1 Geography
Main article: Geography of Serbia
Located at the crossroads between Central[14][19][20] and
Southern Europe, Serbia is found in the Balkan peninsula
and the Pannonian Plain. Serbia lies between latitudes
41 and 47 N, and longitudes 18 and 23 E. The country
covers a total of 88,361 km2 (including Kosovo), which
places it at 113th place in the world; with Kosovo excluded, the total area is 77,474 km2 ,[3] which would make
it 117th. Its total border length amounts to 2,027 km (Albania 115 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 302 km, Bulgaria
318 km, Croatia 241 km, Hungary 151 km, Macedonia
221 km, Montenegro 203 km and Romania 476 km).[3]
All of Kosovos border with Albania (115 km), Macedonia (159 km) and Montenegro (79 km)[21] are under
control of the Kosovo border police.[22] Serbia treats the
352 km long border between Kosovo and Central Serbia
as an administrative line"; it is under shared control of
Kosovo border police and Serbian police forces, and there
are 11 crossing points.[23]
2
ernmost tip of Serbia extends into the Wallachian Plain.
The terrain of central part of the country, with the region of umadija at its heart, consists chiey of hills traversed by the rivers. Mountains dominate the southern
third of Serbia. Dinaric Alps stretch in the west and the
southwest following the ow of the rivers Drina and Ibar.
Carpathian Mountains and Balkan Mountains stretch in
northsouth direction in the eastern Serbia.[24]
GEOGRAPHY
Ancient mountains in the southeast corner of the country belong to Rilo-Rhodope Mountain system. Elevation
ranges from the Midor peak of the Balkan Mountains at
2,169 metres (7,116 feet) (highest peak in Serbia, excluding Kosovo) to the lowest point of just 17 metres (56 feet) 1.2 Hydrology
near the Danube river at Prahovo.[25] Including Kosovo
the highest point is eravica, Prokletije (2.656 m), the Main articles: List of rivers of Serbia and List of lakes
largest lake is the erdap Lake (163 square kilometres of Serbia
or 63 square miles) and the longest river passing through
Serbia the Danube (587.35 kilometres or 364.96 miles).
Almost all of Serbias rivers drain to the Black Sea, by
way of the Danube river. The Danube, the second largest
European river, passes through Serbia with 588 kilome1.1 Climate
ters (21% of its overall length) and represents the largest
source of fresh water. It is joined by its biggest tribuMain article: Climate of Serbia
taries, the Great Morava (longest river entirely in Serbia
with 493 km of length), Sava and Tisza rivers.[36] One noThe climate of Serbia is under the inuences of the land- table exception is the Pinja which ows into the Aegean.
mass of Eurasia and Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean
Sea. With mean January temperatures around 0 C (32
F), and mean July temperatures of 22 C (72 F), it
can be classied into humid subtropical climate.[26] In
the north, the climate is more continental, with cold winters, and hot, humid summers along with well distributed
rainfall patterns. In the south, summers and autumns are
drier, and winters are relatively cold, with heavy inland
snowfall in the mountains.
Dierences in elevation, proximity to the Adriatic Sea
and large river basins, as well as exposure to the winds
account for climate variations.[27] Southern Serbia is subject to Mediterranean inuences.[28] However, the Dinaric Alps and other mountain ranges contribute to the
cooling of most of the warm air masses. Winters are
quite harsh in the Peter plateau, because of the mountains which encircle it.[29] One of the climatic features
of Serbia is Koava, a cold and very squally southeastern
wind which starts in the Carpathian Mountains and follows the Danube northwest through the Iron Gate where
it gains a jet eect and continues to Belgrade and can
spread as far south as Ni.[30]
The average annual air temperature for the period 1961
1990 for the area with an altitude of up to 300 m (984 ft)
is 10.9 C (51.6 F). The areas with an altitude of 300 to
500 m (984 to 1,640 ft) have an average annual temperature of around 10.0 C (50.0 F), and over 1,000 m (3,281
ft) of altitude around 6.0 C (42.8 F).[31] The lowest
recorded temperature in Serbia was 39.5 C (39.1 F)
on 13 January 1985, Karajukia Bunari in Peter, and
the highest was 44.9 C or 112.8 F, on 24 July 2007,
recorded in Smederevska Palanka.[32]
1.3
Environment
2 History
Main article: History of Serbia
2.1 Prehistory
Main article: Prehistoric sites in Serbia
Archeological evidence of Paleolithic settlements on
The grion vulture is protected species in Serbia.
Serbia is a country of rich ecosystem and species diversity covering only 1.9% of the whole European territory Serbia is home to 39% of European vascular ora,
51% of European sh fauna, 40% of European reptile
and amphibian fauna, 74% of European bird fauna, 67%
European mammal fauna.[39] Its abundance of mountains
and rivers make it an ideal environment for a variety of
animals, many of which are protected including wolves,
lynx, bears, foxes and stags.
Mountain of Tara in western Serbia is one of the last
regions in Europe where bears can still live in absolute
freedom.[40] Serbia is also home to about 380 species
of bird, including the imperial eagle, the great bustard,
the corn crake and the Madagascar pochard. In Carska
Bara, there are over 300 bird species on just a few square
kilometers.[41] Uvac Gorge is considered one of the last
habitats of the grion vulture in Europe.[42]
There are 377 protected areas of Serbia, encompassing
4,947 square kilometers or 6.4% of the country. The
Spatial plan of the Republic of Serbia states that the total protected area should be increased to 12% by 2021.[39]
Those protected areas include 5 national parks (erdap,
Tara, Kopaonik, Fruka Gora and ar Mountain), 15
nature parks, 15 landscapes of outstanding features, 61
nature reserves, and 281 natural monuments.[37]
Air pollution is a signicant problem in Bor area, due
to work of large copper mining and smelting complex, Vina culture gure, 40004500 BC.
and Panevo where oil and petrochemical industry is
based.[43] Some cities suer from water supply problems, the territory of present-day Serbia are scarce. A frag-
HISTORY
ment of a human jaw, was found in Sievo (Mala Bal- was established; the remainder was conquered around 75
anica) and believed to be up to 525,000397,000 years BC, forming the Roman province of Moesia Superior;
old.[45][46][47]
the modern-day Srem region was conquered in 9 BC;
and
Baka and Banat in 106 AD after the Dacian wars.
