Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 20th-24th January 2003,

ed. S. Huerta, Madrid: I. Juan de Herrera, SEdHC, ETSAM, A. E. Benvenuto, COAM, F. Dragados, 2003.

Development of composite columns. Emperger's effort

Holger Eggemann

Today's composite columns are made of structural

steel, concrete and reinforcing steel. Three basic
types of composite columns can be distinguished,
completely encased composite columns, Figure la,
panially encased composite columns, Figure lb, and
fiJled composite
columns,
Figures
Id and le.
Although composite columns were rarely used from
the end of W orld War Il until the early 1970' s (Viest
et al. 1997, 1.13), research had started a long time
before, at the beginning
of the 20th century.
Combining
of these material s had a number of
motivations, steel columns were often encased in
concrete lo protect them from fire, while concrete
columns were combined with structural steel as a
reinforcement.
One predecessor of the completely encased column
type was the so called Emperger-Column.
It consisted
of a cast-iron section embedded in spiral-reinforced
concrete
and had been used frequently
in the
construction
of high-rise buildings in the United
States. The anicle describes Emperger's activities in
the field of composite columns and proves his
influence on the construction, which can still be felt
today. Another type of today's composite columns,
the column with a solid steel core, reminds us of the
Emperger-Column
and can be considered
as
successor. It wiJl be proved that Emperger was not
only a pioneer in concrete construction, but also a
pioneer in composite construction, who tried to link
both steel and concrete construction techniques.

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788

FRITZ VON EMPERGER

H. Eggemann

(1862-1942)

This paragraph
is based on a curriculum
by
Kleinlogel, dedicated to Emperger's 70th birthday
(Kleinlogel 1932). Emperger was born on January
11th, 1862 in Beroun (at that time Austria, today
Czech Republic).When he began his studies in Prague
in 1879, the first effects of Monier' s patents had
become visible in France and evoked Emperger's
interest in the new technology. His first professional
activities were in the field of railway and bridge
construction. In 1890 he settled down in Chicago as a
consultant engineer, where he worked on the planning
of New York's and Boston's subways, built the first
American concrete bridge in Cincinatti, Ohio and
designed high-rise buildings.

After his return to Vienna in 1897, he took his

Doctor of Engineering degree in 1903. Previously, he
had founded the journal Beton und Eisen in 1901,
today known as "Beton- und Stahlbetonbau,
since
1906 published by Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin. In
1906 he gave the idea to Germany's
"BetonKalender, of which he became the editor, and in
1909 he published the Handbuch fr Eisenbeton
with the same company. In 1913 Emperger was
honoured by his Majesty, the Emperor of Austria,
with the Knight' s Cross of the lron Crown and in the
same year received the honorary membership of the
British Concrete Institute (Beton u. Eisen 1913, 187,
290). In 1932, after years of intensive research on
almost every aspect of reinforced concrete and design
and construction
of many buildings, he became
Doctor honoris causa of Dresden' s Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Figure 2, and al so honorary member of
Austria's Committee on Reinforced Concrete (Beton
u. Eisen 1932, 50). Emperger died on February 7th,
1942 in Vienna.

RESEARCH AND DESIGN OF COMPOSITE

COLUMNS

First steps
In the winter of 1901/1902 Emperger started research
on concrete
columns
mostly
reinforced
with
structural steel. For several reasons he had to wait
until 1908 to have the specimens tested in Stuttgart
with Bach. AJthough Emperger didn't give explicit
evidence for the problems, it can be supposed that
there had been internal rivalry with his colleagues in
Vienna (Emperger
1908b, Foreword).
In 1907,
Emperger tested three steel columns to determine
their buckling loads (Emperger 1907a). After testing,
one of those specimens, Figure 3, was bent back to its
original shape by Emperger himself and filled with
concrete (Emperger 1907b, 172). Emperger wanted to
give evidence for the importance of concrete filling
for steel columns. He estimated that the design
formula
P

Figure 2
Medal of Honour to Emperger's 70th Birthday (Beton u.
Eisen 1932,50)

= O'h (Fb +

15 F)

of Prussia's Building Regulations was unsuitable to

caJculate the ultimate load of a concrete-filled steel
column. The number 15 defined the relation between

Developrnent

of cornposite colurnns. Ernperger's

the rnodulus of elasticity of steel and concrete.

Ernperger found out that the ultirnate load of a
concrete-filled
steel colurnn didn't depend on that
nurnber.

