Design Guide EC2 EC4 For MIDAS Civil

DESIGN
GUIDE
for midas Civil
Prestressed Box Girder Design

Composite Steel Box Girder Design
Composite Plate Girder Design
DESIGN
GUIDE
for midas Civil
DISCLAIMER
Developers and distributors assume no responsibility for the use of MIDAS Family Program (midas Civil, midas
FEA, midas FX+, midas Gen, midas Drawing, midas SDS, midas GTS, SoilWorks, midas NFX ; hereinafter referred
to as MIDAS package) or for the accuracy or validity of any results obtained from the MIDAS package.
Developers and distributors shall not be liable for loss of prot, loss of business, or nancial loss which may be
caused directly or indirectly by the MIDAS package, when used for any purpose or use, due to any defect or
deciency therein. Accordingly, the user is encouraged to fully understand the bases of the program and
become familiar with the users manuals. The user shall also independently verify the results produced by the
program.
Foreword
The objective of this design guide is to outline the design algorithms
which are applied in midas Civil nite element analysis and design
system. The guide aims to provide sucient information for the
user to understand the scope, limitations and formulas applied in
the design features and to provide relevant references to the
clauses in the Design standards.
The design guide covers prestressed box girder, composite steel box
girder and composite plate girder as per Eurocode.
It is recommended that you read this guide and review corresponding tutorials, which are found on our web site,
http://www.MidasUser.com, before designing. Additional information can be found in the online help available in the programs main
menu.
Organization
This guide is designed to help you quickly become productive with
the design options of EN 1992-2 and EN 1994-2.
Chapter 1 provides detailed descriptions of the design parameters,
ULS/SLS checks, design outputs used for prestressed box girder
design to EN 1992-2.
ULS/SLS checks, design outputs used for composite steel box girder
ULS/SLS checks, design outputs used for composite plate girder
Although there is a huge overlap between Chapter 2 and Chapter 3
due to the similarity of structural types, the composite steel box
girder and the composite plate girder are explained in two separate
chapters for the convenience of the readers.
As the table of contents is printed on the folded ap, the readers
can access the table of contents easily from any page of the book.
Contents
1.
01 Chapter
Prestressed Box Girder Design
(EN 1992-2)
Ultimate Limit States

1. Moment Resistance
02
2. Shear Resistance
12
3. Torsion Resistance
19
Serviceability Limit States

1. Stress for cross section at a construction stage
26
2. Stress for cross section at service loads
30
3. Tensile stress for Prestressing tendons
31
4. Principal stress at a construction stage
34
5. Principal stress at service loads
36
6. Check crack width
38
2.
46 Chapter
Composite Steel Box Girder Design
(EN 1994-2)

1. Bending Resistance
46
2. Resistance to Vertical Shear
64
3. Resistance to Longitudanal Shear
71

1. Stress Limitation
76
2. Longitudinal shear in SLS
79
DESIGN GUIDE
for midas Civil
3.
82 Chapter
Composite Plate Girder Design
(EN 1994-2)

1. Bending Resistance
82
2. Resistance to Vertical Shear
101
3. Resistance to Lateral-Torsional Buckling
108
4. Resistance to Transverse Forces
112
5. Resistance to Longitudanal Shear
116
6. Resistance to Fatigue
119

1. Stress Limitation
122
2. Longitudinal shear in SLS
125
Chapter 1.
Prestressed Box
Girder Design
EN 1992-2
Chapter 1.
Prestressed Box Girder Design (EN 1992-2)

Prestressed box girder needs to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.

Moment Resistance
Shear Resistance
Torsion Resistance

Stress for cross section at a construction stage
Stress for cross section at service loads
Tensile stress for Prestressing tendons
Principal stress at a construction stage
Principal stress at service loads
Check crack width
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922
UltimateLimitStates
1.Momentresistance
Limitstateofmomentresistanceshouldsatisfythecondition,MEdMRd.
Momentresistance,MRd,iscalculatedusingthestraincompatibilitymethodasshownbelow.
1.1Designstrengthofmaterial
(1)Designcompressivestrengthofconcrete
f cd cc f ck / c
(1.1)
EN199211:2004
3.1.6(1)
where,
cc: The coefficient taking account of long term effects on the compressive strength and of unfavourable
effects resulting from the way the load is applied.
fck : The characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days.
c : The partial safety factor for concrete.
(2)Designyieldstrengthofreinforcement
f yd f yk / s
(1.2)
EN199211:2004
3.2.7(2)
(1.3)
EN199211:2004
3.3.6(6)
where,
fyk: The characteristic yield strength of reinforcement.
s : The partial safety factor for reinforcement or prestressing steel.
(3)Designtensilestrengthoftendon.
f pd f p 0 ,1k / s
where,
fp0,1k: The characteristic 0.1% proof-stress of prestressing steel.
s : The partial safety factor for reinforcement or prestressing steel.
Partialfactorsformaterialsc,s
If User Input Data option is checked on, the partial factors will be applied as the user
definedvalue.However,iftheoptionischeckedoff,thevaluesinTable1.1willbeapplied.
[Table1.1]PartialfactorsformaterialsforULS
sforreinforcing sforprestressing
steel
steel
DesignSituations
cforconcrete
Persistent&Transient
1.5
1.15
1.15
Accidental
1.2
1.0
1.0
EN199211:2004
Table2.1N
Partialsafetyfactorc,s /Coefficientforlongtermcc,ct
MaindesignparametersformaterialscanbeenteredinModifyDesignParametersdialogbox.
Amongtheinputvalues,ccisconsideredwhencalculatingmomentresistanceinUltimateLimit
Stateanditisappliedas1.0forshearandtorsionalresistance.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignParameters>ModifyDesignParameters
c,s
cc,ct
[Fig.1.1]ModifyDesignParametersInputDialog
When defining partial factors for materials, Persistent & Transient and Accidental design
situationscanbespecifiedasshowninTable1.2.
[Table1.2]Classificationofdesignsituations
Designsituations
Accidental
Description
LoadcombinationnotAccidentalsituation
Loadcombinationincludefollowingloadcase type,
LiveLoadImpact(IL,IM)
CollisionLoad(CO)
VehicularCollisionForce(CT)
VesselCollisionForce(CV)
LoadcasetypeneedtobespecifiedinStaticLoadCasesdialogbox.
Load>StaticLoadCases
[Fig.1.2]StaticLoadCasesInputDialog
DesignGuideformidasCivil