Approximately around 6,500 years BC, during the
As
a
result of this, contemporary Serbia extends fully or
Neolithic, the Starevo, and Vina cultures existed in or
partially
over several former Roman provinces, includnear modern-day Belgrade and dominated much of the
ing
Moesia,
Pannonia, Praevalitana, Dalmatia, Dacia and
Southeastern Europe, (as well as parts of Central Europe
Macedonia.
[48][49]
and Asia Minor).
Two important local archeological sites from this era, Lepenski Vir and Vina-Belo Brdo, The chief towns of Upper Moesia (and wider) were:
still exist near the banks of the Danube.
Singidunum (Belgrade), Viminacium (now Old Kostolac), Remesiana (now Bela Palanka), Naissos (Ni), and
Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica), the latter of which
served as a Roman capital during the Tetrarchy.[51]
Seventeen Roman Emperors were born in the area
of modern-day Serbia, second only to contemporary
Italy.[52] The most famous of these was Constantine the
Great, the rst Christian Emperor, who issued an edict
ordering religious tolerance throughout the Empire.
Felix Romuliana built by Emperor Galerius 298 AD, UNESCO
World Heritage Site of Serbia.
2.2
Ancient history
2.4
Principality, based in Raka (Rascia).[58] The two-halves repelling Ottoman attacks for over 70 years, Belgrade were reunited in 1142.[59]
nally fell in 1521, opening the way for Ottoman expansion
into Central Europe. Vojvodina, as a part of Habsburg
Empire, resisted Ottoman rule until well into the 16th
century.
In 1166, Stefan Nemanja assumed the throne, marking the beginning of a prospering Serbia, henceforth
under the rule of the Nemanji dynasty.[60] Nemanjas
son Rastko (posth. Saint Sava), gained autocephaly for
the Serbian Church in 1217 and authored the oldest
known constitution, and at the same time Stefan the FirstCrowned established the Serbian Kingdom.[61] Medieval
Serbia reached its peak during the reign of Stefan Duan,
who took advantage of the Byzantine civil war and doubled the size of the state by conquering territories to the
south and east at the expense of Byzantium, reaching as
far as the Peloponnese, also being crowned Emperor of
Serbs and Greeks along the way.
Principality of Serbia, the Habsburg Vojvodina and Ottomanheld south around 1850
The Battle of Kosovo against the rising Ottoman Empire in 1389 marks a turning point and is considered
as a beginning of the fall of the medieval Serbian state.
The magnate families Lazarevi and Brankovi ruled the
suzerain Serbian Despotate afterwards (in the 15th and
16th centuries). After the fall of Constantinople to the
Ottomans in 1453 and the Siege of Belgrade, the Serbian
Despotate fell in 1459 following the siege of the provisional capital of Smederevo. By 1455, central Serbia was
completely conquered by the Ottoman Empire.[62] After
Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, Serbia briey regained sovereignty under Jovan Nenad in the 16th century. Three Habsburg invasions and numerous rebellions
constantly challenged Ottoman rule. One famous incident
was the Banat Uprising in 1595, which was part of the
Long War between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs.[63]
The area of modern Vojvodina endured a century-long
Ottoman occupation before being ceded to the Habsburg
Empire at the end of the 17th century under the Treaty
of Karlowitz.
In all Serb lands south of the rivers Danube and Sava, the
nobility was eliminated and the peasantry was enserfed
to Ottoman masters, while much of the clergy ed or
were conned to the isolated monasteries. Under the
Ottoman system, Serbs, as Christians, were considered
an inferior class of people and subjected to heavy taxes,
and a small portion of the Serbian populace experienced
Islamisation. The Ottomans abolished the Serbian Patriarchate (1463), but reestablished it in 1557, providing for
HISTORY
As the Great Serb Migrations depopulated most of southern Serbia, the Serbs sought refuge across the Danube
River in Vojvodina to the north and the Military Frontier
in the west, where they were granted rights by the Austrian crown under measures such as the Statuta Wallachorum of 1630. The ecclesiastical center of the Serbs also
moved northwards, to the Metropolitanate of Sremski
Karlovci, as the Serbian Patriarchate was once-again
abolished by the Ottomans in 1766.[66] Following several
petitions, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I formally
granted Serbs who wished to leave the right to their autonomous crownland.[67]
Adrianople in 1829 and nally, the Hatt-i Sharif, recognized the suzerainty of Serbia. The rst Serbian Constitution was adopted on 15 February 1835.[73][74]
2.5
The formal independence of the country was internationally recognized at the Congress of Berlin in 1878,
which formally ended the Russo-Turkish War; this treaty,
however, prohibited Serbia from uniting with Bosnia by
placing the latter under Austro-Hungarian occupation,
alongside the occupation of Sanjak of Novi Pazar.[75]
2.6
2.6
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip,
a member of the Young Bosnia organization, led to
Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia.[78] In defense
of its ally Serbia, Russia mobilized its troops, which resulted in Austria-Hungarys ally Germany declaring war
on Russia. The retaliation by Austria-Hungary against
Serbia activated a series of military alliances that set o
a chain reaction of war declarations across the continent, leading to the outbreak of World War I within a
month.[79] Serbia won the rst major battles of World
War I, including the Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara
marking the rst Allied victories against the Central
Powers in World War I.[80]
King Peter was succeeded by his son, Alexander, in AuDespite initial success, it was eventually overpowered gust 1921. Serb centralists and Croat autonomists clashed
by the Central Powers in 1915. Most of its army and in the parliament, and most governments were fragile and
some people retreated into exile to Greece and Corfu, short-lived. Nikola Pai, a conservative prime minister,
where they recovered, regrouped and returned to the headed or dominated most governments until his death.
