Speaking 20.

2
Task A
Listening
Today,Imgoingtotalkaboutapsychologicalcondition,aformofdepression
thatscalledSeasonalAffectiveDisorder,usuallyabbreviatedSAD.SADhasntbeen
recognizedasamedicalconditionverylongthetermfirstappearedinmedical
journalsin1985.Thistypeofdepressionoccurseveryyear,asthedaysgrowshorter
duringtheautumn,andbecomesworstinthedarkestdaysoftheyear,inDecember
andJanuary,atleastintheNorthernHemisphere.Symptomsdisappearinthespring.
Its,mmm,itsthoughtthatthedecreasingamountsoflightsomehowaffectbrain
chemistry,triggeringthiscondition,althoughtheexactcausesofthisproblemarestill
unknown.So,mmm,theincidenceofthisdisorder,andtheseverityofthisdisorder,
increaseswithdistancefromtheequator.Its,mmm,itssymptomsincludenotjust
depressionbutalsofatigue,irritability,headaches,weightgain.Itsmorecommonin
womenthaninmen...itusuallyappearswhenpeopleareintheirearlytwenties.
ThetreatmentforSADisprettysimple,reallypeoplearetreatedwithbright
light.Patientssitafewfeetawayfromaspeciallampabouttwentytimesbrighter
thananordinarylampandthislightessentiallyduplicatesthelightoftheSun.
Patientsdothisforthirtyminuteseverydayinthemorningandintheevening.They
candootherthings,theycanreadoreatbreakfastorwatchTVwhiletheyresittingin
thelight.Ofcourse,forthosewhocanaffordit,atriptothetropicsinthedeadof
winterisalsoaprettygoodcureforthiscondition.

incidence=phmvinhhng
severity=tnhnghimtrng,snghimkhc.
fatigue=smtmi.
irritability=tnhdkchthch,scubn

Question
Usingspecificexamplesandpointsfromthelecture,explainSeasonalAffective
Disorder(SAD)anditstreatment?

Speaking:
Thelectureisaboutapsychologicalconditionakindofdepressioncalled
SeasonalAffectiveDisorder.ItisusuallyabbreviatedSAD.Thisconditionhasonly
beenknowninrecentyears.Accordingtothelecture,Itstartsinautumnandgets
worseinwinter.Andinthespring,itdisappears.Possiblylesslightaffectschemicals
inthebrain,triggeringSAD,butexactlyhowitiscausedisunknown.Thesymptoms
alsoincludefatigue,weightgain,andirritability.Morewomenthanmenhavethis
condition,anditusuallyappearswhenpeopleareintheirtwenties.
ItsprettyeasytotreatSAD.Peoplewhosufferfromitjustsitinfrontofa
brightlightforahalfhourinthemorningandahalfhourintheevening.Thislight
substitutesforthesun.Besides,forthosewhocannotaffordthistreatment,Atripto

somesunnyplacealsocuresit.
TaskB
Listening
Okay,inlabtoday,weregoingtodoaprettysimplelittleexperiment.It
involvesaprocesscalledfractionaldistillation.Wheneveryouhaveamixtureof
liquidswithdifferentboilingpoints,youcanusethismethodtoseparatethetwotypes
ofliquids.Okay,weregoingtostartbymixingwaterandethanolalcoholinaflask,
andthenweregoingtoheatit,asyouseeifyoutakealookatthediagraminyour
labmanual.Now,thealcoholboilsatalowertemperaturethanwater.It,uh,boilsat
about78degreescentigrade,andwaterboilsat100degreescentigrade,ofcourse.So,
youwanttoheatthismixturehigherthan78degreesbutlowerthan100degrees.How
doyoufigurethatout?Youkeepcheckingthethermometertokeeptrackofyour
temperature.Sothenwhathappens?Thealcoholboilsandturnstovapor,togas.It
goesupthecolumnandthenpassesintothecondenser.Wehavecoldwaterrunning
aroundthecondenser,andthiscoolsdownthealcoholvaporinsidethecondenser.
Thegasbecomesliquidalcoholagain,anddripsintotheothercontainer.Afterawhile,
youhavepurewaterinthefirstcontainer,theroundflask,andpurealcoholinthe
othercontainer.
Now,uh,thisisasimpleexperiment,asIsaid,buttheprocessoffractional
distillationisanextremelyimportantone.Onamuchlargerscale,onanindustrial
scale,engineersusethissameprocesstodistillcrudeoilinordertogetgasolineand
otherpetroleumproducts.Itsabitmorecomplicated,becausecrudeoilhasmany
differentcompounds,eachwithadifferentboilingpoint,butitsbasicallythesame
process.Okay,soletsgettowork.Letsassembleourequipmentandgivethis
experimentago.