StrengthofConcrete/Reinforcement
DefinethematerialstrengthsofconcreteandsteelinPSCDesignMaterialdialogbox.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignMaterial
fck
fyk
fywk
[Fig.1.3]Definefck,fyk,fywk
Select'None'intheCodefieldandenterthenameofthematerialtobeusedintheNamefield.
Then,eachdatafieldisactivatedandthestrengthofmaterialscanbeentered.
StrengthofTendon
DefinethestrengthoftendoninTendonPropertydialogbox.
Load>PrestressLoads>TendonProperty
fpk
fp0,1k
[Fig.1.4]Definefpk,fp0.1k
1.2Calculateneutralaxisdepth
Calculatethepositionofneutralaxisbyiterativeapproachasshowninthefigurebelow.
[Fig.1.5]Flowcharttocalculateneutralaxisdepth,x
(1)Calculateforceofconcrete,Fc.
Fc f cd x
(1.4)
dA
where,
: The effective height of the compression zone factor.
: The effective strength factor.
Condition
fck50MPa
0.8
1.0
50<fck90MPa
0.8(fck50)/400
1.0(fck50)/200
fck>90MPa
0.7
0.8
EN199211:2004
(3.19)~(3.22)
x: The neutral axis depth.
InmidasCivil,arectangularstressdistributionisusedasshowninthefigurebelow.
(Ultimatestrainofconcretecu=cu3)
EN199211:2004
Figure3.5
[Fig.1.6]Rectangularstressdistribution
(2)Calculateforceofreinforcement,Fs,Fs.
Fs As f s , Fs ' As ' f s '
(1.5)
where,
As, As: The cross sectional area of tensile and compressive reinforcement.
fs , fs : The stress of tensile and compressive reinforcement.
Inordertocalculatethestressofreinforcingsteel,fsandfs,calculatetheappropriatestrainby
thestraincompatibilitycondition.Andthencalculatethecorrespondingstressesinthestress
straindiagram.
Calculationmethodofstrainandstressisasfollow.
Calculatethestrainsofreinforcementbyassumingalinearstraindistributionandthestrainof
cu3attheextremefiberoftheconcreteincompression.
dt x
x dc
cu , s '
cu
x
x
(1.6)
where,
s : The strain of tensile reinforcement.
s: The strain of compressive reinforcement.
cu: The ultimate compressive strain in the concrete. (cu = cu3)
x : The neutral axis depth.
dt : Distance from the tensile rebar to the extreme top fiber of the element
dc : Distance from the compressive rebar to the extreme top fiber of the element
EN199211:2004
Figure6.1
[Fig.1.7]Possiblestraindistributionsintheultimatelimitstate
Calculatethereinforcementstressesappropriatetothecalculatedreinforcementstrains.
(fromthestressstrainidealizations)
s Es ( s yd )
s ' Es ( s ' yd )
fs
, f s '
( s ' yd )
f yd ( s yd )
f yd
(1.7)
yd f yd / E s
(1.8)
f yd f yk / s
(1.9)
where,
Es : The design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcement.
fyd : The design yield strength of reinforcement. (See 1.1(2))
yd : The yield strain of reinforcement.
EN199211:2004
Figure3.8
[Fig.1.8]Idealizedanddesignstressstraindiagramforreinforcingsteel
(3)Calculateforceoftendon,Fp.
Fp Api f pi
(1.9)
where,
Api : The cross sectional area of tendon.
fpi : The stress of tendon.
Inordertocalculatethestressoftendon,fpi,calculatetheappropriatestrainbythestrain
compatibilitycondition.Andthencalculatethecorrespondingstressesinthestressstrain
diagram.
Calculationmethodofstrainandstressisasfollow.
Calculatethestrainsofreinforcementbyassumingalinearstraindistributionandthestrainof
cu3attheextremefiberoftheconcreteincompression.
p p p ( 0) cu
d x eff
x
Ep
(1.10)
where,
p : The change in strain in prestressing steel.
p(0): The initial strain in prestressing steel.
eff : The stress under the effective prestress, Pe
Ep : The design value of modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel.
EN199211:2004
Figure6.1
[Fig.1.9]Possiblestraindistributionsintheultimatelimitstate
Calculatethereinforcementstressesappropriatetothecalculatedreinforcementstrains.
(fromthestressstrainidealizations)
EN199211:2004
Figure3.10
[Fig.1.10]Idealizedanddesignstressstraindiagramsforprestressingsteel
[Table1.3]Stressoftendon,fp
TendonType
BondType
Internal(Pretension)
Bonded
f p p E p p p ( 0) E p f pd
Bonded
f p p E p p p ( 0) E p f pd
Unbonded
f p f pe p ,ULS f pe 100MPa
Unbonded
f p f pe p ,ULS f pe 100MPa
Internal(Posttension)
External
fp
EN199211:2004
5.10.8(2)
where,
p,ULS : The increase of the stress from the effective prestress to the stress in the ultimate limit state. The
recommended value is 100MPa.
(4)Checkifresultantforceiszero.
Determinetheneutralaxispositionbyiterativeapproachoftheclause(1)to(3)untilthe
compressivestrength(C=Fc+Fs)andtensilestrength(T=Fs+Fp)becomeidentical.InmidasCivil,
convergenceconditionforC=Tisappliedasfollows.
Convergencecondition:
C
1.0 0.001
T
(Tolerance)
(1.11)
where,
C Fc Fs ', T Fs Fp
(1.12)
ReassumeneutralaxisdepthbyBisectionmethod(Numericalanalysis)beforemeet
followingstopcondition.
[Table1.4]Stopconditionforiterativeapproach
Stopcondition
Converge
Notconverge
Description
C
1.0 0.001
T
Repeatcount>20
OutputNotconvergeinMessagewindow.
Needtomodifymodelasfollowing.
Increasesectionsize.
Modifyprestressingforcesintendons.
Modifythepositionoftendons.
TendonType