Macedonian front to lead a nal breakthrough through King Alexander changed the name of the country to Yuenemy lines on 15 September 1918, liberating Serbia and goslavia and changed the internal divisions from the 33
defeating the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Bulgaria.[81] oblasts to nine new banovinas. The eect of Alexanders
to further alienate the non-Serbs from
Serbia, with its campaign, was a major Balkan Entente dictatorship was [90]
the
idea
of
unity.
[82]
Power
which contributed signicantly to the Allied
victory in the Balkans in November 1918, especially by Alexander was assassinated in Marseille, during an ofhelping France force Bulgarias capitulation.[83] Serbia cial visit in 1934 by Vlado Chernozemski, member of
HISTORY
Croatian Ustae execute Serbs and Jews in Jasenovac concentration camp , known as the Auschwitz of the Balkans.[95][96]
the IMRO. Alexander was succeeded by his eleven-yearold son Peter II and a regency council was headed by
his cousin, Prince Paul. In August 1939 the Cvetkovi
Maek Agreement established an autonomous Banate of
Croatia as a solution to Croatian concerns.
2.7
The Axis puppet state of the Independent State of Croatia committed large-scale persecution and genocide of
Serbs, Jews, and Roma.[97] The estimate of the United
States Holocaust Memorial Museum indicates that between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serb residents of
Croatia, Bosnia and northern Serbia were murdered during the Ustae genocide campaign;[98] the same gures
are supported by the Jewish Virtual Library.[99] Ocial
Yugoslav sources used to estimate more than 700,000
victims, mostly Serbs.[100] The Jasenovac memorial so
far lists 82,085 names killed at the this concentration
camp alone,[101] out of around 100,000 estimated victims (75% of whom were of Serbian origin).[102] Out of
roughly 1 million casualties in all of Yugoslavia up until
1944,[103][104] around 250,000 were citizens of Serbia of
dierent ethnicities.[105]
2.8
Miloevi promised a reduction of powers for the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina, where
his allies subsequently took over power, during the Antibureaucratic revolution.[111] This ignited tensions with the
communist leadership of the other republics, and awoke
President of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Josip Broz nationalism across the country that eventually resulted
in the Breakup of Yugoslavia, with Slovenia, Croatia,
Tito with Elizabeth II, Belgrade, 1972.
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Kosovo declaring independence.[112] Serbia and Montenegro remained
a constituent republic within the SFRY known as the together as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY).
Socialist Republic of Serbia, and had a republic-branch of
Fueled by ethnic tensions, the Yugoslav Wars erupted,
the federal communist party, the League of Communists
with the most severe conicts taking place in Croatia and
of Serbia. Serbias most powerful and inuential politiBosnia, where ethnic Serb populations opposed indepencian in Tito-era Yugoslavia was Aleksandar Rankovi,
dence from Yugoslavia. The FRY remained outside the
one of the big four Yugoslav leaders, alongside Tito,
conicts, but provided logistic, military and nancial supEdvard Kardelj, and Milovan ilas.[108] Rankovi was
port to Serb forces in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovlater removed from the oce because of the disagreeina. In response, the UN imposed sanctions against the
ments regarding Kosovos nomenklatura and the unity
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in May 1992,[113] which
of Serbia.[108] Rankovi's dismissal was highly unpopled to political isolation and the collapse of the economy.
ular amongst Serbs.[109] Pro-decentralization reformers
in Yugoslavia succeeded in the late 1960s in attaining Multiparty democracy was introduced in Serbia in 1990,
substantial decentralization of powers, creating substan- ocially dismantling the one-party system. Critics of
tial autonomy in Kosovo and Vojvodina, and recogniz- Miloevi claimed that the government continued to be
ing a Yugoslav Muslim nationality.[109] As a result of authoritarian despite constitutional changes, as Miloevi
these reforms, there was a massive overhaul of Kosovos maintained strong political inuence over the state media
[114][115]
When the ruling Socialist
nomenklatura and police, that shifted from being Serb- and security apparatus.
dominated to ethnic Albanian-dominated through ring Party of Serbia refused to accept its defeat in municiSerbs on a large scale.[109] Further concessions were made pal elections in 1996, Serbians engaged in large protests
to the ethnic Albanians of Kosovo in response to un- against the government.
rest, including the creation of the University of Pristina Between 1998 and 1999, peace was broken again, when
as an Albanian language institution.[109] These changes the situation in Kosovo worsened with continued clashes
created widespread fear amongst Serbs of being treated between Yugoslav security forces and the Albanian
as second-class citizens.[110]
guerilla Kosovo Liberation Army. The confrontations
led to the short Kosovo War, which ended in withdrawal
of Serbian forces from Kosovo and the establishment of
2.8 Breakup of Yugoslavia and political UN administration of the province.[116] After presidential
transition
elections in September 2000, opposition parties accused
Miloevi of electoral fraud. A campaign of civil reMain articles: Breakup of Yugoslavia, Yugoslav Wars, sistance followed, led by the Democratic Opposition of
Kosovo War, and Republic of Serbia (19922006)
Serbia (DOS), a broad coalition of anti-Miloevi parIn 1989, Slobodan Miloevi rose to power in Serbia. ties. This culminated on 5 October when half a mil-
10
3 POLITICS
3 Politics
Main article: Politics of Serbia
See also: List of political parties in Serbia
Serbia is a parliamentary republic, with the government
Burned and destroyed Serbian church and houses in Prizren during the 2004 unrest in Kosovo.
lion people from all over the country congregated in Belgrade, compelling Miloevi to concede defeat.[117] The
fall of Miloevi ended Yugoslavias international isolation. Miloevi was sent to the International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The DOS announced
that FR Yugoslavia would seek to join the European
Union. In 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was
renamed Serbia and Montenegro; the EU opened negotiations with the country for the Stabilization and Association Agreement. Serbias political climate remained
tense and in 2003, the prime minister Zoran ini was
assassinated as result of a plot originating from circles of
organized crime and former security ocials.