789

effort

reinforced concrete column was dictated by the surn of

the strength of both steel and concrete and did not
depend on the rnodulus of elasticity. A design formula
of the Addition-Law for reinforced concrete colurnns
was given first by (Morsch [1902] 1912, 93), with
syrnbols as described in the next paragraph:
P

Emperger's

= Fb0h

+ Feo,

Patent 1911

In 1911 Ernperger applied for a Patent clairning

Hohle GuBeisensaule
rnit einem Mantel aus
urnschnrtern Beton [Colurnn of hollow cast-iron
section encased in hooped concrete] (Pat. 291068).
The spacing of the hooping had to be equal to or less
than the thickness of the surrounding concrete shell,
Figure 4. Because of an objection frorn the cornpany
WayB & Freytag A.-G., it took five years until the
patent was granted in 1916 (Beton u. Eisen 1916,47).
In 1913 Ernperger published a design formula for the
ultirnate load of such a colurnn:
P

Figure 3
Steel Colurnn filled with Concrete (Emperger 1907b, 173)

Emperger's

addition-law

In 1908 Emperger published the results of numerous

tests on reinforced concrete colurnns, arnong those the
specimen
tested
by Bach
(Ernperger
1908).
Reinforcernent was realized by both reinforcement bars
and structural steel elernents. According to (Gehler
1933,266), Ernperger was the first to verbalise the later
well known Addition-Law: "Nach meiner Meinung ist
die Bruchlast einer Eisenbetonsaule die Summe zweier
Festigkeiten,
die von dern Verhaltnis der beiden
Elastizitatskoeffizienten
nicht abhangt (Ernperger
1908,2). In Emperger's opinion the u1timate Ioad of a

= Fb0b + Feo,

+ Fpg

where
is the compres sive strength of the cast-iron
"
in consicteration
of buckling of the complete section,
is the yield point of the mi Id steel and 0b is the
e
cornpressive
strength of the concrete (Ernperger
1913, 34). In the sarne book Ernperger reported
various test results of encased cast-iron colurnns. The
colurnn sections were varied in rnany ways, and solid
cores were tested too, Figure 5. During the following
years, nurnerous buildings in Austria, Czechoslovakia
and the United States had been built with EmpergerColurnns, but not in Gerrnany (Kleinlogel 1928, 53).
For Kleinlogel the reason had been that Gerrnany's
building authorities
rejected the application
of
Ernperger-Colurnns
because of missing regulations,
and official tests had been refused because of
Ernperger' s patent clairn. So in 1928 Ernperger
decided to give up his clairns (Kleinlogel 1928, 53).

Emperger-columns

in the United

States

In 1915, Ernperger gave a report on hooped concrete

calurnns with salid cores at an engineering congress

790

H. Eggemann

p2mmna#mm

Fig.2.
Figure 5
Emperger-Columns
]913,53,56)

with Solid Cast-Tron Cores (Emperger

in San Francisco, USA. He presented his AdditionLaw and pointed out that the strength of the core
material was not of great importance, both cast-iron
and mild steel were possible. In 1920, EmpergerColumns
were regulated
in the US Standard
Specifications No. 23, Standard Building Regulations
for the Use of Reinforced Concrete (ACI 1920).
Paragraph 50 stated:
Composite columns having a cast -iron core or center
surrounded by concrete which is enclosed in a spiral of
not less than one-half of ] per cent of the core area, and
with a pitch of not more than three inches, may be figured

for a stress of 12,000 - 60 L/R, but not over 10,000 lb. per
sq. in. [69 N/mm~] on the cast-iron

"'!T

Figure 4
Emperger-Column (Pat. 291068, Fig. 2)

section and not more

than 25 per cent of the compressive strength . . . on the

concrete within the spiral or coreo The diameter of the
cast-iron core shall not exceed one-half of the diameter of
the spiral (ACT ] 920, 302).

Emperger's
Addition-Law
was applied
in a
modified form, using a specified Tetmajer-Formula.
This was the first official building regulation for
Emperger-CoIumns.
The
maximum
allowed
compressive strength of the concrete was 3000 lb. per
sq. in. (20.7 N/mm"'), so a column could be calculated
with a maximum stress on the concrete of 4. I N/m m"'.
In 1928 the paragraph was amended and cores of mild
steel were permitted too (ACI 1928, 824). This
building regulations made it possible to use EmpergerColumns in the design of many high-rise buildings in
the United States, above all in Chicago:
Buildings having the Emperger typc of column,
include the following:
Surf-Hotel,
Chicago,
eleven
storeys;
two sixteen-storey
apartment
buildings
at

Development

3730-40
Sheridan
Road, Chicago;
Aragon
Hotel,
Chicago, twelve storeys; Krolick Department
Store,
Detroit, 150"200 ft. [46"61 m], twelve storeys, with
co1umn loads of 2,000,000 lb. [9 MN], and a building of
the same size for the Detroit Pressed Steel Company. Of
these, the Surf Hotel and the Krolick Store have hollow
cast-iron cores (ENR 1930, 278).