DefinethetendontypeandbondtypeinTendonPropertydialogbox.
[Fig.1.11]TendonPropertyInputDialog
1.3CalculatemomentresistanceMRd
Oncetheneutralaxisiscalculated,momentresistancecanbecalculatedbymultiplyingtheaxial
forcesandeccentricityfromtheneutralaxis.
M Rd Fc a c Fs ' a s ' Fs a s F pi a pi
(1.13)
where,
ac, as, as, api : The distance from neutral axis depth, x to concrete, reinforcement rebar, tendon.
[Fig.1.12]ForcesanddistancesfromneutralaxisdepthforMRd
1.4Checkmomentresistance
M Ed M Rd
(1.14)
where,
MEd : Design value of the applied internal bending moment.
MRd : Design moment resistance.
Designloadcombination
InmidasCivil,loadcombinationtobeusedinPSCdesigncanbedefinedinResults>Load
combinations>ConcreteDesigntab.Momentresistanceisverifiedwiththemostcriticalpositive
andnegativedesignmomentamongtheloadcombinationsspecifiedasStrength/Stressin
Activecolumn.
Results>LoadCombinations
[Fig.1.13]LoadCombinationsInputDialog
1.5Verificationofmomentresistance
ByResultTables
Thedesignresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>CheckFlexuralStrength
[Fig.1.14]Resulttableformomentresistance
Elem:Elementnumber
Part:Checklocation(IEnd,JEnd)ofeachelement.
Positive/Negative:Positivemoment,negativemoment.
LComName:Loadcombinationname.
Type:Displaysthesetofmemberforcescorrespondingtomovingloadcaseorsettlementloadcasefor
whichthemaximumstressesareproduced.
CHK:Flexuralstrengthcheckforelement
M_Ed:Designmoment
M_Rd:Momentresistance.
M_Ed/M_Rd:Theratioofdesignmomenttomomentresistance.
Aps:Crosssectionalareaoftensiletendons.
10
ByExcelReport
Detaildesignresultsincludingappliedequationsanddesignparameterscanbefoundinthe
ExcelReport.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignCalculation
[Fig.1.15]Excelreportformomentresistance
11
2.Shearresistance
Limitstateofshearresistanceshouldsatisfythecondition,VEdVRd.
Shearresistance,VRd,iscalculatedasfollows.
(1)Designcompressivestrengthofconcrete.
f cd cc f ck / c
(1.15)
EN199211:2004
3.1.6(1)
(1.16)
EN199211:2004
3.2.7(1)
(1.17)
EN199211:2004
3.3.6(6)
Usingcc=1.0forshearregardlessofinputvalue.
(2)Designyieldstrengthofreinforcement.
f yd f yk / s
f pd f p 0 ,1k / s
Refertotheclause1.1fordetailexplanationofmaterialstrength.
2.2CalculateshearresistanceVRd
[Fig.1.16]FlowcharttocalculateVRd
(1)CalculateVRd,c
[Table1.5]Shearstrengthbyconcrete,VRd,c
Flexuraltensilestress
VRd,c
fctk,0.05/c
V Rd ,c C Rd , c k
<fctk,0.05/c
VRd ,c
1
100 l f ck 3
V Rd , c v min k1 cp b w d
Ibw
S
k1 cp bw d
f ctd 2 l cp f ctd
EN199211:2004
(6.2.a),(6.2.b)
EN199211:2004
(6.4)
12
where,
VRd,c : The design shear resistance without shear reinforcement.
bw : The smallest width of the cross-section in the tensile area. When the user specifies the web
thickness directly in PSC tap of Section Data dialog box, the minimum value among the specified
values will be applied. When Auto option is selected in Web Thick. Field, the program can
automatically calculate the section size and apply the minimum value.
d
: The effective depth of cross-section. In midas Civil, the value of d is calculated as the maximum
value of [dp, ds, 0.85h].
dp : Distance from the centroid of tendon to the extreme fiber of cross-section
ds : Distance from the centroid of tensile rebar to the extreme fiber of cross-section
h : Height of section.
[Fig.1.17]Parameterstocalculated
fctk,0.05 : The characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete (5% fractile).
f ctk , 0.05 0 .7 f ctm
(1.18)
EN199211:2004
Table3.1
fctm : The mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete
[Table1.6]Meanvalueofaxialtensilestrengthofconcrete,fctm
Condition
fctm
EN199211:2004
Table3.1
0.3fck2/3
2.12ln(1+(fcm/10)),fcm=fck+8MPa
C50/60
>C50/60
0.18
(1.19)
k 1 200 / d 2.0
(1.20)
C Rd ,c
Asl
0.02
bw d
(1.21)
k1 0.15
cp
f ctd
(1.22)
N Ed
0.2 f cd
Ac
vmin 0.035k 3 / 2 f ck
EN199211:2004
6.2.2(1)
(6.3N)
1/ 2
(1.23)
ct f ck
c
(1.24)
(1.25)
InmidasCivil,thevalueof lisappliedas1.0regardlessofthetendontype.
13
(2)CalculateVRd,s
Shearresistanceofmemberswithshearreinforcementcanbecalculateddependingonthetype
ofshearreinforcement.
[Table1.7]VRd,sandVRd,max,Asw,max
Type
Verticalshearreinforcement
Inclinedshearreinforcement
Asw
zf ywd cot
s
cwbw zv1 f cd
cot tan
VRd,s
VRd,max
Asw,max f ywd
Asw,max
bw s
1
cwv1 f cd
2
Asw
zf ywd cot cot sin
s
cwbw zv1 f cd
cot cot
1 cot 2
Asw, max f ywd 1 cwv1 f cd
bw s
2 sin
EN199211:2004
(6.8),(6.13)
(6.9),(6.14)
(6.12),(6.15)
where,
VRd,s : The design value the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding shear reinforcement.
: The angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear
force.
: The angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear force.
EN199211:2004
Figure6.5
[Fig.1.18]Trussmodelandnotationforshearreinforcedmembers
Asw : The cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement.

