ELEG-212 Signal Processing

and Communications

READING ASSIGNMENTS
a This Lecture:
`Chapter 2, Section 2-6

a Other Reading:
`Appendix A: Complex Numbers
`Appendix B: MATLAB
`Next Lecture: start Chapter 3

LECTURE #3
Phasor Addition Theorem

a Lab 0 is this week room change

`Sec. 10: eCALC II, 140 DuPont (Tuesday, 4:00)
`Sec. 11: eCALC I, 046 Colburn (Wednesday, 3:30)
`Secs. 12&13: eCALC II, 140 DuPont (Thursday, 3:30)
`Memory sticks/jump drives make saving work easy

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Signal Processing First

LECTURE OBJECTIVES

Eulers FORMULA

aPhasors = Complex Amplitude

aComplex Exponential

`Complex Numbers represent Sinusoids

`Real part is cosine

`Imaginary part is sine
`Magnitude is one

z (t ) = Xe jt = ( Ae j )e jt

e j = cos( ) + j sin( )

Develop the ABSTRACTION:

Adding Sinusoids = Complex Addition

e jt = cos( t ) + j sin( t )

PHASOR ADDITION THEOREM

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AVOID Trigonometry

Eulers FORMULA

aAlgebra, even complex, is EASIER !!!

aCan you recall cos(1+2) ?

aComplex Exponential

aUse: real part of

ej(1+2)

`Real part is cosine

`Imaginary part is sine
`Magnitude is one

= cos(1+2)

e j (1 + 2 ) = e j1 e j 2
= (cos1 + j sin 1 )(cos 2 + j sin 2 )
= (cos1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2 ) + j (...)
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Real & Imaginary Part Plots

e j = cos( ) + j sin( )

e jt = cos( t ) + j sin( t )
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COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL

e j t = cos( t ) + j sin( t )
aInterpret this as a Rotating Vector
PHASE DIFFERENCE

` = t
`Angle changes vs. time
`ex: =20 rad/s
`Rotates 0.2 in 0.01 secs

= /2

e j = cos( ) + j sin( )
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Rotating Phasor

Cos = REAL PART

Real Part of Eulers

See Demo on CD-ROM

Chapter 2

cos( t) = e{e j t }

General Sinusoid

x(t) = Acos( t + )
So,

A cos( t + ) = e{Ae

}
= e{Ae e }
j ( t + )

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COMPLEX AMPLITUDE

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j t

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WANT to ADD SINUSOIDS

General Sinusoid

x(t) = Acos( t + ) = e{Ae j e j t }

aALL SINUSOIDS have SAME FREQUENCY

aHOW to GET {Amp,Phase} of RESULT ?

Sinusoid = REAL PART of (Aej)ejt

x(t) = e {Xe j t }= e{z(t)}

Complex AMPLITUDE = X

z(t) = Xe
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j t

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X = Ae

j
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ADD SINUSOIDS

PHASOR ADDITION RULE

aSum Sinusoid has SAME Frequency

Get the new complex amplitude by complex addition

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ADD SINUSOIDS EXAMPLE

Phasor Addition Proof

tm1

tm2

tm3
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Convert Time-Shift to Phase

Phasor Add: Numerical

aMeasure peak times:

aConvert Polar to Cartesian

`tm1=-0.0194, tm2=-0.0556, tm3=-0.0394

`X1 = 0.5814 + j1.597

`X2 = -1.785 - j0.6498
`sum = X3
= -1.204 + j0.9476

aConvert to phase (T=0.1)

`1=-tm1 =-(2/T)tm1 =70/180,
`2= 200/180

aAmplitudes
aConvert back to Polar

`A1=1.7, A2=1.9, A3=1.532

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ADD SINUSOIDS

`X3 = 1.532 at angle 141.79/180

`This is the sumSignal
of Processing
the complex
amplitudes
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PHASOR EXAMPLES

X1

VECTOR
(PHASOR)
ADD
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X3

X2

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