KhayatOct92012V2 PDF

Evaluation of Thixotropy of SCC
and Inflence on Concrete Perfomance

Kamal Henri Khayat
54th Congresso Brasilleiro do Concreto

Maceio Oct. 9, 2012
IBRACON, October 9, 2012
HPC: Concrete with improved

mechanical properties & service life
Stress (MPa)
400
RPC + fibers
(pressed and
confined)
300
200
100
0
HPC
NSC
0
0.005
RPC + fibers
0.01
0.015
Strain (mm/mm)
0.02
230-MPa RPC
foot bridge,
Sherbrooke
Confederation Bridge, N.B. PEI

100-year design life
HPC: Concrete with improved

workability
Industrial Research Chair on High-Performance

Flowable Concrete with Adapted Rheology (FCAR)
Owners:
Material Suppliers:
Engineering Firms:
Testing Labs:
Inspecsol
Prefab:
Yield stress
Rheological parameters of FCAR
Flowable Mass Conc.

HPC
SF-SCC
Underwater Conc.
SCC
FR-SCC
Plastic viscosity
6
IRC Research Program

Theme III - Rheological Properties and
Granular Flow Modeling
Theme II Test Methods to Evaluate Flow

Properties of FCAR
Theme I Influence of Mixture Constituents, Mix

Design, & Temperature on Rheology of FCAR
Theme IV Mix Design

and Engineering
Properties of FCAR
Theme V - Field Validation and
Guidelines
Recommendations
for Design & Testing
of FCAR
Flow behavior of SCC is complex and must be

optimized to secure adequate performance
low resistance to flow (low t0)
high stability (moderate visc.)
Conventional
concrete
high passing ability (low

t0
+ mod. visc.)
Reduce water content to

8
enhance
viscosity
Torque (N m )
7
6
W/CM = 0.37
5
4
W/CM = 0.47
3
2
F = 650 mm
1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Speed (Rev/s)
0.8
1.0
Incorporate VEA to enhance viscosity

Moderate VEA
Torque (N m)
7
6
Low VEA
4
3
F = 650 mm
W/CM = 0.47
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Speed (Rev/s)
0.8
1.0
Thixotropy variation of viscosity with time at constant shear

rate (reversable)
Negative Aspects of Structural Build-up
Multi-layer casting
After 5 min of rest time,
the 2 layers can mix well
After 20 min of rest time, the
2 layers do not mix at all
Casting point
Negative aspect of structural build-up (thixotropy)
Positive Aspects of Structural Build-up

Reduction in
formwork pressure
after casting due
to structural buildup at rest
Improved static
stability
50%
Factors Affecting Form Pressure of CVC

-
Fluidity level
Casting rate
Coarse aggregate volume
Binder content and type
Presence of admixtures
Temperature of fresh concrete
Minimum dimension of formwork
Degree of vibration
Etc.
Rodin, 1952
P(maximum) / P(hydrostatic)
Effect of Consistency Level

1.0
HRWRA
0.9
w/cm = 0.40
S/A = 0.46
Ternary cem. = 450 kg/m3
PC
H = 2.8 m
0.8
D = 200 mm
0.7
SF =
750 mm
0.6
SF = 650 mm
Slump = 220 mm SF = 550 mm
0.5
0
50
R = 10 m/h
100
150
200
250
300
Time after casting (min)
350
R ~ 1 m/hr
Lift height = 3.5 m

W = 0.9 m (9 x 4 m)
Lift height = 2.8 - 3 m

W = 0.2 m
R ~ 2 m/hr
Lift height > 3 m

W = 0.15 m
R ~ 8-10 m/hr
ACI 347-04 [Hurd, 2002]