On 21 May 2006, Montenegro held a referendum to determine whether to end its union with Serbia. The results showed 55.4% of voters in favor of independence,
which was just above the 55% required by the referendum. On 5 June 2006, the National Assembly of Serbia
declared Serbia to be the legal successor to the former
state union.[118] The province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008.
Serbia immediately condemned the declaration and continues to deny any statehood to Kosovo. The declaration has sparked varied responses from the international
community, some welcoming it, while others condemned
the unilateral move.[119] Status neutral talks between Serbia and Kosovo-Albanian authorities are held in Brussels,
mediated by the EU.
In April 2008 Serbia was invited to join the Intensied
Dialogue programme with NATO despite the diplomatic
rift with the alliance over Kosovo.[120] Serbia ocially
applied for membership in the European Union on 22
December 2009,[121] and received candidate status on 1
March 2012, following a delay in December 2011.[10][122]
Following a positive recommendation of the European
Commission and European Council in June 2013, negotiations to join the EU commenced in January 2014.[123]
3.2
National symbols
11
2012 presidential election.[127] Seat of the presidency is Law enforcement is the responsibility of the Serbian PoNovi Dvor.
lice, which is subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior.
[133]
NaThe Government (Vlada) is composed of the prime min- Serbian Police elds 26,527 uniformed ocers.
tional
security
and
counterintelligence
are
the
responsiister and cabinet ministers. The Government is responsi[134]
ble for proposing legislation and a budget, executing the bility of the Security Information Agency (BIA).
laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies. The
current prime minister is Aleksandar Vui of the Serbian
Progressive Party.[128]
The National Assembly (Narodna skuptina) is a
unicameral legislative body. The National Assembly has
the power to enact laws, approve the budget, schedule
presidential elections, select and dismiss the Prime Minister and other ministers, declare war, and ratify international treaties and agreements.[129] It is composed of
250 proportionally elected members who serve four-year
terms. The largest political parties in Serbia are the
centre-right Serbian Progressive Party, leftist Socialist
Party of Serbia and centre-left Democratic Party.[130]
3.1
12
3 POLITICS
and Liberia.[149]
Serbia is a large producer and exporter of military equipment in the region. Defence exports totaled around $250
million in 2011.[141] Serbia exports across the world, notably to the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, and
North America.[150] The defence industry has seen signicant growth over the years and it continues to grow
on a yearly basis.[151][152]
of
3.4
Military
Districts of Serbia
4.1
Religion
13
1244. In 2008, Kosovo declared independence.[155] The During the 1990s, Serbia used to have the largest refugee
government of Serbia did not recognize the declaration, population in Europe.[164] Refugees and internally disconsidering it illegal and illegitimate.[156]
placed persons (IDPs) in Serbia formed between 7% and
7.5% of its population about half a million refugees
sought refuge in the country following the series of
Yugoslav wars, mainly from Croatia (and to a lesser ex4 Demographics
tent from Bosnia and Herzegovina) and the IDPs from
Kosovo.[165] Meanwhile, it is estimated that 300,000 peoMain articles: Demographics of Serbia and Demographic ple left Serbia during the 1990s, 20% of which had a
history of Serbia
higher education.[166][167]
As of 2011 census, Serbia (excluding Kosovo) has a total
population of 7,186,862 and the overall population density is medium as it stands at 92.8 inhabitants per square
kilometer.[157] The census was not conducted in Kosovo
which held its own census that numbered their total population at 1,739,825,[158] excluding Serb-inhabited North
Kosovo, as Serbs from that area (about 50,000) boycotted
the census.
4.1 Religion
Main articles: Religion in Serbia and Serbian Orthodox
Church
The Constitution of Serbia denes it as a secular state
with guaranteed religious freedom. Orthodox Christians
with 6,079,396 comprise 84.5% of countrys population.
The Serbian Orthodox Church is the largest and traditional church of the country, adherents of which are overEthnic map of Serbia, 2011 census.
whelmingly Serbs. Other Orthodox Christian communities in Serbia include Montenegrins, Romanians, Vlachs,
Serbia has been enduring a demographic crisis since the Macedonians and Bulgarians.
beginning of the 1990s, with a death rate that has continuously exceeded its birth rate, and a total fertility Roman Catholics number 356,957 in Serbia, or roughly
rate of 1.44 children per mother, one of the lowest in 6% of the population, mostly in Vojvodina (especially its
the world.[159] Serbia subsequently has one of the oldest northern part) which is home to minority ethnic groups
Croats, Bunjevci, as well as to some
populations in the world, with the average age of 42.2 such as Hungarians, [176]
Slovaks
and
Czechs.