Two other buildings

in Chicago
had been
mentioned
before,
the 16-storey
McGraw- Hill
Building, see Building Case Histories, and the 30storey Trustees Building,
also known as Corn
Products Building. In 1930 test results on composite
columns were published by (Mensch 1930). Tests
were made for the new Building Code Committee of
the City of Chicago to verify Emperger's
results
under American conditions. Mensch figured out that
Dr. Emperger' s claim of the strength of the composite
column being greater than the sum of its components
has been verified by every test (Mensch 1930, 270).

Composite

Columns

in Europe

Emperger complained several times about the lack of

building
regulations
for composite
columns in
Europe. Fr die beiden . . . Saulenformen bestehen
in keinem europaischen Staate Vorschriften [There
are no regulations for these two types 01' columns in
any of the European countries] (Emperger 1931a,
265; similar 1930, 1931 b). Emperger meant the
encased steel column and his own type. At the First
Congress of the International Association for Bridge
and Structural
Engineering
in Paris in 1932,
Emperger
mentioned
more than 1000 tests on
composite columns in Europe and about 570 in North
America. He distinguished four different types of
composite columns, Figure 6. Type I was called
structural steel column with concrete core, Type II
was a steel column encased in rein1'orced concrete
with lateral ties, Type 1Il was called steel column
encased in strongly hooped concrete, the Emperger
type, and Type IV was a steel column with slight
hooping. Type I and Type II are in use today, of
course with modern types 01' structural steel elements.
Type I now is called partially encased composite
column and Type II is known as completely encased
composite
column.
Columns
with
spiral
reinforcement
are neither used in concrete nor in
composite construction

today.

791

of composite columns. Emperger' s effort

Type 1.

TypellI

''1
<~/"

.T)]~

IL

T"eI\

Figure 6
Composite Columns 1932 (Emperger 1932, 596)

In 1931, Rudol1' Saliger, Professor at Vienna

University, reported several test series on composite
columns of the Bauer-Type (Saliger 1931; Bauer
1930). These Columns
were examined
as an
alternative to steel or concrete columns in two highrise buildings in Vienna. Saliger can be considered
Emperger's
rival, as he strictly avoided calling
Emperger' s name in his article. Later on, Emperger
had a dispute with Saliger about the application of the
Addition-Law (Bauingenieur 1931,656). During the
1930's, additional tests in Germany were made by
(Memmler, Bierett and Grning, 1934) on steel
columns 1'illed with comete and by (Gehler and
Amos, 1936) on concrete columns rein1'orced with
structural steel. The latter ones led to the 1'irst German
building regulations on composite columns. They
were passed in 1943 (DIN 1045-1943). 27 d) dealt
with concrete columns reinforced with structural
steel, Figure 7. This paragraph existed until 1972,
when the design of rein1'orced concrete columns was
based on the ultimate load theory, and officials
decided that structural steel members encased in
concrete should be designed to carry the loads alone
without considering the strength of the concrete
(Bonzel, Bub and Funk 1972, 49). But lack 01' steel
during war and post-war period prevented the use of
composite columns in Germany. In 1'act, engineers
were instructed to save steel by using concrete
columns with a minimum 01' reinforcement:
zur
Einsparung von Stahl . . . Saulen . . . zu wahlen, deren
Bewehrungszahl
f.l in der Nahe der unteren Grenze
liegt (DIN 1045-1943,21).

792

H. Eggemann

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Figure 7
Concrete Columns reinforced with Structural Steel (DIN
1045-1943, Fig. 23)

Composite columns with solid steel coreSuccessor of the Emperger-Column

In 1965 Boll applied for a patent claiming a column
with a solid steel core, with its core bearing the load and
the surrounding concrete shell providing buckling
safety and fire protection (Off. 1559482). Later in 1969
he tried to execute such columns in a high-rise building
in Hamburg. Lack of time prevented the approval by
building authorities, meaning the building had to be
constructed with regular columns (Boll and Vogel
1969, 259). The connection to Emperger's column is
obvious. A solid core is surrounded by reinforced
concrete, preventing the core from buckling. Strong
hooping is provided too. Lateral reinforcement was to
be realized using bars of 12 mm, spacing 7.5 cm, Figure
8. This type of column was first realised in 1976 in a
hospital in Vienna (Krapfenbauer 1976). There are two
recent examples of buildings with steel core columns,
one is a high-rise building in Cologne, the so-called
Kolnturrn, where steel core columns were used in the
lower floors. The other is the Millenium- Tower in
Vienna, completed in 1999. Because of Emperger's
connection to Vienna, this building will be described in
paragraph Building Case Histories. Today, this type of
column es within the scope of Eurocode 4.