fractionaldistillation=chngctphnon
flask=bottle=chai,lnh.
Condenser=bnhngngt,tin.
Todrip=chynhgit.
Todistill=chngct.
Crudeoil=duth,dumazut

Question
Usingspecificexamplesandpointsfromthelecture,explaintheprocessof
fractionaldistillationanditsimportance?

Speaking.
Thislectureisaboutanexperimentthatstudentswilldo,calledfractional
distillationtoseparatetwoliquidsthathavedifferentboilingpoints.Studentsmust
heatamixtureofalcoholandwater.Thealcoholboilsat78degreescentigradeand

thewaterat100degreescentigrade.Sothen,thealcoholbecomesagas.Itgoesupa
columnandintoacondenser.Atthattime,thereiscoolwaterrunningaroundthe
condenserthatcoolsthegasanditbecomesliquidagain.
Prettysoon,alltheliquidinthefirstcontaineriswaterandalltheliquidinthe
secondisalcohol.Fractionaldistillationisveryimportant.Inindustry,thesame
processisusedtodistillcrudeoiltogetgasolineandotherpetroleumproducts.

TaskC
Listening
Okay,imaginethattheyearis1900.ThedateisNovember3.WereinNew
YorkCityfortheopeningdayofthefirstNationalAutomobileShow.Infact,thisis
thefirstautomobileshoweverheld.Therearesomefortycarmanufacturershere.
About8,000peopleshowuptoseethehorselesscarriagesthatswhatalotof
peoplecallthem.Peoplearealldressedupinformaleveningweartheyretreating
theshowmorelikeaformalsocialoccasionthanasasalesevent.Lotsofimportant
peoplearelookingatthecars.EventhepresidentoftheUnitedStates,William
McKinley,ishere.Infact,hesthefirstU.S.presidenttoeverrideinacar.
Now,theautomobilewasntinventedintheUnitedStates.Itwasinventedin
Germanybackinthe1880s.ButtheU.S.pioneeredthemerchandising,thesellingof
theautomobile.Theautoshowturnedouttobeagoodwaytogetthepublic
interestedincars.
Theseearlymodelcarswere...well,theywerepracticallyhandmade,andnot
verydependable.Theywerebasicallytoysforrichpeople.Somewerepoweredby
steam,butpeopleworriedthatthesemightexplode.Someburnedgasoline.These
werenotpopularbecausetheywerenoisyandsmelledbad.Electriccarswerethe
mostpopularbecausetheyweresafeandalmostsilent.Someofthecarsattheshow
didntevenhavesteeringwheels.TheGasmobile,forexample,wassteeredwitha
tillerlikeaboat.
Inthenextfewyears,thenumberofcarmanufacturersattendingtheNational
AutoShowwouldexplode.In1905,theredbe247.Autoshowsprovideda,...a
goodopportunityforcarmakerstolearnfromoneanother,tolearnhowtomake
vehiclesmorereliable,morecomfortable.Whoknows?MaybewithouttheNewYork
AutoShowof1900andotherautoshows,theUnitedStateswouldneverhave
surpassedFranceastheworldsleadingautomakerin1904.

steam=hinc.
Steeringwheels=bnhli
Tiller=tayli
Tosteersmt=licig.

Question:
Usingspecificexamplesandpointsfromthelecture,describethe1900National
AutomobileShowanditsimportance.