[160]
years,
and its population is shrinking at one of the
fastest rates in the world.[161] A fth of all households Protestantism accounts for about 1% of the countrys
consist of only one person, and just one-fourth of four population, chiey among Slovaks in Vojvodina as well
and more persons.[162] Average Life expectancy in Ser- as among Reformed Hungarians. Greek Catholic Church
bia at birth is 74.2 years.[163]
is adhered by around 25,000 citizens (0.37% of the pop-
14
5 ECONOMY
5 Economy
Main article: Economy of Serbia
Serbia has an emerging market economy in upper-
4.2
Language
Serbo-Croatian, native to 88% of the population.[178] Serbian is the only European language with active digraphia,
using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. Serbian Cyrillic is the countrys ocial alphabet.[179] It was devised
in 1814 by Serbian philologist Vuk Karadi, who created the alphabet on phonemic principles. A survey from
2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favour
the Latin alphabet, 36% favour the Cyrillic one and 17%
have no preference.[180]
5.2
Industry
15
2014 was 44,883 dinars (US$528,50).[188] The unemployment remains an acute problem, with rate of 17.9%
as of 2015.[183]
Since 2000, Serbia has attracted over $25 billion in
foreign direct investment (FDI).[189] Blue-chip corporations making investments in Serbia include: FIAT,
Siemens, Bosch, Philip Morris, Michelin, Coca-Cola,
Carlsberg and others.[190] In the energy sector, Russian
energy giants, Gazprom and Lukoil have made large
investments.[191]
Automotive industry (with FIAT as a forebearer) is dominated by cluster located in Kragujevac and its vicinity,
and contributes to export with about $2 billion.[211] Serbias mining industry is comparatively strong: Serbia is
the 18th largest producer of coal (7th in the Europe)
16
5 ECONOMY
lignite are 5th largest in the world (second in Europe, after Germany).[216][217] Coal is found in two large deposits:
Kolubara (4 billion tons of reserves) and Kostolac (1.5
billion tons).[216] Despite being small on a world scale,
Serbias oil and gas resources (77.4 million tons of oil
equivalent and 48.1 billion cubic meters, respectively)
have a certain regional importance since they are largest
in the region of former Yugoslavia as well as the Balkans
(excluding Romania).[218] Almost 90% of the discovered
oil and gas are to be found in Banat and those oil and gas
elds are by size among the largest in the Pannonian basin
but the average on a European scale.[219]
5.3
Energy
5.4
Transport
17
Bulgaria, and 28 in Romania.[227][228] There are 155 kilometers of crude oil pipelines connecting Panevo and
Novi Sad reneries as a part of trans-national Adria oil
pipeline.[229]
Serbia is heavily dependent on foreign sources of natural gas, with only 17% coming from domestic production
(totalling 491 million cubic meters in 2012) and the rest
is imported, mainly from Russia (via gas pipelines that
run through Ukraine and Hungary).[226] Srbijagas, public gas company, operates the natural gas transportation
system which comprise 3,177 kilometers of trunk and regional natural gas pipelines and a 450 million cubic meter
underground gas storage facility at Banatski Dvor.[230]
5.4
Transport
15.03.2014
18
5 ECONOMY
5.5
Telecommunications
5.6
Tourism
Belgrade Fortress.
19
Mokra Gora , narrow-gauge heritage railway.
the Shoulders of Giants" and ranked among the top fteen minds
of all time in the eld of earth sciences.[252]
20
7 CULTURE
known for his contributions to the design of the
modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply
system including the AC induction motor.[261] The
tesla is the SI derived unit of magnetic ux density
and was named after Tesla.[262]
Mihajlo Pupin discovered a means of greatly extending the range of long-distance telephone communication by placing loading coils of wire (known
as Pupin coils) at predetermined intervals along the
transmitting wire (known as pupinization).[263]
Milutin Milankovi is known for his theory of ice
ages, suggesting a relationship between the Earths Studenica monastery, founded in 1196, UNESCO World Heritage
long-term climate changes and periodic changes in Site
its orbit, now known as Milankovitch cycles.
Mihailo Petrovi is known for having contributed
signicantly to dierential equations and phenomenology, as well as inventing one of the rst prototypes of an analog computer.
7.1 Art
7.2
Literature
21
felin and Jakov Orfelin.[267]
Serbian painting showed the inuence of Biedermeier,
Neoclassicism and Romanticism during the 19th century.
The most important Serbian painters of the rst half of
the 20th century were Paja Jovanovi and Uro Predi of
Realism, Cubist Sava umanovi, Milena Pavlovi-Barili
and Nadeda Petrovi of Impressionism, Expressionist
Milan Konjovi. Noted painters of the second half of
20th century include Marko elebonovi, Petar Lubarda,
Milo Milunovi, and Vladimir Velikovi.[268]
Anastas Jovanovi was one of the earliest photographes in
the world, while Marina Abramovi is one of the world
leading performance artists. Pirot carpet is known as one
of the most important traditional handicrafts in Serbia.
There are around 100 art museums in Serbia, of which
the most prominent is the National Museum, founded
in 1844; it houses one of the largest art collections in
the Balkans with more than 400,000 exhibits, over 5,600
paintings and 8,400 drawings and prints, including many
foreign masterpiece collections. Other art museums of
note are Museum of Contemporary Art in Belgrade and
Museum of Vojvodina in Novi Sad.
The White Angel frescoe was sent in the rst satellite broadcast
signal from Europe to USA, as a symbol of peace.[264]
7.2 Literature
Main article: Serbian literature
The beginning of Serbian literacy dates back to the ac-
22
Dositej Obradovi was the most prominent gure of the
Age of Enlightenment, while the most notable Classicist
writer was Jovan Sterija Popovi, although his works also
contained elements of Romanticism.[272] In the era of
national revival, in the rst half of the 19th century,
Vuk Stefanovi Karadi collected Serbian folk literature, and reformed the Serbian language and spelling,[273]
paving the way for Serbian Romanticism. The rst half
of the 19th century was dominated by Romanticism, with
Branko Radievi, ura Jaki, Jovan Jovanovi Zmaj
and Laza Kosti being the most notable representatives,
while the second half of the century was marked by
Realist writers such as Milovan Glii, Laza Lazarevi,
Simo Matavulj, Stevan Sremac, Vojislav Ili, Branislav
Nui, Radoje Domanovi and Borisav Stankovi.
7 CULTURE
were 10,989 books and brochures published.[37] The
book publishing market is dominated by several major
publishers such as Laguna and Vulkan (both of which operate their own bookstore chains) and the industrys centerpiece event, annual Belgrade Book Fair, is the most
visited cultural event in Serbia with 158,128 visitors in
2013.[279] The highlight of the literary scene is awarding
of NIN Prize, given every January since 1954 for the best
newly published novel in Serbian language (during times
of Yugoslavia, in Serbo-Croatian language).[280]
7.3 Music
Main article: Music of Serbia
Composer and musicologist Stevan Stojanovi Mokranjac is considered the founder of modern Serbian
music.[281][282] The Serbian composers of the rst generation Petar Konjovi, Stevan Hristi, and Miloje Milojevi maintained the national expression and modernized the romanticism into the direction of impressionism. Other famous classical Serbian composers include
Isidor Baji, Stanislav Biniki and Josif Marinkovi.[283]
There are three opera houses in Serbia: Opera of the
National Theatre and Madlenianum Opera, both in Belgrade, and Opera of the Serbian National Theatre in Novi
Sad. Four symphonic orchestra operate in the country: Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, Ni Symphony
Orchestra, Symphonic Orchestra of Radio Television of
Serbia, and Novi Sad Philharmonic Orchestra. The Choir
of Radio Television of Serbia is a leading vocal ensemble in the country.[284] The BEMUS is one of the most
Ivo Andri, Serbian writer and the 1961 winner of the Nobel prominent classical music festivals in the South East Europe.