s : The spacing of stirrups.
z : Inner lever arm, z=0.9d.
fywd : The design yield strength of the shear reinforcement.
1 : Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear.
[Table1.8]Strengthreductionfactorforconcretecrackedinshear,v1
NationalAnnex
fywd0.8fywk
Recommended
0.61 ck
250
UK
0.61 ck
250
Italy
0.71 ck
250
fywd<0.8fywk
fck60MPa
0 .6
fck60MPa
0 .9
f ck
0 .5
200
EN199211:2004
(6.10.aN),(6.10.bN)
0 .54 1 0 .5 cos 0.84 ck (1 0.5 cos ) 0.5

200
0 .7
f ck
200 0.5
0.85
0 .9
cw : Coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in the compression chord.
14
[Table1.9]Coefficientcw
Condition
cw
0<cp0.25fcd
1+cp/fcd
0.25fcd<cp0.5fcd
1.25
0.5fcd<cp1.0fcd
2.5(1cp/fcd)
EN199211:2004
(6.11.aN)~(6.11.cN)
cp : The mean compressive stress, measured positive, in the concrete due to the design axial force.
(3)CalculateshearresistanceVRd.
Theshearresistanceofamemberwithshearreinforcement.
V Rd V Rd , s V ccd V td
(1.26)
EN199211:2004
(6.1)
where,
Vccd : The design value of the shear component of the force in the compression area, in the case of an
inclined compression chord.
Vtd : The design value of the shear component of the force in the tensile reinforcement, inthe case of an
inclined tensile chord.
EN199211:2004
Figure6.2
[Fig.1.19]Shearcomponentformemberswithinclinedchords
Inmidascivil,inclinedchordisnotconsidered.Thereforetheshearresistanceiscalculatedusing
shearreinforcementonly.
V Rd V Rd , s
InregionsofthememberwhereVEdVRd,cnocalculateshearreinforcementisnecessary.
EN199211:2004
6.2.1(3)
V Rd V Rd ,c
Shearreinforcement
InmidasCivil,shearreinforcementinformationcanbedefinedinSectionManager.
When the shear rebar angle is entered as 90 degree, it is considered as vertical shear
reinforcement. For the angle other than 90 degree, it is considered as inclined shear
reinforcement.
15
Model>Properties>SectionManager
Asw
[Fig.1.20]Inputshearreinforcement
Strutangleforshearresistance,
The angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis perpendicular to the
shearforcecanbeenteredinPSCDesignParametersdialogbox.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignParameters
[Fig.1.21]Inputstrutangleforshearresistance,
Smallestwidthofthecrosssection,bw
ShearforcesarecalculatedatthepartscriticaltoshearinthePSCsection.
Theusercandirectlyentertheposition.IftheAutooptionischeckedon,theprogramchecks
shearatthetopandbottomendsofthewebs(Z1andZ3inthePSCViewerdialog).
16
Model>Properties>Section>PSCtab
[Fig.1.22]Inputbwforshearresistance
2.3Checkshearresistance
V Ed V Rd
where,
VEd : Design value of the applied shear force.
VRd : Design shear resistance.
InmidasCivil,loadcombinationtobeusedinPSCdesigncanbedefinedinResults>Load
combinations>ConcreteDesigntab.Shearresistanceisverifiedwiththemostcriticalminimum
andmaximumdesignshearforceamongtheloadcombinationsspecifiedasStrength/Stress
inActivecolumn.
2.4Checktheratioandspacingofshearreinforcement
Whennoshearreinforcementisrequired,minimumshearreinforcementshouldbeprovided.
0.08 f ck
Asw
w, min
sbw sin
f yk
s s l , max 0 .75 d 1 cot
(1.27)
EN199211:2004
(9.4),(9.5N)
(1.28)
EN199211:2004
(9.6N)
17
2.5Verificationofshearresistance
ByResultTables
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>CheckShearStrength
[Fig.1.23]Resulttableforshearresistance
Elem:Elementnumber
Part:Checklocation(IEnd,JEnd)ofeachelement
Max./Min.:Maximumshear,minimumshear
LCom.Name:Loadcombinationname.
CHK:Shearstrengthcheckforelement
V_Ed:MaximumshearforceamongStrength/Stressloadcombinations
V_Rd:Shearresistance.
V_Rd,c:Shearresistanceofconcrete.
V_Rd,s:Shearresistanceofshearreinforcement.
V_Rd,max:MaximumV_Rd,s
V_Ed/V_Rd:Theratioofshearforcetoshearresistance.
ByExcelReport
Detail design results including applied equations and design parameters can be found in the
ExcelReport.
[Fig.1.24]Excelreportforshearresistance
18