Normal concrete with slump < 175 mm at time of casting
Immersion of vibrator < 1.2 m in fresh concrete. Underneath concrete is not re-vibrated
R 4.5 m/h
Lateral pressure
785 R
pmax (kPa) CwCc 7.2
17.8
Cw
: Unit weight coefficient Cc : Chemistry coefficient
Walls (R < 2.1 m/h, H > 4.2 m) or walls 2.1 < R < 4.5 m/h, H not specified
1156
244 R
pmax (kPa) CwCc 7.2
17.8
T
17.8
30 Cw (kPa) Pmax
Pmax
150Cw Cc (kPa)
cH
Casting depth (H)
Columns (R and H not specified) or walls with R < 2.1 m/h, H 4.2 m
Pmax
Pumping from bottom:

Pmax = c H + 25% pump surge pressure
Modified ACI 347-04 [Hurd, 2002]

Density (kg/m3)
Cw : Unit weight coefficient
< 2240
2240 -2400
> 2400
Cw = 0.5 [1 + w/2320] 0.80

Cw = 1.0
Cw = w/2320 kg/m3
Cement type or blend
Cc: Chemistry coefficient

Type I, II, III without retarders
Type I, II, III with retarders
Other types or blends containing < 70% slag or 40% FA without retarder
Other types or blends containing < 70% slag or 40% FA with retarder
Blends containing > 70% slag or 40% FA
Cc
1.0
1.2
1.4
Retarders (set retarder, retarder water reducer, retarding midrange WRA, or HRWRA) that delay setting
Various models to evaluate lateral

pressure
R T H
Form
width
Time Thixotropy Slump
1- ACI 347-04
2- U.K. (CIRIA Report 108)
3- Japan - Standard
Specifications for Concrete
Structures (2002)
4- Sweden (Design of Vertical

Concrete Formwork)
Set
time
R = Rate of casting
T = Temperature
H = Casting depth
x
Waiting
period
Various models to evaluate lateral

R T H
pressure
Form
width
Time Thixotropy Slump
1- ACI 347-04
2- U.K. (CIRIA Report 108)
3- Japan - Standard
Specifications for Concrete
Structures (2002)
4- Sweden (Design of Vertical

Concrete Formwork)
5- Khayat & Assaad [2005]
6- Roussel and Ovarlez [2005]
7- Lange et al., [2005]
8- Khayat & Omran [2009]
9- DIN 18 218 :2010-01 (2010)
10- Gardner et al., 2011

Set
time
Waiting
period
R = Rate of casting
T = Temperature
H = Casting depth
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sflow
loss
Outline
Thixotropy determination: structural breakdown
and structural build-up at rest
Thixotropy vs. form pressure exerted by SCC
Structural build-up vs. drop in interlayer bond
Thixotropy variation of viscosity (or shear stress) with time under

constant shear rate - structural build-up when left at rest (reversible)
160
Shear stress (Pa)
= fixed
120
= 0.03 s-1
sample at rest
80
40
Structural build-up
(flocculation, coagulation)
0
0
200
400
600
Time (s)
800
1000 1200
Modified MK-III
rheometer
Importance of Restructuring !!
Viscosity of concrete (Pa.s)
Formwork pressure = f (restructuring of the concrete)

900
2 minutes resting time

4 minutes resting time
600
Slump = 200 mm
450 kg/m of binder
w/cm = 0.42
VMA
N = 0.9 rps
300
0
0
10
15
Time (sec)
20
25
Shear stress (Pa)
0.7 rps
te
ti
Time (s)
happ, i
happ, e
Shear rate (1/s)
t i t e
happ
te
app @ N=0.7 rps (Pa.s)
Shear stress (Pa)
1. Structural breakdown: drop in app. viscosity (app)
Typical SCC
mixtures
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
15
30
45
Rest time (min)
60
Rotational speed (rps)
Time intervals for assessing thixotropy

0.9 rps
T1 = 0 - 30 min
0.7 rps
0.5 rps
0.3 rps
Time (min)
Testing & rehomogizing = 2.5 min
Rest of 5 min
1. Structural breakdown: structural breakdown area (Ab1)

