Heredity process by which various

characteristics are transmitted to the

individual at the time of the
fertilization.
Chromosomes colored bodies;
structures that are the hereditary units
we receive from our parents and
transmit to our offspring; found in
pairs.

23 chromosomes from both

father and mother; 46
chromosomes in all.

Genes individual hereditary units; a

segment of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic
acid); occurs in pairs.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid; the
actual carrier of genetic information;
consists of a simple sugar, and four
bases: adenine, guanine, thyonine,
and cytosine (A, G, T, C).
Sex-linked Genes pair 23 determine
the sex of the individual and carries
genes for certain traits.

Female XX
Male XY

Physical Traits color and shape of the

eyes, color and texture of the hair,
color and shade of the skin, size and
shape of the nose, and physical
defects.
Mental Traits level of intelligence and
special talents, mental defects like
feeble-mindedness and some forms of
insanity.
Prenatal Environment consist of the
amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus
and the material provided and
removed by the mothers body.

Postnatal Period consist of the

various complex type of stimulation
that confront the child after birth.
Growth refers to the quantitative
changes; increase in size and
structure.
Development refers to the
qualitative changes. Progressive series
of orderly, coherent changes, such as
when a new behavior emerges that
could not have been predicted form
earlier functioning, or when an
existing behavior or characteristics
becomes more complex.
Sensitive Periods sensitive time in
development when the organism may
acquire particular behaviors provided
that certain conditions are present.
Determinants of Development

Heredity
Maturation phylogenetic skills
Environment ontogenetic skills

Stages of Life Span

1. Prenatal Period
a. Period of the zygote
b. Period of the embryo
c. Period of the fetus
Cephalocaudal development
proceeds from head to tail.
Proximodistal from central axis
to extremities
2. Infancy and Babyhood
3. Early Childhood
4. Late Childhood
5. Adolescence
6. Young Adulthood
7. Middle Age
8. Late Adulthood
Sensation conscious or subconscious
of internal or external stimuli.
Selectivity sensory receptor respond
vigorously to one particular kind of

stimulus and weakly or not at all to

others.
Adaptation change in sensitivity
when exposed to constant unchanging
stimulus.
Receptors structures that receive
information. It receive information
about stimuli or physical changes in
the internal or external stimuli.
Stimuli something causing or
regarded as causing a response or
something that incites or rouses to
action.
Exteroreceptors located near the
surface of the body. Provides
information about the external
environment.
Interoreceptors located in the blood
vessels and in the internal organs. It
monitor internal body conditions.
Proprioceptors located in the
muscles, tendons, joints, and inner
ear.
Sense of Sight/Vision

Stimulus radiant energy/light

waves
Sense organ eyeball
Receptors rods and cones

Accessory Apparatus intended to

make the main visual apparatus
function properly; eyelids and
eyebrows.
Main Apparatus eyeball
Layers of the Eye
a. Sclera outer, tough fibrous
coat that maintains the shape of
the eye.
b. Choroid middle vascular layer.

c. Retina innermost, and thinnest

layer of the eyeball made up of
nervous tissue.
d. FOVEA the central region of
the retina, which mediates our
most sharp vision, contains only
cones.
e. RODS does not detect colors.
It provides poor vision acuity;
they are more sensitive to light.
Sense of Hearing/Auditory
Sensation

Stimulus Soundwaves
Sense organ Ear
Receptors Hair cells in the
organ of Corti

PROPERTIES OF SOUNDWAVES:
Frequency the number of vibration
per seconds.
Intensity refers to the amplitude of
the sound wave or the height of the
crest.
Timbre which is the characteristic
quality of the sound.
EXTERNAL EAR
1. Auricle or Pinna the cartilage
projection of the skull whose
function is to catch the sound
waves.
2. External Auditory Canal
passageway of the sound waves
collected by the auricle to the
tympanic membrane.
3. Tympanic Membrane / Eardrum
divides the external and middle
ear. It is the vibrating organ of
the ear.
MIDDLE EAR a cavity filled with air; it
is connected to the throat by the
EUSTACHIAN TUBE, which permits air

pressure inside to stay the same as

the outside.