3.TorsionResistance
Themaximumresistanceofamembersubjectedtotorsionandshearislimitedbythecapacity
oftheconcretestrut.Inordernottoexceedthisresistancethefollowingconditionshouldbe
satisfied.
T Ed
T Rd , max
V Ed
V Rd , max
1 .0
(1.29)
EN199211:2004
(6.29)
(1.30)
EN199211:2004
3.1.6(1)
(1.31)
EN199211:2004
3.2.7(1)
(1.32)
EN199211:2004
3.3.6(6)
f cd cc f ck / c
Usingcc=1.0fortorsionregardlessofinputvalue.
(2)Designyieldstrengthofreinforcement.
f yd f yk / s
f pd f p 0 ,1k / s
Refertotheclause1.1toseethedetailexplanationofmaterialstrength.
3.2Calculatetorsionalresistance
(1)Checksectiontypefortorsion.
If the section is complex shapes, such as Tsections, it may be divided into a series of sub
sections.
[Table1.10]Sectiontypefortorsion
ClosedSectionType
EN199211:2004
6.3.1(3)
OpenSectionType
subsections.
(2)Calculatethetorsionalmomentsoverthesubsections.(OnlyOpensectiontype)
T Ed ,i
I xx ,i
I xx
T Ed
(1.33)
EN199211:2004
6.3.1(3),(5)
19
where,
TEd,i : The torsional moments of sub-section.
Ixx : The uncracked torsional stiffness of whole section.
Ixx,i : The uncracked torsional stiffness of sub-section.
(3)Calculatethetransversereinforcementrequired.
Ast ,req
st
TEd
2 Ak f yd cot
(1.34)
EN199211:2004
(6.8),(6.26),(6.28)
where,
Asl : The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement.
st : The spacing of transverse reinforcement for torsion.
Ak : The area enclosed by the centre-lines of the connecting walls, including inner hollow areas.
uk : The perimeter of the area Ak.
[Fig.1.24]Ak,ukinclosedsection
(4)Calculatethelongitudinalreinforcementrequired.
sl
uk
f yd
TEd
T u
cot Asl , req Ed k cot
2 Ak
2 Ak f yd
(1.35)
EN199211:2004
(6.28)
where,
uk : The perimeter of the area Ak.
(5)Calculatedesigntorsionalresistancemoment.
T Rd , max 2 cw f cd Ak t ef ,i sin cos
(1.36)
EN199211:2004
(6.30)
[Fig.1.25]Notationsanddefinitionfortorsion
where,
: Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear.
20
[Table1.11]Strengthreductionfactorforconcretecrackedinshear,v
NationalAnnex
Recommended
0.61 ck
250
UK
0.61 ck
250
Italy
0.71 ck
250
EN199211:2004
6.2.2(6),(6.6N)
cw : Coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in the compression chord.
[Table1.12]Coefficientcw
Condition
cw
0<cp0.25fcd
1+cp/fcd
0.25fcd<cp0.5fcd
1.25
0.5fcd<cp1.0fcd
2.5(1cp/fcd)
EN199211:2004
(6.11.aN)~(6.11.cN)
tef,i : The effective wall thickness
t ef ,i
(1.37)
EN199211:2004
6.3.2(1)
A : The total area of the section within the outer circumference, including inner hollow areas.
u : The outer circumference of the section.
21
SectionTypefortorsion
In midas Civil,closedtypeandnumber of division for PSC DB sections are shown in the table
below. Closed type section has zero number of divisions since it is considered as a unified
section.
[Table1.13]Sectiontypeandsubsectionsfortorsion
SectionShape
ClosedType
Noofdivisions
PSC1CELL
Closed
PSC2CELL
Closed
PSC3CELL
Closed
PSCnCELL
Closed
PSCnCELL2
Closed
None
Open
Circle
Open
Polygon
Open
Open
None
Open
Circle
Open
Polygon
Open
Open
Half
Open
1Cell
Closed
2Cell
Closed
T1>0andHT>0
Closed
T1>0andT2>0
Open
T1>0andT2=0,
T1=0andT2>0
Open
T1=0andT2=0
Open
Closed
PSCMID
PSCI
PSCHALF
PSCTEE
PSCPLAT
PSCVALUE
PSCCMPWEB
PSCSectionType
[Fig.1.26]PSCsectiontypelistinprogram
22
Subtypeofeachsectiontype.
[Fig.1.28]Subtypeofsection
Parametersfortorsion
In midas Civil, when calculating Ak and uk, section area and perimeter of closed section are
calculatedbasedonthecoverthicknessenteredinSectionManager.Inordertocalculatethem
based onthecenter lineasspecified inEurocode, enterthecover thickness value as section
thickness*.
Transverseandlongitudinalreinforcementfortorsioncanalsobedefined.
23
Model>Properties>SectionManager>Reinforcements
st
Ast
Asl
Coverthickness
forAk,uk.
(atCenterline)
[Fig.1.29]SectionManagerDialog
3.3Checktorsionalmomentresistance
TEd TRd ,max