800
600
600
N = 0.3 rps
Shear stress (Pa)
800
N = 0.7 rps
N = 0.5 rps N = 0.9 rps
400
200
400
Ab1 (J/m.s)
200
0
0
10
15
20
0.2
25
Ab1 =
0.9
- e(N)
dN
i
(N)
0.3
0.6
0.8
Rotational speed (rps)
Time (sec)
Lapasin et al. [1983]
0.4
J/m3 .s
Height of concrete (m)
Lateral pressure envelope of SCC

3.0
Slump flow = 650 mm
2.5
R = 10 m/hr
2.0
H = 2.8 m
at casting
D = 200 mm
1.5
1.0
rgh
~ 50% after 4 hr
0.5
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Lateral pressure (kPa)

60
70
P(maximum) / P(hydrostatic) (%)
Thixotropy vs. Lateral Pressure

100
70 SCC
mixtures
80
60
40
Ab1 vs. Pressure at 0 min;

R = 0.89
R = 0.85
R = 0.84
20
0
50
200
350
500
Breakdown area (J/m.s)

650
800
R ~ 6-10 m/hr
Typical Formwork Pressure Diagram

Slump flow = 720 mm
S/A = 0.50
Ternary cement = 475 kg/m
w/cm = 0.40
Head of concrete (m)
6
5
4
R = 6.5 m/h
3
Hydrostatic pressure
2
3h
1h
P(max)
right after casting
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Pressure developed on formwork (kPa)

120
Pressure Variations with Thixotropy

0.6
BIN-0.50-Nap (Ab1 = 260 J/m.s)
PNS
R = 6 m/h
S/A
R = 6.5 m/h
0.4
R = 7.5 m/h
TER-0.50-Nap
(310 J/m.s)
TER-0.44-Nap
(405 J/m.s)
0.2
0.0
0
200
400
600
800

1000
1200
2. Structural build-up at rest: Re-structuring

Structural build-up: increase in shear stress (or viscosity)
when the material is left at rest
160
Shear stress (Pa)
= fixed
120
= 0.03 s-1
sample at rest
80
40
Structural build-up
(flocculation, coagulation)
0
0
200
400
600
Time (s)
800
1000
1200
Static shear stress at rest (0rest)

T max
0.15
0.10
N = 0.03 rps
0.05
0.00
10
Time (sec)
15
Rheometer-0 rest (Pa)
Torque (N.m)
0.20
20
2500
Typical SCC mixtures

w/p
0.37-0.47
2000
Slump flow 600-720 mm

Ri (Pa)
1500
1000
R(t) (Pa/min)
500
RixR(t), (Pa2/min)
0
0
15
30
45
Rest time (min)
60
Portable vane (PV) test

10000
8000
PV 0rest (Pa)
0rest = Tmax /G

w/p
0.37-0.47
6000
4000
2000
0
0
15
30
45
Rest time (min)
60
75
Inclined plane (IP) test

Motion takes place in the form of
planer fluid layers gliding over each
others in the direction of the slope
60 mm
Step 1
120 mm
Step 2
t s r gh sin a
r = density of sample
Step 3
g = gravitation constant
h = mean central height of slumped sample
a = critical angle of plane at flow start
Inclined plane (IP) test

1000

w/p
0.37-0.47
IP t0rest (Pa)
800
600
400
200
IPt 0 rest r gh sin a

r = density of sample
g = gravitation constant
h = mean central height of slumped sample
a = critical angle of plane at flow start
10
20
30
Rest time (min)
40
50
Yield stress at rest: PV and IP tests vs. rheometer

Data at 15 min rest time
1200
2500
y = 1.00 x
R = 0.82
1500
IP 0rest (Pa)
PV0 rest (Pa)
2000
1000
y = 0.95 x
R = 0.82
900
600
300
500
0
0
1000
2000
Rheometer 0rest (Pa)

Good relationships between static yield
stress from PV and IP vs. rheometer
3000
300
600
900 1200 1500
Rheometer 0rest (Pa)
Thixotropy as input to evaluate formwork

pressure for SCC
Pmax = gH [a1H + a2R + a3T + a4Dmin + a5TI
@fixed Temp.
Pmax = gH [a1H + a2R + a3T + a4Dmin + a5TI
@various Temp.
: unit weight of SCC

