15 atm = ____________________________________Pa

3)12.7 psi = ____________________________________torr

4)150 torr = ____________________________________kPa

5)0.532 kPa = ____________________________________atm

c10 and 11 notes Page 9 5/4/10

6)891torr = ____________________________________psi

Use dimensional analysis and the units in table 10-1 to make the following
pressure conversions.

a)1.25 atm = _________________________ kPa

b)555 torr = _________________________ kPa

c)375 torr = _________________________ mm Hg

d)520 mm Hg = _________________________ atm

Scientists have agreed on a ________________________________

For gas reference. It is called ____________________ and is equal to

____________________ and ____________________.

Slide 26

___________________________ states the the total pressure of a

gas is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the gases that make up
of the mixture. In equation form it states____________________.

Gases collected over water are a mixture of ____________________

and ____________________ so the pressure of the
____________________ must be subtracted from the total to
determine the pressure of the gas. ____________________ is an
equation that represents what was just said.

Slide 27
Practice this one: Hydrogen gas is collected over water at 30.0 oC and
672.0 mm Hg. What is the pressure of the dry hydrogen gas? Show your
work.

c10 and 11 notes Page 10 5/4/10

Slide 28
Gas laws are laws that describe the ____________________ behavior
of gases in terms of ____________________ quantities.

____________________ have the weakest bonds and greatest

____________________, so they are more affected by
____________________ and ____________________ than solids
and liquids.

____________________ tell how volume, ____________________,

and pressure of gasses are related.

When measuring the amounts of gases you must know

____________________ and ____________________.

Slide 29
There are 4 gas laws to learn at this point:
1) ____________________
2) ____________________
3) ____________________
4) ____________________

______________ law relates pressure of a gas to _______________

______________ law relates volume of a gas to ______________

_______________ law relates pressure of a gas to ______________

____________________ law, combines _____________________

______________________________________________________
______

Slide 30
Boyles Law states ________________________________________

Volume = k(1/P) (volume equals a constant (k) times the inverse of the

c10 and 11 notes Page 11 5/4/10

pressure.
Boyles law is used to calculate ____________________ if temperature
and number of particles are constant and pressure changes.

Give two equations that show Boyle’s Law.

____________________ and ____________________

Slide 31
Sample Problem—As you work sample problems be sure to show the
following things (this is what you’ll be graded on): given, equation, setup,
answer, significant figures and units.

A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 150.0 mL when its pressure is

0.947 atm. What will the volume of the gas be at a pressure of 0.987
atm if the temperature remains constant?
Given: Equation: Setup:

Slide 32
Try This One!
A balloon filled with helium gas has a volume of 500. mL at a pressure of
1.00 atm. The balloon is released and reaches an altitude of 6.5 km,
where the pressure is 0.50 atm. If the temperature has remained
the same, what volume does the gas occupy at this height?

Given: Equation: Setup:

c10 and 11 notes Page 12 5/4/10

Slide 33
Charles Law says
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

When temperature of a gas increases __________________ increases

and when temperature of a gas decreases __________________
decreases.

__________________law is used to calculate __________________

when temperature changes.

Give two equations that show this gas law;

Slide 34

A sample of neon gas occupies a volume of 752 mL at 25oC. What

volume will the gas occupy at 50.oC if the pressure remains constant?

Given: Equation: Setup and Answer:

Temperatures must always be expressed in ________________

Slide 35 Try this example.

A sample of neon gas has a volume of 832 mL at 30.oC. What will the
volume at -10.oC be if pressure is constant?
Given: Equation: Setup and Answer:

c10 and 11 notes Page 13 5/4/10

Slide 36
Gay-Lussac’s law says that _______________ is directly proportional to
_______________ when volume and number of particles are constant.

Pressure __ and Volume__

Give the general equation for Gay-Lussac’s law.

