01matrix Algebra PDF

MAT285
5/31/2011
Chapter 1
Algebra
Lesson Outcomes Week One :

To be able to
9identify the concepts of matrices
9Describe the properties of matrices
9Do operations on matrices
Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011
Definition
A set of real or complex nos arranged in m
rows and n columns. This is called m x n
a11 a12 ... a1n
a11 a12 ... a1n
a a
a
a
...
a
...
a
21
22
2n
21
22
2n
.
. .
.
. .
.
A=
OR A=
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
a
...
a
a
a
...
a
mn
mn
m1 m2
m1 m2
Hasfazilah Ahmat
MAT285
5/31/2011
Matrix
= number of rows and columns
1 3
2 3
2 2
0 1 2
1 5 4
2 5 1
33
Column & Row Matrix

Row matrix : [1 x n] matrix
[1
4 5 ]13 [ 2 1 3 7 ]14
Column matrix : [m x 1] matrix
4
5

6

7 41
Hasfazilah Ahmat
1
2

3 3 x1
MAT285
5/31/2011
Matrix
Its elements = 0
0
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 = O , 0 0 0 0 = O
=
O
,

0 0
0
0 0 0 0
Matrix
Square matrix with ones on the diagonal
and zeros elsewhere
elsewhere.
1 0
I2 =
0 1 2
22
1 0 0
I3 = 0 1 0
0 0 1 33
Hasfazilah Ahmat
MAT285
5/31/2011
Matrix
Square
q
matrix with all elements below and
above the diagonal are zeros.
1 0
0 7
2 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 7
Matrix
Square
matrix with the elements below or
q
above the diagonal are zeros.
4 1 2
0 5 4
0 0 1
Upper triangular
4 0 0
1 5 0
Lower triangular
2 5 1
Hasfazilah Ahmat
MAT285
5/31/2011
Transpose Matrix
Rows become columns and columns
become rows
3 1
A = 2 1
4 7 32
4
3 2
AT =
1 1 7 23
Matrix
AT = A, then A is a symetric matrix
1 2 3
A = 2 4 5
3 5 6
1 2 3
A T = 2 4 5
3 5 6
Hasfazilah Ahmat
10
MAT285
5/31/2011
Augmented Matrix
A matrix formed by placing 2 matrices side
by side with a vertical line separating them.
them
1 5 2 1 2 3
2
3
1
2
4
5
0 5 7 3 5 6
11
Operations on Matrices
I. Equality of Matrices
Two
wo matrices
a ces A=(a
(aij) aandd B = (bij)
are = if they are the same order and
the corresponding elements are =
eg. 1
a b 1 4
=
.
c d 5 0
12
Hasfazilah Ahmat
MAT285
5/31/2011
Matrices
eg. 2
Let A & B be the matrices below
1
A=0
4
4
B= 0
1

4
2
2
Determine the unknown elements if A = B.
13
eg. 3
Findd thee values
va ues oof a, b, c aandd d such
suc
that matrices A and B are equal
a + 3 2b + a 0 7
c 1 4d 6 3 2d
14
Hasfazilah Ahmat
MAT285
5/31/2011
II. Scalar multiplication
If A=(a
(aij) iss a matrix
a
of
o order
o de m x n
and k is a scalar, the product of A
by k is kA=(kaij).
Properties:
1. 0A = A0 = 0
2. p(qA)=(pq)A
3. (-1)A=-A
15
eg. 1
3 5 1
If A =
0 2 7
Find,
2A, -3A and A
16
Hasfazilah Ahmat
MAT285
5/31/2011
III. Addition & Subtraction
Two
wo matrices
a ces A=(a
(aij) aandd B = (bij) are
ae
two m x n matrices, then
(i) A + B = (aij + bij)
(ii) A - B = (aij - bij)
Note: all the matrices are of the same dimension
17
III. Addition & Subtraction
Properties
p
of addition & scalar multiplication:
p
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
5.
6.
7.
Communitative law
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) Associative law
A+0=0+A=A
Distributive law
k(A + B) = kA + kB
1A = A
Distributive law
(p + q)A = pA + qA
A + (-A) = 0
Hasfazilah Ahmat
18
MAT285
5/31/2011
eg. 1
0 4 2
1 2 4
A
B
=
=
If
3 1 5
1 0 5
6 1 3
C =
5 0 2
Find,
Find
a) A + B
c) 7B 4A
b)
d)
AC
2A 5B + 1/3C
19
eg. 2
Solve
So
ve for
o a, b and
a d c if P + Q = R w
where
ee
b c
a a
Q
=
P =
a a
c b
5 3
R=
4 6
20
Hasfazilah Ahmat
10
MAT285
5/31/2011
Operation on Matrices
IV. Multiplication
Properties
p
of multiplication:
p
1. k(AB) = (kA)B = A(kB) = ABk
2. A(BC) = (AB)C
3. (A + B)C = AC + BC
4. C(A+B) = CA + CB
5. AB BA
6 If A = 0 or B = 00, then
6.
h AB = 0,
0
but, AB = 0, does not imply A = 0 or B = 0
7. If AB = AC, it does not imply B = C
21
Matrices A and B have these dimensions:
[r x c] and [s x d]
Hasfazilah Ahmat
22
11
MAT285
5/31/2011
Matrices A and B can be multiplied if:
[r x c] and [s x d]
c=s
23
The resulting matrix will have the dimensions:
[r x c] and [s x d]
rxd
Hasfazilah Ahmat
24
12
MAT285
5/31/2011
A =
a11 a12
a 21 a 22
[2 x 2]
b11 b12 b13