RMC Research & Education Foundation
H: casting depth in the form Strategic Development Council of ACI
R: casting rate
SDC Members (2007 2009)
T: concrete temperature
Dmin: formwork width
TI: thixotropy index:TI@fixed temperature (22C) or TI@various temperature (ti).
Pressure device to determine

lateral pressure
63 mm
Pressure
19 mm
sensor
577 mm
500 mm
700 mm
19 mm
63 mm
Pressure
sensor
Fresh
concrete
190 mm
Digital
manometer to
control overhead
air pressure
(up to 13 m high)
Honeywell pressure
sensor
(1400-kPa capacity)
Pressure variations
320
320
SCC4
=
=560
560mm
mm
RR==10
10m/hr
m/hr
VMA = 2.8 L/m3
(kPa) (kPa)
Pressure
Lateral pressure
280
280
240
240
Hydrostatic
Eq. pressure
hydrostatic pressure
H = 13 m @ 72 min
Reach to hydrostatic
200
200
Sudden
increase in
pressure
reflects "blowup" of
overhead
pressure at
sensor location
H = 0.35 m
160
160
120
120
H = 0.5 m
80
80
decrease in pressure
reflects material
restructuring
40
40
00
00
20
20
40
40
60
60
80
80
Time
Time(min)
(min)
100
100
120
120
140
140
Use of pressure device to validate mix design

Lateral pressure (kPa)
0
50
100 150 200 250
50
100 150 200 250 300
Slump
flow
Casting depth (m)
Paste
volume
R = 10 m/hr
4
6
Hydrostatic
pressure
340 l/m3
10
12
560 mm
14
400 l/m3
660 mm
370 l/m3
Empirical models for K0 = f (H, R, T, Dmin, PVthixo index)

800 data points to
derive models
NCSS, 2007 software
H = 1 - 13 m
R = 2 - 30 m/h
T = 10 - 32 C
c = unit weight (e.g. 23.5 kN/m3)
d = min. formwork dimension
(0.2 1.0 m)
Dmin = Equivalent to d
For 0.2 < d < 0.5 m, Dmin = d
For 0.5 < d < 1.0 m, Dmin = 0.5 m
cH
112.5 - 3.8 H + 0.6 R - 0.6 T + 10 Dmin - 0.021 PVt 0rest@15 min f MSA fWT
100
cH
Pmax =
109.5 - 3.9 H + 0.7 R - 0.6 T + 3 Dmin - 0.29 PVt 0rest (t) f MSA fWT
100
H
Pmax = c 106 - 4 H + 0.6 R - 0.63 T + 10 Dmin - 0.00015 PVt 0rest@15min PVt 0rest (t) f MSA fWT
100
Pmax =
Empirical models for K0 = f (H, R, T, Dmin, IPthixo index)

Static yield stress after 15 min of rest [Ri] (Pa)
100
K0 (%)
80
K0@H=1m
K0@H=2m
K0@H=4m
K0@H=6m
K0@H=8m
K0@H=10m
K0@H=12m
60
40
R = 2 m/hr
T = 22 oC
Dmin = 200 mm
MSA = 14 mm
Waiting Time = 0
20
0
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
IP0 rest@15min (Pa)

K0 = [112 - 3.83 H + 0.6R - 0.6T + 0.01Dmin - 0.023 IP0rest@15min] x fMSA x fWT
Effect of casting rate on lateral pressure characteristics

Pressure can be reduced by:
100
H=3m
lowering casting speed, or

increasing thixotropy
K0 (%)
80
60
SCC40
SCC51
SCC52
SCC53
SCC54
SCC46
SCC55
SCC56
40
20
0
0
10
(High
thixotropy)
20
Casting rate (m/hr)

