Introduction to
Internal Combustion
Reciprocating Engines
Part 1
Module Objectives
Understand the layout of
the text
Be able to cite specific
examples of early engines
Be able classify engines
according to several
parameters
Be able to identify criteria
pollutants from engines
Be able to identify major
engine components
Some History
Year
Person
1860s J.J.E.
Lenoir
1867
1876
Otto &
Langen
Otto
Comments
Burned coal gas & air without
compression. Charge drawn in
during first half of stroke 6 hp
Charge ignites to force free piston
movement. Piston momentum
eventually produces vacuum in
cylinder. Atm. Pressure then does
work by pushing piston back in
First 4-stroke engine
Weight
Displ
Eff.
-Tons
<5%
4000
lbm
4900 cu
in
11%
1250
lbm
310 cu in 14%
Maximum Efficiency
Engine Classifications
Pollution
Major topic, at least for now
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS)
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA)
Industrial Coordinated Rulemaking (ICCR)
Mobile sources:
NOx
CO
VOC
Engine Components
Cylinder Geometry
Intake manifold
and Valve
Exhaust manifold
and Valve
rc =
Vc
TDC
Bore, B
Vd =
Vt
Vd
B 2
4
Stroke, L
BDC
l
Connecting Rod
Length
Crank Radius, a
P2
P1
V
x
A
Wx = Fx
V
x =
A
F = p A, p Cylinder pressure
Wx = p V
Wc =
V2
pdV
V1
10
T2
p
= 2
T1
p1
1 n
z
z
pdV =
1 n
mR T2 T1
=
1 k
F V2 I
GH V1 JK
pdV = mRT ln
mRT1
LM k 1 OP
MMFGH pp21 IJK k 1PP
PQ
MN
1 k
11
Operating Cycles
4-stroke cycle: Requires two complete revolutions
to complete a cycle
2-stroke cycle: Requires one complete revolution
to complete a cycle
12
4-Stroke Cycle
Intake
Valve
Exhaust
Valve
Combust
Intake
Compression
Expansion
Exhaust
13
Intake
2
Expansion (Power Stroke)
Comp.
4
Expansion
Combustion
3
Combustion
Pmax
Compression
Exhaust
Exhaust
Pamb
VTDC
Intake
VBDC
14
2-Stroke Cycle
Transfer
Ports
Compression
Scavenging
Fresh Charge
Expansion
Exhaust
Blowdown
15
Cycle Fundamentals
4-Stroke Cycle
Combustion
Pmax
Exhaust
IVO
EVC
Naturally
Aspirated
Comp.
EPC
IVC
Pamb
Intake
VTDC
Pmax
Combustion
Pmax
Comp.
Pamb
2-Stroke Cycle
VBDC
IPC
VTDC
Combustion
Exchange
IPO
Pmax
VBDC
Combustion
Turbocharged
Comp.
EVC
IVO
Pamb
EPO
EVO
Comp.
IPC
Exchange
Intake
Exhaust
VTDC
IVC
VBDC
EPC
Pamb
IPO
VTDC
VBDC
16
Pressure
Combustion
Intake
Expand
Comp
Exhaust
TC
-360
BC
-180
TC
0
Crank Angle
BC
180
TC
360
17
IVC
Pressure
EVC
Intake
IVO
Expand
Comp
Exhaust
EVO
TC
-360
BC
-180
TC
0
Crank Angle
BC
180
TC
360
18
19
10
21
11