Figure 8
Composite
1969,260)

Column with Solid Steel Core (Boll and Vogel

Simplified Design Method of Eurocode

Composite Columns

4 for

The simplified design method of Eurocode 4 is based

on the method developed at Bochum University by
(Roik et al. 1976). Similar to Emperger's AdditionLaw, the ultimate load of a composite column is:
Npl.Rd

= A/Yd + Aca/cd

+ A/'d

where fYdis the yield strength of the structural steel,

fCdis the compressive strength of the concrete and fSd
is the yield strength of the reinforcing steel. Buckling
safety is provided by a factor k, by which the ultimate
load has to be multiplied. The factor k is given by
European buckling curves of Eurocode 3. It has to be
ca!culated as a function of the non-dimensional
slendemess A..
An even more simplified
design method for
composite
columns
for the specific
needs of
architects
and structural
engineers
during predimensioning was developed at Aachen U niversity by
(Eggemann 2002). It determines the factor k as a
function of the slenderness ratio L/R, where L is the
length of the column and R is the effective radius of
gyration. Furtherrnore, numerous means are provided
to ca!culate the effective radius of gyration of a
composite column with the radius of the steel section
multiplied by a correction factor a.

DeveJopment of composite coJumns. Emperger's

793

etfort

The application of composite columns, especially of

the Emperger type, is illustrated in this paragraph by
two old buildings and one recent example.

permits a relatively smalI cross-section.

The core is
supplemented
by the usual vertical bars and spiral
reinforcement (ENR 1929, 129).
In designing the McGraw-HilI Building, the columns were
made of uniform section (24 and 26 in. square [61 and 66
cm]) from basement to roof for economy, convenience

McGraw-Hill
Building, Chicago 1929
Architect: Thielbar & Fugard, Chicago
Engineer: James B. Black, Chicago

and rapidity in construction . . . The variation in carrying

capacity was obtained by reducing the cast-iron cores
gradualIy fram 12ft to 3 in. [32.4 to 7.6 cm] in diameter.
For the upper floors, where cores were not needed,
standard hooped concrete was used (ENR J930, 277).

BUILDING

CASE

HISTORIES

The McGraw-Hill Building in Chicago, Figure 9, was

builtin 1929.lt was 30to 38 m (lOOto \25 ft.) in plan
and 58 m (190 fI.) high with 16 storeys over ground,
confer to typical floor plan, Figure 10. EmpergerColumns were used with a sol id core of cast-iron:
Cored Concrete
C01umns- To conserve
space the
designers adopted a composite column known as the
Emperger type, in which the use of a solid cast-iran core

A special detail of a column joint was developed,

Figure 11. The cores were milled to be truly square
with the axis. Each core extended 5 in. (12.7 cm)
above floor level, then a pipe sleeve was placed over
the coreo The pipe was filled with grout and the next
core was set into the pipe, adjusted and fixed in the
formwork before the comete was poured.
One curiosity has to be mentioned: In 1998 the
building was demolished and by 2000 it had been

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McGraw-Hill Building, Chicago 1929 (ENR 1929, 129)

33

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10
Floor

Plan, McGraw-Hill

Building

(ENR

1929,

130)

794

H. Eggemann

Figure 11
Detail of Column-Joint in McGraw-Hill Building (ENR
1929, 130)

Figure 12
View in First Floor of Telephone-Factory, Budapest (Enyedi
1931,244)

rebuilt with the original facade attached to a new

structure. The feat was demanded by preservationists
and City Hall. The lower part of the building now
contains a shopping mall, where one can see large
Lego models ofthe building itself and five others, e.g.
Chicago's Sears Tower and John Hancock Center
(skyscrapers 2002).

Telephone-Factory,
Budapest 1930
Architect: N. N.
Engineer: Bla Enyedi, Budapest

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The Telephone-Factory
in Budapest, Hungary, is one
of the few documented buildings in Europe designed
with Emperger-Columns.
Built in 1930, it has got a
framed structure with a column spacing of about 5,60
m square. For the reason of transparency and cable
assembly, the structure was built 'without floorbeams, using flared heads instead, Figure 12. To
achieve the smallest possible column proportionsthe company wanted columns of less than 40 cm
square with the option of adding another storey-the
columns were designed according to the Emperger
type, but with a core of mild steel instead of cast-iron:
[Es] wurden umschnrte
Sttzen mit steifen
FluBeiseneinlagen,
System Dr. Emperger, gewahlt
(Enyedi 1931, 242). The columns were made of
octagonal sections, 39 cm in view, and with a strong
hooping (spiral reinforcement). The columns on the
basement, made of ordinary reinforced concrete, 66
cm square, had more than double the cross-section
area, Figure 13.