30
Charts for relative lateral pressure K0

PV0rest@15min = 1200 Pa
PV0rest@15min = 200 Pa
1
10
15
20
25
30
22
22
22
23
23
24
25
26
41
42
42
44
45
47
48
49
59
60
61
63
65
67
69
71
76
76
78
81
83
86
89
90
91
93
96
100
103
103
104
106
110
114
114
115
118
123
123
124
128
131
132
10
136
11
< 50 kPa
50- 80 kPa
80 - 110 kPa
110 - 140 kPa
140 - 170 kPa
>170 kPa
R (m/hr)
1
10
15
20
25
30
17
17
17
18
19
19
20
21
32
32
33
34
35
37
38
40
45
45
46
49
51
53
55
57
92
56
57
58
61
64
67
70
72
107
110
66
67
69
72
76
79
82
86
119
123
127
74
75
77
81
85
90
94
98
127
132
137
142
80
81
84
89
94
98
103
108
133
139
144
150
155
84
86
89
94
100 105 111
117
136
142
148
154
161
167
87
88
92
98
105 111 117
123
138
142
149
156
163
170
177
10
88
89
94
100 107 114 121
128
140
142
147
154
162
169
177
185
11
87
89
93
101 108 116 124
131
12
143
144
151
158
166
174
183
191
12
85
86
93
100 108 116 124
133
13
143
145
154
159
168
177
186
195
13
80
82
91
96
132
H (m)
H (m)
R (m/hr)
105 114 123
Integrated research laboratory on materials valorization and

innovative and durable structures - 2007-2009
Formwork
16 mm bars
@ 30 x 40 cm
Sheathing
& form ties
Snap
form ties
Tie clamps
Wall
studs &
Wales
2 walls/day
Wall
#6
Wall
#7
Wall
#8
Investigated parameters
Level 1000, H = 3.7 m
(effect of casting rate)
Wall #1 Wall #2
VCC
SCC1
Slump/
slump flow (mm)
Wall
#3
SCC1
Wall
#4
SCC1
Level 2000, H = 4.4 m

(effect of thixo.)
Wall
#5
VCC
120
30
120
30
650 25
HRWRA type
---
PCP
---
Vp (L/m3)
---
Low, 330
---
R (m/hr)
W/CM
7.5
0.40
10
0.35
15
7.5
0.40
Wall
#6
SCC1
Wall #8
SCC3
650 25
PCP
Low
330
0.37
Air content < 3.5%, concrete temp. = 22 25 oC

Wall
#7
SCC2
PNS
High
370
10
0.35
Low
330
0.42+VMA
Full characterization
10 persons to carry out > 17 tests
h2 = 150 - H2
h1 = 600 - H1
Strength
H1
Shrinkage
H2
Lateral pressure [wall # 6, SCC1, R = 10 m/h]

Pmax (kPa)
70
Pmax (kPa)
0
60
20
10
Formwork height (m)
@ 2.33 m
@ 1.82 m
30
200
400
1.2 m PVC
column
600
800
Time (min)
80
100
1,0
1,5
1000
1200
Hydrostatic
pressure
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
60
0,5
@ 3.34 m
40
40
0,0
@ 3.85 m from top
50
20
4,0
4,5
@2 hr
@4 hr
@6 hr
formwork base
Pmax
8 full-scale R/C columns

Casting rate (m/h)
Mixture
Relative
thixotropy
5+
20 WP
SCC-L
SCC-M
SCC-H
Low
Medium
High
--Col.#5
-Col.#7
Col.#3
-Col.#8
--
10
13
-Col.#1
-Col.#4
--
15
22
--
Col.#2
Col.#6
--
ACI 347-04 vs. field measurements

Casting rate limited to 4.5 m/h (ACI 347-04)
Limited data
Walls and columns cast of 5 m/h are considered
Predicted Pmax (kPa)
100
y = 1.16x
R = 0.62
80
60
Pmax
40
785R
= CW CC 7.19 +
17.78 T
Wall element #2
3 columns (# 3, 5, 7)
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Measured Pmax in field (kPa)
Cc : Chemistry coefficient = 1.2
Khayat & Omran [2009] vs. field measurements
Measured Pmax in field (kPa)
100
8 column elements
C
C
6 wall elements cast
80
y = 1.01 x
R = 0.97
60
with SCC
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
Predicted Pmax (kPa)