Speaking
ThistalkisaboutthefirstNationalAutomobileShow,whichwasinNewYork
Cityin1900.Fortycarcompanieswerethere,andalso8,000people.Theywere
dressedupforaformalsocialoccasion.EventheU.S.presidentwastherehewas
thefirstpresidenttorideinacar.TheautowasinventedinGermanyabouttwenty
yearsbefore,butthesellingofcarswaspioneeredintheU.S.Thecarswere
handmade,almost,andwereundependabletheywereliketoysforrichpeople.
Steamcarswerentpopularbecausetheymightblowup.Gascarsweresmellyand
loud.Peoplelikedelectriccars,however,becausetheyweresafeandquiet.
ThenumberofcompaniescomingtotheNationalAutoShowwentupinthe
nextyears.Theylearnedfromeachotherattheseshows.Maybebecauseofthefirst
carshow,theUnitedStatescaughtupwiththeleadingcarmakingcountry,France,in
1904.
Question
Usingspecificexamplesandpointsfromthelecture,explaintheInfiniteMonkey
Theoremanditsimportance.

TaskD
Listening
Okay,hasanyoneeverheardthisbefore?Ifyouseataninfinitenumberof
monkeysinfrontoftypewritersthesedaysIguesswedsaycomputerkeyboards
andthemonkeystypeatrandom,oneofthemwilleventuallycreateaperfectcopyof
ShakespearesHamlet.Yeah,itsquiteafamoustheorem,isntit?Itscalledthe
InfiniteMonkeyTheorem.Thistheoremismentionedinbooksaboutastronomy,
computerscience,math,andstatistics.Iveseenamentionofitinnovels,poems,
movies,andblogsevenonthecartoonshowTheSimpsons.
Sometimespeopleusethistheoremto...umm,toillustrateaveryunlikely
event.Letssay,uh,Harryisntmuchofastudent.Onedayhegetsascoreof98%on
amultiplechoicetest.Harrysfriendssay,Well,youknowwhattheysayabout
monkeys...
Butthetheoremisagoodwaytogetpeoplethinkingaboutsomedifficult
concepts:reallylargenumbers,unlikelyevents,coincidences,randomness,and

infinity.
JusthowunlikelyisitthatmonkeyswouldtypeoutHamlet?Letssaya
typewriterhasfiftykeysnotquiteaccurate,butcloseenough.Theoddsthata
monkeywilltypethefirstletterofHamletare1in50,right?Theoddsthatamonkey
willtypetwocorrectlettersgoesuptoonein2,500.Threecorrect?Onein125,000.
HowlikelyisitthatamonkeywilltypethefirstpageofHamlet?Well,supposeyou
havetenbillionplanets,andeachplanethastenbillionmonkeys.Itwouldtaketen
billionyearsforonemonkeytotypeapageperfectly.Now,thereareabout150,000
charactersinHamlet.Theprobabilityofmonkeystypingoutthewholeplay
perfectly...well,itsbeyondcomprehension.

Question:
Usingspecificexamplesandpointsfromthelecture,explaintheInfiniteMonkey
Theoremanditsimportance.

Speaking
ThelecturertalksabouttheInfiniteMonkeyTheorem.Thistheoremsaysthatif
youhaveaninfinitenumberofmonkeyshitting keys at random on a typewriter
keyboard for an infinite amount of time,oneofthemwilleventuallywriteaperfect
copyofShakespearesplayHamlet.Fordetails,supposethatatypewriterhas50keys,
sotheoddsoftypingthefirstletterareonein50.Theoddsoftypingthefirsttwo
lettersareonein2,500.Theoddsoftypingthethirdareonein125,000.Ifyouhave
10billionplanets,andeachplanethas10billionmonkeys,itwouldtake10billion
yearsjusttotypethefirstpage.Theoddsofamonkeytypingthewholeplayarenot
reallycomprehensible.
Thisisanimportantandfamoustheorywithwiderangeofapplications.This
canbeusedinmanyfieldssuchasstatistics,math,computerscience,andsoon.This
canbeusedtomakepeoplethinkaboutsomedifficultconceptssuchasreallybig
numbers,coincidence,andinfinity.Anditisalsotalkedaboutinpoems,books,
televisionshows,andsoon.