B =
b 21 b 22 b 23
[2 x 3]
a11b11 + a12b 21 a11b12 + a12b 22 a11b13 + a12b 23

C=
a 21b11 + a 22b 21 a 21b12 + a 22b 22 a 21b13 + a 22b 23

[2 x 3]
25
eg. 1
2

1
2 1 3 1
B= C =
2
4 2 1 0

5
Given
G
ve thee matrices
a ces
A = ( 2 3 1 0 )
2 2
D=
4 1
7 0 1
3 1 1
F = 3 5 1
E = 2 0
1
2 4 1
1 1 0
Hasfazilah Ahmat
3 20116
2January
Hasfazilah Ahmat
26
13
MAT285
5/31/2011
eg. 1
C, C
CB,, DC,
C, C
CD aandd FE
Findd AB,, BA,, BC,
2

1
( 2 3 1 0 )
2

5
[1 x 4]
[4 x 1]
A and B can be multiplied
[1 x 1]
27
eg. 1
C, C
CB,, DC,
C, C
CD aandd FE
Findd AB,, BA,, BC,
AB = ( 5 )
4
CB =
4
2
4 6
2
1
3
BA =
4 6
2
10 15 5
0
0
4 6 4 2
DC =
4 6 11 4
Hasfazilah Ahmat
28
14
MAT285
5/31/2011
eg. 1
C, C
CB,, DC,
C, C
CD aandd FE
Findd AB,, BA,, BC,
7 20 4
CF =
32 6 5
22
0
FE =
1
18
6 7
2 8
1 6
4 1
29
eg. 2
1 0 1 C = 2 1 1
B=
0 2 6
0 1 0
2 2 1 0
D = 4 1 0 2
0 3 1 1
1 1
If A = 1 1
Verify A(B+C) = AB + AC
(AB)D = A(BD)
Hasfazilah Ahmat
30
15
MAT285
5/31/2011
eg. 2
1 1
=
A
If
1 1
1 0 1 C = 2 1 1
B=
0 2 6
0 1 0
A(B+C) = AB + AC
31
eg. 2
1 1
If A = 1 1
2 2 1 0
1 0 1
B=
D = 4 1 0 2
0 1 0
0 3 1 1
(AB)D = A(BD)
Hasfazilah Ahmat
32
16
MAT285
5/31/2011
eg. 3
a e 3 matrices
a ces such
suc that
a
If A,, B aandd C are
AC=CA and BC = CB.
Show (AB+BA)C = C(AB + BA)
33
eg. 4
S p y thee following
Simplify
o ow g eexpression
p ess o
a) A(3B C) + (A 2B)C + 2B(C + 3A)
b) A(BC - CD) + A(C B)D - AB(C 2D)
Hasfazilah Ahmat
34
17
MAT285
5/31/2011
V. Powers of matrix
A0=I
A1=A
A2=A.A
A3=A.A.A=A.A2
, An=A.A.AAn
The law of exponents valid for powers of
matrix
ApAq = Ap+q,
(Ap)q = Apq
for p > 0 & q >Hasfazilah
0 Ahmat January 2011
35
eg. 1
Findd A2 aandd A3, deduce A7, A16 aandd An
given
1 2
A=
0
Hasfazilah Ahmat
36
18
MAT285
5/31/2011
VI. Transpose of matrix
Let
e A be m x n (non
( o square)
squa e) matrix.
a . Thee
transpose of a matrix A is written as A is the
nxm
Properties of transposition:
1.
2
2.
3.
4.
5.
(AT)T = A
(kA)T = kAT
(A+B)T = AT + BT
(AB)T = BT AT
(AB)T AT BT
37
eg. 1
1 3 2 5
If A = 1 7 9 2
0 11 0 5
Find AT
Hasfazilah Ahmat
38
19
MAT285
5/31/2011
eg. 2
u v w
a b c
B
=
=
A
If
x y z
d e f
Show that (A+B)T = AT + BT
39
eg. 3
S ow AI = IA,, w
Show
where
e e A iss a squa
squaree matrix
a
and I is the identity matrix
Hasfazilah Ahmat
40
20
MAT285
5/31/2011
eg. 4
S ow that
Show
a
i) the matrix A is Singular
ii) |A| = the transpose of A = |AT|
iii) (AB)T = BTAT AT BT
iv) A4 = A2A2 = A.A.A.A
AAAA
Given that A = 6 3 B = 2 4
2 1
1 1
41
eg. 4
S ow that
Show
a
i) the matrix A is Singular
ii) |A| = the transpose of A = |AT|
6 3
A=
2 1
Hasfazilah Ahmat
42
21
MAT285
5/31/2011
eg. 4
6 3
A=
2 1
S ow that
Show
a
iii) (AB)T = BTAT AT BT
2 4
B=
1 1
43
eg. 4
6 3
A=
S ow that
Show
a
2 1
iv) A4 = A2A2 = A.A.A.A
Hasfazilah Ahmat
44
22

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MAT285

Lesson Outcomes Week One :

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Column & Row Matrix

Column matrix : [m x 1] matrix

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Determine the unknown elements if A = B.

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

b11 b12 b13

a11b11 + a12b 21 a11b12 + a12b 22 a11b13 + a12b 23

a 21b11 + a 22b 21 a 21b12 + a 22b 22 a 21b13 + a 22b 23

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Show that (A+B)T = AT + BT

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

Hasfazilah Ahmat January 2011

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