Prize in Literature signing books at the Belgrade Book Fair
The 20th century was dominated by the prose writers
Milo Crnjanski, Isidora Sekuli, Ivo Andri (who was
awarded Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961), Branko
opi, Miodrag Bulatovi, Mea Selimovi, Borislav
Peki, Danilo Ki, Dobrica osi, Aleksandar Tima,
Dragoslav Mihailovi, Milorad Pavi and ohers.[274][275]
There were also many valuable poetic achievements,
as seen by the writings of Milan Raki, Jovan Dui,
Vladislav Petkovi Dis, Rastko Petrovi, Stanislav
Vinaver, Duan Mati, Desanka Maksimovi, Branko
Miljkovi, Vasko Popa, Oskar Davio, Miodrag Pavlovi,
Stevan Raikovi, and others.[276] Most notable contemporary authors include David Albahari, Svetislav Basara,
Goran Petrovi, Vladimir Arsenijevi, Zoran ivkovi
and others.
There are 551 public libraries in Serbia (excluding
Kosovo), the biggest of which are two national libraries:
National Library of Serbia in Belgrade with funds of
about 5 million volumes, and Matica Srpska (oldest Serbian cultural institution, founded in 1826) in Novi Sad
with nearly 3.5 million volumes.[277][278] In 2010, there
7.4
23
Turbo-folk music is subgenre that has developed in Serbia in the late 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s and
has since enjoyed an immense popularity. It is a blend
of folk music with pop and/or dance elements and can
be seen as a result of the urbanization of folk music. In
recent period turbo-folk featured even more pop music
elements, and some of the performers were labeled as
pop-folk. The most famous among them are Ceca (often
considered to be the biggest music star of Serbia), Jelena
Karleua, Aca Lukas, Seka Aleksi, Dragana Mirkovi,
Dara Bubamara, Indira Radi and Lepa Brena, arguably
the most prominent performer of former Yugoslavia.
Balkan Brass, or truba (trumpet) is a popular genre,
especially in Central and Southern Serbia where Balkan
Brass originated. The music has its tradition from the
First Serbian Uprising. The trumpet was used as a military instrument to wake and gather soldiers and announce
battles, the trumpet took on the role of entertainment during downtime, as soldiers used it to transpose popular folk
songs. When the war ended and the soldiers returned to
the rural life, the music entered civilian life and eventually
became a music style, accompanying births, baptisms,
weddings, and funerals. There are two main varieties of
this genre, one from Western Serbia and the other from
Southern Serbia. The best known Serbian Brass musician
is Boban Markovi, also one of the biggest names in the
world of modern brass band bandleaders.
24
7 CULTURE
Archive used to be former Yugoslavias and now is Serbia
national lm archive with over 95 thousand lm prints,
it is among ve largest lm archives in the world.[295]
Serbian cinema dates back to 1896 with the release of
the oldest movie in the Balkans, The Life and Deeds of
the Immortal Vod Karaore, a biography about Serbian
revolutionary leader, Karaore.[296][297]
The most famous Serbian lmmaker is Emir Kusturica who won two Golden Palms for Best Feature
Film at the Cannes Film Festival, for When Father
Was Away on Business in 1985 and then again for
Underground in 1995.[298] Other renowned directors
include Goran Paskaljevi, Duan Makavejev, Goran
Markovi, Sran Dragojevi and Srdan Golubovi among
others. Steve Tesich, Serbian-American screenwriter,
won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in
1979 for the movie Breaking Away.
7.5 Media
Main articles: Media of Serbia and Media freedom in
Serbia
The freedom of the press and the freedom of speech are
guaranteed by the constitution of Serbia.[299] Serbia is
Serbian lm director Emir Kusturica who twice won the Palme ranked 54th out of 180 countries in the 2014 Press Freed'Or at Cannes Film Festival
dom Index report compiled by Reporters Without Borders.[300] Both reports noted that media outlets and journalists continue to face partisan and government pressure
over editorial policies. Also, the media are now more
heavily dependent on advertising contracts and government subsidies to survive nancially.[301]
According to AGB Nielsen Research in 2009, Serbs on
average watch ve hours of television per day, making
it the highest average in Europe.[302] There are seven
nationwide free-to-air television channels, with public
broadcaster Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) operating
three (RTS1, RTS2 and RTS3) and remaining four are
private broadcasters: Prva, B92, Pink and Happy TV.
Viewing shares for these channels in 2012 were as follows: 23.5% for RTS1, 19.6% for Pink, 16.1% for Prva,
8.1% for B92, 3.6% for RTS2, and 2.8% for Happy
National Theatre in Belgrade.
TV.[303] There are 28 regional television stations and 74
local television stations.[37] Besides terrestrial channels
there are a dozen Serbian television channels available
heavily subsidised by the government, mainly through only on cable or satellite.
grants approved by the Film Centre of Serbia. In 2011,
[37]
there were 17 domestic feature lms produced.[291] There There are 220 radio stations in Serbia. Out of these, six
are 20 operating cinemas in the country, of which 10 are are radio stations with national coverage, including two
multiplexes, with total attendance exceeding 2.6 million of public broadcaster Radio Television of Serbia (Radio
and comparatively high percentage of 32.3% of total sold Belgrade 1 and Radio Belgrade 2/Radio Belgrade 3), and
tickets for domestic lms.[292][293] Modern PFI Studios four private ones (Radio S1, Radio S2, Radio Play, and
there are 49 regional stations and
located in imanovci is nowadays Serbias only lm stu- Radio Hit FM). Also,
[304]
162
local
stations.
dio complex; it consists of 9 state-of-the-art sound stages
and attracts mainly international productions, primarily There are 340 newspapers published in Serbia.[37] Some
American and West European.[294] The Yugoslav Film 14 daily newspapers are published in the country out
7.6
Cuisine
25
7.6 Cuisine
Main article: Serbian cuisine
Serbian cuisine is largely heterogeneous, sharing charac-
26
7 CULTURE
Marakana Stadium Belgrade, Serbian fans with national features during the Serbia - France qualication match for 2010
FIFA World Cup.