80
100
Round-Robin Tests for prediction of

form pressure (May 2012)
Member
T. Proske, Germany
M. Beitzel, Germany
N. Roussel, France
K. Khayat, USA
A. Omran, Canada
D. Lange, USA
J. Gardner, Canada
Y. Vanhove, France
Special property to be measured

Setting time
Structural build up / BT2
Structural build up / Plate test
Structural build up / Inclined plane,
Portable Vane
Pressure column
Pressure decay
Slump loss
:.
Friction stress
/ Tribometer
Outline
Structural build-up can lead to aesthetic problems in terms of

casting folds in multi-layer placements
Top layer
New layer
Bottom layer
Lift line
(U de Sherbrooke, 1997)
Interlayer bond strength (slanted shear strength)

2
Casting
200 mm
Small notch
30
100 mm
Variation of residual bond strength with thixotropy and

delay time between successive lifts
Delay time = 0 min
Residual bond strength, %
100
15 min
80
30 min
60
45 min
40
60 min
20
P
0
0
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000
Thixotropy index from PV, Pa.Pa/min
Statistical model
RB SSh % 0.1608 DT Ln A thix2PV 1.0922 DT 100
DT = Delay time between 2 layers
90%
100
strength, (%)
d
n
o
B
l
a
u
id
s
e
R
RBS = Residual bond strength
90
80%
80
70
70%
60
60%
50
40
30
0
00
10 0000 00
2 00
t
3 0000 0
s(1
4 000 0
5) R
5 000 0
SB
6
00
U , (P
a.P 70 0000 0
a/m 8 000
in 9
R2 = 0.99
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
De
la
im
yt
i
, (m
n)
Residual bond strength

Flexural stress
Direct shear stress
Casting point
Casting point
100 mm
2
1
200 mm
2
25 mm
200 mm
100 mm
P
1
150 mm
25 mm
100 mm
50 50
50 mm
P/2
P/2
Critical delay time to reach 90% residual bond strength

Variation in residual bond with thixotropy and test methods
80
70
tc, min
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Athix, Pa.Pa/min 1000

80
90
100
Conclusions
Thixotropy of SCC can be assessed by structural breakdown
Breakdown area (Ab) or drop in apparent viscosity to assess
thixotropy are determined using concrete rheometer
Structural build-up at rest can be determined as:
Variation of drop in apparent viscosity with time using
concrete rheometer
Variation of static yield stress at rest using concrete
rheometer
Variation of static yield stress at rest using empirical tests
(inclined plane and portable vane tests)
Conclusions
Increase of thioxotropy leads to reduction in form pressure
exerted by SCC
Residual interlayer bond of SCC increases with decrease
thixotropy (structural build-up at rest)
Long delayed time between casting two successive SCC
layers leads to reduction in interlayer bond
Residual inter-layer bond strength is more critical in shear
than in flexural or compression failure modes
Acknowledgment
NRMC Research & Education Foundation, ACI Foundation
NSERC IRC HP-Flowable Concrete with Adapted Rheology
J. Assaad, A. Omran, W. Magdi

S. Naji, P. Billberg, A. Yahia,
O. Bonneau, N. Petrov
R. Morin, M. DAmbrosia
Outline
Mixture parameters affecting thixotropy (form
pressure) of SCC
Effect of Consistency Level

Slump flow = 650 mm
w/cm = 0.40
S/A = 0.46
Ternary cement = 450 kg/m3
PC HRWRA
1.0
HRWRA
0.9
0.8
SF =
750 mm
0.7
SF = 650 mm
0.6
Slump = 220 mm
SF = 550 mm
0.5
0
R = 10 m/h
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Effect of Set-Modifiers (Cohesion)