T Ed
T Rd , max
V Ed
V Rd , max
(1.38)
1 .0
EN199211:2004
(6.29)
(1.39)
where,
TEd
: The design torsional moment.
VEd
: The design transverse force.
TRd,max : The design torsional resistance moment.
VRd,max : The maximum design shear resistance.
In midas Civil, load combination to be used in PSC design can be defined in Results>Load
combinations>Concrete Design tab. Torsional resistance is verified with the most critical
minimum and maximum design torsional force among the load combinations specified as
Strength/StressinActivecolumn.
3.4Checkreinforcement
Asl , req Asl
s min u 8 , sl ,max
t
(1.40)
EN199211:2004
9.2.3(3)
where,
u
: The outer circumference of the section.
st
: The longitudinal spacing.
sl,max : The maximum longitudinal spacing between shear assemblies.
s l , max 0 .75 d 1 cot
(1.41)
24
3.5Verifytorsionalresistance
ByResultTables
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>CheckCombinedShearandTorsionStrength
[Fig.1.30]Resulttablefortorsionresistance
Elem:Elementnumber
Max./Min.:Maximumtorsion/shear,minimumtorsion/shear
LComName:Loadcombinationname.
CHK:Shearandtorsionstrengthcheckforelement
T_Ed:MaximumtorsionalmomentamongStrength/Stressloadcombinations
T_Rd,max:Designtorsionalresistancemoment.
V_Ed:MaximumshearforceamongStrength/Stressloadcombinations
V_Rd,max:Themaximumshearresistanceofthesection.
Ratio:TheratioTEd/TRd,max+VEd/VRd,max
ByExcelReport
Detail design results including applied equations and design parameters can be found in the
ExcelReport.
[Fig.1.31]Excelreportfortorsionresistance
25
ServiceabilityLimitStates
1.Stressforcrosssectionataconstructionstage
Forstressverificationintheconstructionstage,thefollowingconditionshouldbesatisfied.
The most critical compressive stress during the construction stage Allowable compressive
stressofconcretebeforelosses:cca
The most critical tensile stress during the construction stage Allowable tensile stress of
concretebeforelosses:tta
1.1Allowablestressofconcrete
(1)Allowablecompressivestressofconcrete
[Table1.14]Allowablecompressivestressofconcrete,ca
TendonType
ca
Posttension
k1fck(t)
Pretension
k6fck(t)
EN199211:2004
3.1.2(5)
where,
k1, k6 : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficients of k1 and k6 will be applied as
the user defined value. However, if the option is checked off, the values in Table 1.15 will be
applied.
[Table1.15]Coefficientk1,k6
NationalAnnex
k1
k6
Recommended
0.6
0.7
UK
0.6
0.7
Italy
0.65
0.65
t
: The age of concrete in days.
fck(t) : The concrete compressive strength at time t for a number of stages.
[Table1.16]Concretecompressivestrengthatt,fck(t)
Condition
fck(t)
3<t<28days
fcm(t)8MPa
t28days
fck
EN199211:2004
Table3.1
fcm(t) : The mean concrete compressive strength of concrete at an age of t days.
f cm (t ) cc (t ) f cm
(1.43)
EN199211:2004
(3.1)
fcm : The mean compressive strength at 28 days.
f cm f ck 8MPa
(1.44)
EN199211:2004)
Table3.1
26
28
cc (t ) exp s 1