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Column Section
1931, 243)

of Telephone-FactOry,

Budapest

(Enyedi

Development

of composite columns. Emperger' s effort

795

Millenium-Tower,
Vienna 1999
Architect: Peichl, Podrecca and Weber, Innsbruck
Engineer: Tschemmernegg,
Obholzer and Baumann,
Innsbruck
The 50-storey Millenium Tower in Vienna is the
tallest building in Austria, with a height of 202 m,
Figure 14. After construction had been started in
1998, it took less than one year until its completion in
1999. The structure consists of a reinforced concrete
core, while composite construction was used for the
ceilings
and columns
in the office
areas
(Tschemmernegg
1999, 607). The exterior columns
are made of comete filled hollow sections with solid
steel cores, Figure 15. The columns themselves have
a diameter of 406.4 mm fram first to 14th floor and
323.9 mm above. The cores were gradually reduced

Figure 15
Composite Column with Solid Steel Core, Millenium Tower
(Angerer, Rubin and Taus 1999,642)

fram 220 mm to 85 mm, and above the 39th floor no

cores were needed. Euracode 4 was used for the
design of both structure and fire-resistance.
Shear
connection between concrete and structural steel was
realised by special nails.

ABSTRACT AND CONCLUSION

Figure 14
Millenium Tower under Construction 1999 (Tschemmemegg
1999,610)

During the first half of the 20th century a lot of

research was done on composite columns. The
combination of materials had different motivations,
steel columns were often encased in concrete to
pratect them fram fire, while concrete columns were
combined with structural steel as a reinforcement.
In 1911 the Austrian engineer Fritz von Emperger
(1862-1942)
applied for a patent on the later socalled Emperger-Column,
granted in 1916. This
column was made of a hollow cast-iran section
embedded in spiral-reinforced
concrete. Until the
1930s, this type of column had been used in several
buildings in the United States, one of them beeing the
30-storey Trustees Building in Chicago. In the
Krolick-Warehouse
in Detrait, columns reached a
load-bearing capacity of 9 MN.
In 1932 Emperger gave a report on composite
columns at the First Congress of the International
Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering.
He mentioned more than 1500 tested specimens in
Europe and North America, among those were 138
tests done by himself. Emperger classified four

different types of composite colurnos. The load

796

H. Eggemann

carrying capacity of a composite column was given

according
to the Addition-Law
drawn up by
Emperger, as the sum of the strength of the steel
increased by that of the concrete.
Emperger complained about the lack of design
rules for composite columns in Europe. He mentioned
the American
building regulations,
which gave
explicit formulas for both the Emperger-Column
and
the steeI column encased in concrete: Fr die beiden
. . . Saulenformen bestehen in keinem europaischen
Staate Vorschriften [There are no regulations for
these two types of columns in any of the European
countries]
(Emperger
1931, 265). The research
program of (Gehler and Amos, 1936) led to the first
german building regulations for composite columns,
defined in the German code for reinforced concrete,
DIN 1045, in 1943.
It can be said that Emperger was not only a pioneer
in concrete construction,
but also a pioneer in
composite construction. Emperger' s influence on the
construction is obvious. His Addition-Law can still be
found in the design method of today's Eurocode 4,
and the composite column type of an encased solid
steel core used e.g. in the construction of Vienna's
Millenium
Tower, reminds us of the so-called
Emperger-CoJumn
and can be accounted to be its
successor.

REFERENCE LIST
ACI.
1920. American
Concrete
Institute.
Standard
Specifications No. 23. Standard Building Regulations for
the Use of Reinforced Concrete. in: Proceedings. ACI.
Vol. 16: 283-302.
ACI. 1928. American Concrete Institute. Tentative Building
Regulations
for Reinforced Concrete (E-IA-28T).
in:
Proceedings. ACI. Vol. 24: 791-828.
Angerer. T.. D. Rubin. and M. Taus. 1999. Verbundsttzen
und Querkraftanschlsse
beim Millenium
Tower.
Stahlbau 68: 641-46.
Bauer. Bruno.
1930. Eine neuartige
Herstellung
von
Eisenbetonbauten.
Beton u. Eisen 29: 3] 2-15.
BolI. K.. and U. Vogel. 1969. Die Stahlkernsttze und ihre
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