Slump flow = 650 mm
w/cm = 0.42
Sand-to-total agg. = 0.44
Ternary binder = 450 kg/m3
1.0
0.9
0.8
Set-retarding
agent
Without setmodifying agent
0.7
0.6
Set-accelerating
agent
0.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Effect of HRWRA Type

Slump flow = 650 mm
w/cm = 0.36
Sand-to-total aggregate ratio = 0.46
1.0
0.9
0.8
Polycarboxylate
HRWRA
0.7
Naphthalene
HRWRA
0.6
0.5
Melamine
HRWRA
0.4
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Effect of powder polysaccharide-based VEA

content with variable SP dosages
1.0
Slump flow = 650 mm

w/cm = 0.40
Sand-to-aggregate ratio = 0.46
0.9
0.8
high VEA dosage
0.7
N-no VEA
(reference SCC )
0.6
Naphthalene
HRWRA
low VEA dosage
0.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Effect of Stabilizers
Incorporation of low thickener VEA in SCC with 0.40
w/cm can lead to lower lateral pressure than in SCC
with 0.36 w/cm and no VEA
Medium or high content of polysaccharide-based
VEA + PNS-based HRWRA resulted in higher
residual pressure and lower rate of pressure drop
after casting compared to SCC with low dosage of
VEA (attributed to increased HRWRA demand)
Similar results with cellulose VEA + polycarboxylatebased HRWRA
Effect of Thickner Type (low concentration)

Slump flow = 650 mm
w/cm = 0.40
1.0
0.9
0.8
C-Cell-L
0.7
0.6
N-Poly-L
M-PC-L
0.5
N-Pow-L
0.4
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Effect of Stabilizers
Mixtures incorporating TEA exhibited the lowest
initial pressure and the fastest rate of pressure drop

Unlike conventional VEA, increase in TEA lead to
further reduction in initial pressure and increased
rate of drop in pressure
Effect of Binder Type

Slump flow = 650 mm
w/cm = 0.40
S/A = 0.46
1.0
0.9
Type I cement
0.8
8% SF
0.7
0.6
6% SF +
Binder content =
450 kg/m
22% FA
Type III cement
0.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Effect of Binder Content
0.9
Slump flow = 650 mm

w/cm = 0.40
Sand-to-total agg. = 0.46
0.8
Ternary cement
1.0
400 kg/m
0.7
0.6
450 kg/m
0.5
500 kg/m
550 kg/m
0.4
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Effect of w/cm
Slump flow = 650 mm
Polycarboxylate-based HRWRA
1.0
0.9
w/cm = 0.36
0.8
0.7
w/cm = 0.40
Higher
HRWRA dosage
0.6
w/cm = 0.46
0.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Effect of S/A (Internal Friction)

Slump flow = 650 mm; w/cm = 0.40
1.0
0.9
R = 1.0
0.8
R = 0.75
0.7
R = 0.50
0.6
R : sand-to-total
agg. ratio
R = 0.40
R = 0.30
R = 0.36
0.5
0
100
200
300
400
tc
K(t)
K0 at various H
Units
Statistical models to predict: K0@Hi, K(t), tc