1/ 2
(1.45)
EN199211:2004
(3.2)
s : A coefficient which depends on the type of cement.
[Table1.17]Coefficients
CementClass
ClassR
0.20
ClassN
0.25
ClassS
0.38
EN199211:2004
3.1.2(6)
(2)Allowabletensilestressofconcrete
[Table1.18]Allowabletensilestressofconcrete,ta
TendonType
ta
Posttension
k1fctm(t)
Pretension
k1fctm(t)
where,
fctm(t) : The mean concrete tensile strength of concrete at an age of t days.
f ctm (t ) cc (t ) f ctm
(1.46)
EN199211:2004
(3.4)
fctm : The mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete.

[Table1.19]Meanvalueofaxialtensilestrength,fctm
Condition
fctm
C50/60
0.30fck2/3
>C50/60
2.12ln(1+(fcm/10))
EN199211:2004
Table3.1
cc(t) : A coefficient which depends on the age of the concretet.

: A coefficient for fctm(t)
[Table1.20]Coefficient
Condition
t<28days
t28days
2/3
EN199211:2004
3.2.1(9)
Ifbothposttensionandpretensiontypetendonsareassignedinacrosssection,thetendon
typewillbedeterminedasthetypewhichhaslargertendonarea.
CementClass
CementclasscanbedefinedinPSCDesignParametersdialogbox.
27
[Fig.1.32]InputCementClass
Coefficientk1,k6forConcrete
[Fig.1.33]Inputcoefficientk1,k6forstresslimitation
Ageofconcrete
Ageofconcrete,t,willbeappliedasthedayinthedurationfieldinComposeConstruction
Stagedialogbox.
Loads>ConstructionStageAnalysisData>DefineConstructionStage>ComposeConstruction
Stage
[Fig.1.34]Inputageofconcrete
28
1.2Checkstressforcrosssectionataconstructionstage
c ca , t ta
(1.47)
1.3Verificationofstressforcrosssectionataconstructionstage
ByResultTables
Thedesignresultscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Checkstressforcrosssectionataconstruction
stage
[Fig.1.35]Resulttableforstressataconstructionstage
Elem:Elementnumber
Comp./Tens.:CompressionorTensionStress
Stage:Constructionstageatwhichstressesaremaximumatthecorrespondingsection.
CHK:Combinedstresscheckforconstructionstages
FT:CombinedStressduetoMyandaxialforceatTopfiber
FB:CombinedStressduetoMyandaxialforceatBottomfiber
FTL:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatTopLeftfiber
FBL:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatBottomLeftfiber
FTR:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatTopRightfiber
FBR:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatBottomRightfiber
FMAX:Maximumcombinedstressoutoftheabovesixcomponents.
ALW:Allowablestressofcrosssectionatconstructionstage.
29
2.Stressforcrosssectionatserviceloads
Stressduetoserviceloadcombinationsafterlossesshouldsatisfythefollowingconditions:
MaximumcompressivestressofconcreteafterlossesAllowablecompressivestressof
concrete:cca
MaximumtensilestressofconcreteafterlossesAllowabletensilestressofconcrete:tta
2.1Allowablestressofconcrete
(1)Allowablecompressivestressofconcrete
[Table1.21]Allowablecompressivestressofconcrete,ca
TendonType
ca
Posttension
k1fck
Pretension
k6fck
(2)Allowabletensilestressofconcrete
[Table1.22]Allowabletensilestressofconcrete,ta
TendonType
ta
Posttension
k1fctm
Pretension
k1fctm
Refertotheclause1.1forthedetailedexplanation.
2.2Checkstressforcrosssectionataserviceloads
c ca , t ta
(1.48)
2.3Verificationofstressforcrosssectionataserviceloads
ByResultTables
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Checkstressforcrosssectionatserviceloads
[Fig.1.36]Resulttableforstressataserviceloads
Comp./Tens.:CompressionorTensionStress
Type:Displaysthesetofmemberforcescorrespondingtomovingloadcaseorsettlementload
caseforwhichthemaximumstressesareproduced
FT:CombinedStressduetoMyandaxialforceatTopfiber
FB:CombinedStressduetoMyandaxialforceatBottomfiber
FTL:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatTopLeftfiber
FBL:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatBottomLeftfiber
FTR:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatTopRightfiber
FBR:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatBottomRightfiber
FMAX:Maximumcombinedstressoutoftheabovesixcomponents.
ALW:Allowablestressinconcreteatservicelimitstate.
30
3.TensilestressforPrestressingtendons
Verifytheinducedstressandallowablestressoftendonbytendongroups.
Beforelosses,tendonstressattheanchorrightaftergroutingAllowablestress
Afterimmediatelosses,maximumtendonstressAllowablestress
Afteralllosses,maximumtendonstressAllowablestress
3.1Allowablestressoftendon
(1)Allowablestressintendonimmediatelyafteranchorsetatanchorages
min k1 f pk , k2 f p 0.1k
p ,max
(1.49)
EN199211:2004
5.10.2.1(1)
where,
k1, k2 : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficients of k1 and k2 will be applied as the
user defined value. However, if the option is checked off, the values in Table 1.23 will be applied.
NationalAnnex
k1
k2
Recommended
0.8
0.9
UK
0.8
0.9
Italy
0.8
0.9
fpk : Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing steel.

fp0.1k : Characteristic 0.1% proof-stress of prestressing steel.
(2)AllowableStressinTendonimmediatelyafteranchorsetelsewhere
( x) min k7 f pk , k8 f p 0.1k
pm 0
(1.50)
EN199211:2004
5.10.3(2)
where,
k7, k8 : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficients of k7 and k8 will be applied as the
user defined value. However, if the option is checked off, the values in Table 1.24 will be applied.
NationalAnnex
k7
k8
Recommended
0.75
0.85
UK
0.75
0.85
Italy
0.75
0.85