Novak Djokovic won twelve Grand Slam singles titles and is currently ranked world No. 1 by the ATP.
of particularities of Serbian professional sports is existence of many multi-sports clubs (called sports societies), biggest and most successful of which are Red Star, mense growth in the popularity of tennis in Serbia. Novak
Partizan, and Beograd in Belgrade, Vojvodina in Novi okovi, eleven-time Grand Slam champion, nished in
2011, 2012, 2014 and 2015 as No. 1 in the world and
Sad, Radniki in Kragujevac, Spartak in Subotica.
is also currently No. 1 in the ATP Rankings.[314] Ana
Football is the most popular sport in Serbia, and
Ivanovic (champion of 2008 French Open) and Jelena
the Football Association of Serbia with 146,845 regJankovi were both ranked No. 1 in the WTA Rankings.
istered players, is the largest sporting association in
There were two No. 1 ranked-tennis double players as
the country.[311] Dragan Daji was ocially recogwell: Nenad Zimonji (three-time mens double and fournized as the best Serbian player of all times by the
time mixed double Grand Slam champion) and Slobodan
Football Association of Serbia, and more recently the
ivojinovi. The Serbia mens tennis national team won
likes of Nemanja Vidi, Dejan Stankovi and Branislav
the 2010 Davis Cup while Serbia womens tennis national
Ivanovi the elite clubs of Europe, developing the nateam reached the nal at 2012 Fed Cup.[315]
tions reputation as one of the worlds biggest exporters
of footballers.[312] The Serbia national football team lacks
relative success although it qualied for three of the last
four FIFA World Cups. Serbia national youth football
teams have won 2013 U-19 European Championship and
2015 U-20 World Cup. The two main football clubs in
Serbia are Red Star (winner of the 1991 European Cup)
and Partizan (nalist of the 1966 European Cup), both
from Belgrade. The rivalry between the two clubs is
known as the "Eternal Derby", and is often cited as one
of the most exciting sports rivalries in the world.[313]
Serbia is one of the traditional powerhouses of world basketball, as Serbia mens national basketball team have
won two World Championships (in 1998 and 2002), three
European Championships (1995, 1997, and 2001, respectively) and silver medal at 1996 Olympics as well.
A total of 22 Serbian players have played in the NBA
in last two decades, including Predrag Peja Stojakovi
(three-time NBA All-Star) and Vlade Divac (2001 NBA
All-Star and FIBA Hall of Famer). The renowned Serbian coaching school produced many of the most successful European basketball coaches of all times, such as
eljko Obradovi, who won a record 8 Euroleague titles
as a coach. KK Partizan was the 1992 European champion.
The Serbia mens national water polo team is the second most
successful national team in history of the sport.
The Serbia mens national water polo team is the second most successful national team after Hungary, having
Recent success of Serbian tennis players has led to an im- won three World Championships (2005, 2009 and 2015),
27
and ve European Championships in 2001, 2003, 2006,
2012, and 2014 respectively.[316] VK Partizan has won a
joint-record seven European champion titles.
[4] Ocial population projection for Serbia (2016)". Republic of Serbia Statistical Bureau. Retrieved 7 January
2016.
Public holidays
If any of the non-religious holidays falls on a Sunday, [15] Social Progress Imperative(2015)". SPI. 5 November
2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
then it extends to the next working day.
1
See also
Serbia Wikipedia book
International rankings of Serbia
Outline of Serbia
Timeline of Serbian history
Missing or
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34
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EXTERNAL LINKS
Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to
the Late Twelfth Century. Michigan: The University
of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to
the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan
Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of
Congress Country Studies.
11 External links
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Sources:
Wiley-
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12.2
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File:Location_Serbia_Europe.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Location_Serbia_Europe.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bosonic dressing
File:MWD_security_escort_140517-A-SJ786-015.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/MWD_
security_escort_140517-A-SJ786-015.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: https://www.dvidshub.net/image/1350074 Original
artist: Capt. John Farmer
File:Map_of_Serbian_language_-_official_or_recognized.PNG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/
Map_of_Serbian_language_-_official_or_recognized.PNG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Avala
File:Martin_Garrix,_Dance_Arena,_2015.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Martin_Garrix%2C_
Dance_Arena%2C_2015.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Exit Festivals Flickr photostream Original artist: Bojan Hohnjec,
EXIT photo team
File:Milutin_Milankovi_2004_Serbian_stamp.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Milutin_
Milankovi%C4%87_2004_Serbian_stamp.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.wnsstamps.post/en/stamps/CS022.04
Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
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data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Miroslav{}s_Gospel_001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Miroslav%27s_Gospel_001.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
This image was downloaded from the National Library of Serbia's collection Miroslavs gospel. COBISS ID n/a Original artist: prince
Miroslav
File:NIS_HQ_in_Novi-Sad.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/NIS_HQ_in_Novi-Sad.jpg License:
CC BY 3.0 rs Contributors: this image http://www.nis.rs/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/02-poslovni-centar-Novi-Sad.jpg is linked from
this page Original artist: NIS
File:Narodna_biblioteka_Srbije...jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Narodna_biblioteka_Srbije...
jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: A.Milenkovi
File:Narodno_pozoriste_u_Beogradu.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Narodno_pozoriste_u_
Beogradu.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Photoshooterka
File:New_map_of_motorways_in_Serbia.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/New_map_of_
motorways_in_Serbia.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Motorways Serbia.svg Original artist:
Daniel749
File:NikolaPasic--serbiaherpeopleh00petruoft.png
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/
NikolaPasic--serbiaherpeopleh00petruoft.png License: Public domain Contributors: Serbia; her people, history and aspirations
(1915), p. 96 http://www.archive.org/details/serbiaherpeopleh00petruoft Original artist: Petrovic, Vojislav Maksim, 1885?1934
File:Novak_Djokovic_(18884030795).jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Novak_Djokovic_
%2818884030795%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Novak Djokovic Original artist: Tatiana from Moscow, Russia
File:Novi_Sad,_freedom_square.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Novi_Sad%2C_freedom_square.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: In Novi Sad with camera
Previously published: Facebook account Original artist: Forgivenday
File:PD-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/62/PD-icon.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Paja_Jovanovi-Krunisanje_Cara_Duana.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/88/Paja_Jovanovi%C4%
87-Krunisanje_Cara_Du%C5%A1ana.jpg License: PD-US Contributors:
Original publication: 1900 World Exposition in Paris[#cite_note-Bogdanovi.C4.87Robinson2014-1 [1]]
Original artist:
Paja Jovanovi (18591957)
File:Paniev_vrh_during_winter.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Pan%C4%8Di%C4%87ev_
vrh_during_winter.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Paniev vrh Original artist: Ratko Bozovic
File:Romuliana.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Romuliana.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Alxadj at English Wikipedia
File:STUDENICA_MONASTERY.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/STUDENICA_
MONASTERY.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Alxadj at
English Wikipedia
File:Serbia02.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Serbia02.png License: Public domain Contributors:
This map has been uploaded by Electionworld from en.wikipedia.org to enable the <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Wikimedia-logo.svg' class='image'><img alt='Wikimedia-logo.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/
Wikimedia-logo.svg/15px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/23px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/
Wikimedia-logo.svg/30px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1024' data-le-height='1024' /></a>Wikimedia Atlas of the
World <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg' class='image'><img alt='Gnome-globe.svg' src='https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/15px-Gnome-globe.svg.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https://
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/23px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/30px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='48' data-le-height='48' /></a>.
Original uploader to en.wikipedia.org was PANONIAN, known as PANONIAN at en.wikipedia.org. Electionworld is not the creator of
this map. Licensing information is below. Original artist: Self-made map by PANONIAN
12.2
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File:Serbia_Ethnic_Map_2011.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Serbia_Ethnic_Map_2011.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 rs Contributors: dokumentacione tabele Republickog zavoda za statistiku Srbije Original artist: Lilic
File:Serbia_Vojka_and_Stara_Pazova_from_south_IMG_9210.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/
b7/Serbia_Vojka_and_Stara_Pazova_from_south_IMG_9210.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Bjoertvedt
File:Serbia_soccer_vs_france.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Serbia_soccer_vs_france.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bob 435345
File:Serbian_Christmas_meal.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Serbian_Christmas_meal.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Petar Miloevi
File:Serbian_Government_building.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Serbian_Government_
building.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Matija
File:Serbian_National_Anthem_instrumental.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Serbian_National_
Anthem_instrumental.ogg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.navyband.navy.mil/anthems/national_anthems.htm Original
artist: United States Navy Band
File:Serbian_embassy_Prague.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Serbian_embassy_Prague.JPG License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: uploaded on 21:07, 12 January 2010 as a new version of File:Serbian embassy Prague 3003.JPG of other
author Original artist: unknown, uploaded by Tade.Dohansk
File:Serbian_mig-29_missiles.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Serbian_mig-29_missiles.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Krasimir Grozev
File:Serbien_topo.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Serbien_topo.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work using Generic Mapping Tools (http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu/) Original artist: Captain Blood at de.wikipedia
File:Serbmigra.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Serbmigra.jpg License: PD-US Contributors:
Paja Jovanovi, Muzej grada Beograda, 1970; p. 32
Original artist:
Paja Jovanovi (18591957)
File:Skupstina_srbije_posle_renoviranja_dva.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Skupstina_srbije_
posle_renoviranja_dva.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Orjen
File:Speakerlink-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kelvinsong
File:Steady2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Steady2.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Tomchen1989
File:Stevan_Kragujevic,_Elizabeth_II_i_Josip_Broz_Tito,1972,_u_Beogradu.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/f/fb/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Elizabeth_II_i_Josip_Broz_Tito%2C1972%2C_u_Beogradu.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 rs Contributors: Original uploader was Gajdario at sr.wikipedia Original artist: Stevan Kragujevi
File:Supreme_court_of_Serbia.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Supreme_court_of_Serbia.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Beograd, zgrada Zeleznice Original artist: George Groutas from Idalion, Cyprus
File:Teatar_ragujevac.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Teatar_%D0%9Aragujevac.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
File:The_May_Assembly_1848_in_Sremski_Karlovci.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/
51/The_May_Assembly_1848_in_Sremski_Karlovci.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors:
Moved from here:
https:
//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_May_Assembly_1848_in_Karlovci.jpg (File version uploaded by User: ).
Original artist: Pavle Simi
File:Theodosius_I{}s_empire.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Made personally from Image:BlankMap-Europe-v3.png, using (2004). The Collins Atlas of World
History. Wiltshire: HarperCollins, 46-47. 0-00-716640-0. and Image:Roman empire 395.jpg as a source. Original artist: Geuiwogbil at
en.wikipedia
File:Trzni_centar_Usce.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Trzni_centar_Usce.jpg License: CC BYSA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Magyshadow
File:Ustae_militia_execute_prisoners_near_the_Jasenovac_concentration_camp.jpg Source:
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wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Usta%C5%A1e_militia_execute_prisoners_near_the_Jasenovac_concentration_camp.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: USHMM Photograph #78512 Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
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File:Vinca_clay_figure_02.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Vinca_clay_figure_02.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Michel wal (travail personnel (own work)) Original artist: ?
File:Westbalkankonferenz_Wien_2015_(20929124111).jpg Source:
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Original artist: Bundesministerium fr Europa, Integration und usseres
File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.
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