Predicting model in CODED values
(, Vca, S/A ) = -1 to +1
R2
Relative
error 95%
conf. limit
(%)
K0@H=4 m = 82 - 3.175 Vca - 3.015 + 1.6875 S/A + 0.9 . Vca
0.94
2.4
K0@H=8 m = 67.2 - 4.7275 Vca + 4.0675 + 1.96 S/A + 1.1775 . Vca
0.94
2.3
K0@H=12 m = 53.5 - 6.2775 Vca + 5.1175 + 2.2325 S/A
0.91
%/min K(t)(0-60min) = 0.1683 + 0.0325 Vca - 0.0175 S/A - 0.0075 S/A. Vca
0.98
1.4
%/min K(t)(0-tc) = 0.16 - 0.00625 + 0.0044 S/A + 0.0006 Vca
0.88
4.6
0.98
5.5
min tc = 587.7 - 48.56 Vca + 38.06 + 24.19 S/A + 9.9375 .S/A
Contour diagrams
= 720 mm
Vca, by volume
K0@H=4m (%)
S/A, by volume
Conclusions
Thixotropy of SCC can be assessed by structural breakdown
Breakdown area (Ab) or drop in apparent viscosity to assess
thixotropy are determined using concrete rheometer
Structural build-up at rest can be determined as:
Variation of drop in apparent viscosity with time using
concrete rheometer
Variation of static yield stress at rest using concrete
rheometer
Variation of static yield stress at rest using empirical tests
(inclined plane and portable vane tests)
Conclusions
Increase of structural breakdown or structural build-up at
rest leads to reduction in form pressure exerted by SCC
Residual interlayer bond of SCC increases with decrease in
structural build-up at rest
Long delayed time between casting two successive SCC
layers leads to reduction in interlayer bond
Residual inter-layer bond strength is more critical in shear
than in flexural or compression failure modes
Key parameters affecting thixotropy are similar for form
pressure and interlayer bonds characteristics
Conclusions 1/2
Field studies validate importance of thixotropy
on form pressure characteristics
SCC of high thixotropy can exhibit:

lower initial lateral pressure
faster drop in pressure with time
Conclusions 2/2
Formwork pressure of SCC = f (shear strength properties)
1) Internal friction
Maximum initial pressure
(higher aggregate volume, lower binder content

and w/cm, use of SCM, lower consistency level, ...)
2) Cohesion
Rate of pressure drop with time
(higher binder content, use of SCM and setaccelerator, lower HRWRA, higher temperature,
lower consistency level, ...)

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Evaluation of Thixotropy of SCC

and Inflence on Concrete Perfomance

54th Congresso Brasilleiro do Concreto

IBRACON, October 9, 2012

HPC: Concrete with improved

IBRACON, October 9, 2012

Confederation Bridge, N.B. PEI

HPC: Concrete with improved

IBRACON, October 9, 2012

Industrial Research Chair on High-Performance

Rheological parameters of FCAR

Flowable Mass Conc.

IBRACON, October 9, 2012

IRC Research Program

Theme II Test Methods to Evaluate Flow

Theme I Influence of Mixture Constituents, Mix

Theme IV Mix Design

Flow behavior of SCC is complex and must be

high stability (moderate visc.)

high passing ability (low

Reduce water content to

Incorporate VEA to enhance viscosity

IBRACON, October 9, 2012

Thixotropy variation of viscosity with time at constant shear

IBRACON, October 9, 2012

Negative Aspects of Structural Build-up

IBRACON, October 9, 2012

Negative aspect of structural build-up (thixotropy)

IBRACON, October 9, 2012

Positive Aspects of Structural Build-up

IBRACON, October 9, 2012

Factors Affecting Form Pressure of CVC

IBRACON, October 9, 2012

Effect of Consistency Level

Slump = 220 mm SF = 550 mm

Time after casting (min)

Lift height = 3.5 m

Lift height = 2.8 - 3 m

Lift height > 3 m

IBRACON, October 9, 2012

ACI 347-04 [Hurd, 2002]

: Unit weight coefficient Cc : Chemistry coefficient

Casting depth (H)

Pumping from bottom:

Modified ACI 347-04 [Hurd, 2002]

Cw : Unit weight coefficient

Cw = 0.5 [1 + w/2320] 0.80

Cement type or blend

Cc: Chemistry coefficient

Various models to evaluate lateral

Time Thixotropy Slump

2- U.K. (CIRIA Report 108)

4- Sweden (Design of Vertical

IBRACON, October 9, 2012

Various models to evaluate lateral

Time Thixotropy Slump

2- U.K. (CIRIA Report 108)

4- Sweden (Design of Vertical

5- Khayat & Assaad [2005]

6- Roussel and Ovarlez [2005]

7- Lange et al., [2005]

8- Khayat & Omran [2009]

9- DIN 18 218 :2010-01 (2010)