By
Types of Nouns
1. Proper Nouns
2. Common Nouns
a. Concrete nouns
i. Countable nouns
ii. Uncountable nouns
iii. Collective nouns
b. Abstract nouns
Examples:
calf, cow, oxen, cattle, sheep, lamb, ram, goat,
kid, castle, pyramid, jailhouse, cliff dwellings,
igloo, pagoda, abbey, cathedral, chapel, apron,
tie, belt, petal, sepal, stamen, pine boughs,
bud, branch, blossom, fruit,
Abstract Nouns:
Abstract Nouns:
A noun that denotes an abstract or intangible concept,
such as envy or joy.
Example
Love, sadness, laughter, hunger, pleasure, poverty,
wisdom, intelligence,
Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are
things that we can count.
For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can
have one, two, three or more pens.
Here are some more countable nouns:
dog, cat, animal, man, person
bottle, box, litre
coin, note, dollar
cup, plate, fork
table, chair, suitcase, bag
Uncountable nouns
Collective Nouns:
A collective noun is a word for a group of specific
items, animals or people.
For example, a group of ships is called a fleet, a
group of cows is called a herd, a group of lions is
called a pride, a group of baseball players is called a
team, and a group of ants is called a colony.
Pronouns
Pronouns are words used instead of nouns
or the words that substitute nouns.
consider.)
Peter guessed the right number.
(The word guessed is a verb. It expresses the mental activity to
guess.)
I thought the same thing.
(The word thought is a verb. It expresses the mental activity to
think.)
Types of verbs
There are three types of verbs:
action verbs,
linking verbs, and
helping verbs.
ACTION VERBS
Action verbs are words that express action (ex: give,
eat, walk, etc.) or possession (have, own, etc.).
Action verbs
can be either transitive or intransitive
TRANSITIVE VERBS
A transitive verb always has a noun that receives the action of the
verb. This noun is called the direct
object.
EXAMPLE: Sheela raises her hand.
(The verb is raises. Her hand is an object receiving the verbs
action. Therefore, raises is a
transitive verb.)
INTRANSITIVE VERBS
An intransitive verb never has a direct or indirect
object.
Although an intransitive verb may be followed
by an adverb or adverbial phrase, there is no object to
receive its action.
LINKING VERBS
A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence to a
noun or adjective that renames or describes it.
This
noun or adjective is called the subject
complement.
EXAMPLES: Jason became a business major.
(The verb, became, links the subject, Jason, to its
complement, a business major.)
Lisa is in love with Jason.
(The verb, is, links the subject, Lisa, to the subject
complement, in love with Jason, which
describes Lisa.)
The most common linking verb is the verb to be in all of its forms
(am, are, is, was, were, etc.).
This verb may also be used as a helping verb (see next section).
Two other common linking verbs, to become and to seem, are
always used as linking verbs.
Other verbs may be linking verbs in some cases and action verbs in
others: to appear, to feel, to look, to remain, to stay, to taste, to
continue, to grow, to prove, to sound, to smell, to turn,
LINKING: Libby appeared happy. (Appeared links Libby to the
subject complement, happy.)
HELPING VERBS
Helping verbs are used before action or linking verbs
to convey additional information regarding aspects of
possibility (can, could, etc.) or time (was, did, has,
etc.). They are also called auxiliary verbs. The main
verb with
its accompanying helping verb is called a verb phrase.
EXAMPLES: Teju is (helping verb) going (main verb) to
Florida.
The trip might (helping verb) be (main verb)
dangerous.
Types of adverbs
Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of Manner tell us the manner or way in which
something happens. They answer the question
"how?". Adverbs of Manner mainly modify verbs.
He speaks slowly. (How does he speak?)
They helped us cheerfully. (How did they help us?)
James Bond drives his cars fast. (How does James Bond
drive his cars?)
Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of Place tell us the place where something
happens. They answer the question "where?".
Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of Time tell us something about the time
that something happens. Adverbs of Time mainly
modify verbs.
They can answer the question "when?":
He came yesterday. (When did he come?)
I want it now. (When do I want it?)
Or they can answer the question "how often?":
They deliver the newspaper daily. (How often do
they deliver the newspaper?)
We sometimes watch a movie. (How often do we
watch a movie?)
Adverbs of Degree
Adverbs of Degree tell us the degree or extent to
which something happens. They answer the
question "how much?" or "to what degree?".
Adverbs of Degree can modify verbs, adjectives and
other adverbs.
She entirely agrees with him. (How much does she
agree with him?)
Mary is very beautiful. (To what degree is Mary
beautiful? How beautiful is Mary?)
He drove quite dangerously. (To what degree did he
drive dangerously? How dangerously did he drive?)
Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction
joins two parts of a sentence.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand
in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund
verbs).
A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun or
noun phrase. It joins the noun to some other part of the
sentence.
Examples: on, in, by, with, under, through, at