MALLEUS (HAMMER)
INCUS (ANVIL)
STAPES (STIRRUPS)

INNER EAR

VESTIBULAR PORTION
which has nothing to do with
hearing but w/ balance.
b. COCHLEA- looks like a snail.
Organ for audition.

Sense of Passive Movement /

Vestibular Sensation

due to the excitation of the

vestibular portion of the inner
ear. As has been stated before,
this portion of the ear has
nothing to do with hearing, but
with balancing

Receptors olfactory hairs /

Cilia

CLASSIFICATION OF ODORS:

Fragrant- smell of flowers

Fruity smell of fruits like
oranges
Spicy odor of spices
Resinous odor of pines woods,
sandals, leather
Burnt/smoky smell of anything
burning
Putrid smell of decaying
matter
Sense of Taste / Gustatory
Sensation

Stimulus food substance

dissolved in the saliva
Sense Organ tongue
Receptor taste cells of the
taste buds

Five primary taste qualities

Saccule and Utricle detect
linear acceleration and
deceleration

1. Sweet

4. Bitter

2. Salty

5. Umami

Semicircular Canals for

rotational acceleration and
deceleration

3. Sour

Motion sickness nausea and

vomiting brought about by
repetitive angular, linear and
vertical motion cause excessive
stimulation of the
vestibular
apparatus by motion. Nerve
impulse pass from the internal ear
to the vomiting center in the
medulla.
Sense of Smell / Olfactory
Sensation

Stimulus molecules suspended

in the air
Sense organ nose

Sense of Touch / Cutaneous

Sensation

Stimulus
o For cold and warmth
sensation temperature
o For pain and pressure
contact with the skin
Sense Organ skin
Receptors
o Meissner and merkel disc
(pressure)
o Free nerve endings (pain)

o
o

Krause and bulb and free

nerve endings (cold)
Ruffini cylinders and free
nerve ending (warmth)

Sense of Active Movement/

Kinesthetic Sensation
-

made possible by receptors in

the muscles, tendons, and
joints. When these receptors are
activated, nerve impulses are
sent to the brain providing
information concerning the
position of the limbs
Stimulus movement of the
body
Receptor proprioceptors

Perception the way in which we

select, organize, and interpret sensory
input to achieve a grasp of put
surroundings; comes from the Latin
words percepio, meaning "receiving,
collecting, and action of taking
possession, apprehension with the
mind or senses.

Continuity tendency to
perceive stimuli as part of
continuous pattern
Closure incomplete object is
usually filled in and seen as
complete

PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCIES the

tendency to perceive aspects of the
world as unchanging despite the
changes in sensory input we receive
from them.

Object constancy perception

of objects as constant
regardless of position.
Shape constancy tendency to
perceive a physical object as
having a constant shape even
when the image it casts on the
retina changes
Depth perception the ability to
see three-dimensional space
and to accurately estimate
distances

Monocular cues:

Perceptual Organization the way in

which we structure the input we
receive from our sensory receptors.

Linear perspective this refers

to the apparent convergence of
parallel lines in the environment

Figure object being perceived

Relative size If an artist wishes

to depict two objects of the
same size at different distances,
the artist makes the more
distant objects smaller

Light and shadow. Most objects

in the environment are lighted
in such a way as to create
definite patterns of light and
shadow can give a twodimensional design a three
dimensional feeling

Overlap known as
interposition; describes a depth
cue caused by one object

Ground background

Principle of Organization

Similarity- tendency to perceive

similar items as a group
Proximity tendency to
perceive stimuli near each other
as a group

partially blocking the view of

another

Texture gradient or gradient of

texture - Changes in texture
also contribute to depth
perception
Relative motion relative
motion; also known as relative
parallax

Binocular cues:
a. Convergence when you look at
a distant object, the lines of
vision from your eyes are
parallel

b. Retinal disparity the difference

between the visual images that
each eye perceives because of
the different angles in which
each eye views the world
Perception of Movement

Real motion is the movement

perceived from the physical
movement of the objects
Apparent motion illusion of
movement
Illusion misinterpretation of
stimuli that actually exist
Hallucination perception of
stimuli that is not present or not
real