Slide 37
Example
The gas in a container is at a pressure of 3.00 atm at 25oC. Directions on
the container warn the user not to keep it in a place where the
temperature exceeds 52oC. What would the gas pressure in the container
be at 52oC?
Given: Equation: Setup and Answer:

Slide 38
Do this one !
A sample of helium gas has a pressure of 1.20 atm at 22oC. At what
Celsius temperature will the helium reach a pressure of 2.00 atm?
Given: Equation: Setup and Answer:

Slide 39

Combined Gas Law

This law relates _____________,_____________, and

_____________.

If the gas is collected over water, then subtract the ____________ of

c10 and 11 notes Page 14 5/4/10

the water vapor before using in your calculations.

Don’t forget to change temperature to ____________ before putting it

into the equation.

Slide 40

Give the general equation for the combined gas law. Give several of its
variations too.

Slide 41

Example
A helium filled balloon has a volume of 50.0L at 25oC and 1.08 atm.
What volume will it have at 0.355 atm and 10.0oC?
Given: Equation: Setup and Answer:

c10 and 11 notes Page 15 5/4/10

Slide 42

One more example.

A 700.0 mL gas sample at STP is compressed to a volume of 200.0 mL
and the temperature is increasedto 30.0oC. What is the new pressure of
the gas in Pa?
Given: Equation: Setup and Answer:

Slide 43

The ________________ Effect says that when the pressure of a gas is

decreased the ________________ decreases.Give two examples of this
phenomenon. ________________ and ________________

c10 and 11 notes Page 16 5/4/10

Slide 45

Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes says that at constant

temperature and pressure, the _________________ of gaseous
reactants and procudts can be express as simple whole-number ratios.

Hydrogen + Oxygen make water

_______L + _____L makes _____L

______mL + _____mL makes _____mL

______mL + _____mL makes _____mL

The findings didn’t fit with _________________ atomic model of

matter in terms of atoms as indivisible _________________.
According to Dalton _________________, but according to Gay Lussac
_________________. Fuzzy Math, who’s right and who’s wrong?

Make a “cartoon” to show Dalton’s idea and Gay Lussac’s idea. Label
each drawing.

Slide 46

A guy by the name of Avogadro reconciled the differences between

Dalton and Gay Lussac._________________ Law says that volumes of
gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of
_________________. V = kn ( n = number of moles)

H2 + O2 make H2O

_______ + _____ makes _____

______ + _____ makes _____

______ + _____ makes _____

c10 and 11 notes Page 17 5/4/10

Draw and label a cartoon that shows Avogadro’s Law.

Avogadro came up with the idea that some elements existed as diatomic
molecules, not single individual atoms. Avogadro’s Law says
_______________ is directly proportional to number of particles, if
pressure and temperature remain constant. V = kn (k = constant and n
= moles).

Slide 47

Standard molar volume is equal to _______________ L of a gas at STP

Warning!! 22.4L can only be used at STP. For any other temperature or
pressure use must use the ______________________________.

Example:
What volume does 0.0685 mol of gas occupy at STP?

Slide 48
Another Example:
What quantity of gas, in moles, is contained in 2.21 L at STP?
Given:

Solution:

Slide 49
Stoichiometry applies to chemical reactions involving gases, also.

c10 and 11 notes Page 18 5/4/10

Three types of Problems:
1) ______________________________
2) ______________________________
3) ______________________________
See Page 382. Write notes in this space.

Slide 50
Another important gas law is the Ideal Gas Law. _______________ is a
quantitative statement the describes relationships between,
_______________,_______________,_______________, and
_______________ in a gas. The equation for this law is
_______________

R is called ______________________________. It depends on the

_______________ units used.

See page 384 for examples.

c10 and 11 notes Page 19 5/4/10

Slide 51
Give different values for the Ideal Gas Constant (R).

Slide 52 And 53.

Give some other examples of equations that may be useful for you to use.

c10 and 11 notes Page 20 5/4/10