fp0.1k : Characteristic 0.1% proof-stress of prestressing steel.
(3)Allowablestressintendonatservicelimitstateafterlosses
p k 5 f pk
(1.51)
EN199211:2004
7.2.(5)
where,
k5 : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficient of k5 will be applied as the user defined
value. However, if the option is checked off, the value in Table 1.25 will be applied.
31
[Table1.25]Coefficientk5
NationalAnnex
k5
Recommended
0.75
UK
0.75
Italy
0.6
Coefficientfortendons
Parameters used in calculating tendon stress can be defined in PSC Design Parameters dialog
box.
[Fig.1.37]InputcoefficientofprestressingsteelinSLS
Strengthoftendon
TendonstrengthcanbeenteredinTendonPropertiesdialogbox.
fpk
fp0,1k
[Fig.1.38]Inputtendonstrength,fpk,fp0,1k
32
3.2Checktensilestressforprestressingtendons
(1)Posttensiontendon
Stressintendonatanchoragesmin[k1fpk,k2fp0.1k]
Maximumtressintendonalongthelengthofthememberawayfromanchorages
min[k7fpk,k8fp0.1k]
Maximumstressintendonafteralllossesatthelaststage k5fpk
(2)Pretensiontendon
Stressintendonmin[k1fpk,k2fp0.1k]
Stressintendonafteralllossesatthelaststage k5fpk
3.3Verificationofstressforcrosssectionataserviceloads
ByResultTables
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Checktensilestressforprestressingtendons
[Fig.1.39]Resulttablefortensilestressforprestressingtendons
Tendon:Tendonprofilename.
ForPosttensioned:
FDL1:Stressintendonatanchorages.
FDL2:Maximumstressintendonalongthelengthofthememberawayfromanchorages,
immediatelyafteranchorset.
FLL1:Maximumstressintendonafteralllossesatthelaststage.
AFDL1:Allowablestressintendonimmediatelyafteranchorsetatanchorages.
AFDL2:Allowablestressintendonimmediatelyafteranchorsetelsewhere.
AFLL1:Allowablestressintendonatservicelimitstateafterlosses.
ForPretensioned:
FDL1:Stressintendon.
FDL2:
FLL1:Maximumstressintendonafteralllossesatthelaststage.
AFDL1:Allowablestressintendonpriortotransfer.
AFDL2:
AFLL1:Allowablestressintendonatservicelimitstateafterlosses.
33
4.Principalstressataconstructionstage
Verify the principal stress during the construction stage at the stress verification point 1~10
definedinSectionManagerdialogbox.
MaximumprincipalstressduringtheconstructionstageAllowablestress
4.1Allowabletensilestress
ca k t f ctm (t )
(1.52)
where,
kt = If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficient of kt will be applied as the user defined
value. However, if the option is checked off, 0.6 will be applied.
fctm(t) : The mean compressive strength at an age of t days. Refer to the clause 1.1 for the calculation of
fctm(t).
4.2Maximumprincipalstress
Maximum principal stress during the construction stage can be calculated as the following
equation.
x z
ps
2
1
x z
2
4 s t p
(1.53)
where,
x : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
z : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
s : Shear stress due to shear.
t : Shear stress due to torsion.
p : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
BeamstressesofPSC
Stresscomponenttocalculatethemaximumprincipalstresscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.
Results>ResultTables>Beam>Stress(PSC)
[Fig.1.40]Resulttableforbeamstress
Sigxx(Axial):Axialstressduetotheaxialforce(Fx)intheECSxdirection
Sigxx(Momenty):StressduetoMy(momentabouttheECSyaxis)inECSxdirection
Sigxx(Momentz):StressduetoMz(momentabouttheECSzaxis)inECSxdirection
Sigxx(Bar):AxialstressduetoshearsteelbarsintheECSxdirection
Sigxx(Summation):SumoftheaxialstressintheECSxdirectionandtheaxialstressdueto
shearsteelbarsintheECSxdirection
Sigzz:StressintheECSzdirection
Sigxz(shear):Sumofshearstressesduetoshearforceandshearsteelbars
Sigxz(torsion):Shearstressduetotorsion
Sigxz(bar):Shearstressduetoshearsteelbars
34
SigIs(shear):Diagonalstressduetoshearforce
SigIs(shear+torsion):Diagonalstressduetotorsionandshearforce
SigPs(Max):Maximumprincipalstress
SigPs(Min):Minimumprincipalstress
4.3Checkprincipalstressataconstructionstage
ps ta kt f ctm (t )
(1.54)
4.4Verificationofprincipalstressataconstructionstage
ByResultTables
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Principalstressataconstructionstage
[Fig.1.41]Resulttableforprincipalstressataconstructionstage
Elem:Elementnumber.
Comp./Tens.:CompressionorTensionStress.
Stage:Constructionstage.
CHK:Principalstresscheckforconstructionstages.
Sig_P1:PrincipalStressatthelefttopoftopflange.
Sig_P2:PrincipalStressattherighttopoftopflange.
Sig_P3:PrincipalStressattherightbottomofbottomflange.
Sig_P4:PrincipalStressattheleftbottomofbottomflange.
Sig_P5:PrincipalStressatthetopofleftweb.(atZ1Level)
Sig_P6:PrincipalStressatthetopofrightweb.(atZ1Level)
Sig_P7:PrincipalStressattheneutralaxisinleftweb.(atZ2Level)
Sig_P8:PrincipalStressattheneutralaxisinrightweb.(atZ2Level)
Sig_P9:PrincipalStressatthebottomofleftweb.(atZ3Level)
Sig_P10:PrincipalStressatthebottomofrightweb.(atZ3Level)
Sig_MAX:ThemaximumPrincipalstressamongP1P10.
Sig_AP:Allowableprincipalstressatneutralaxisintheweb.
35
5.Principalstressatserviceloads
Verify the principal tensile stress at the stress verification point 1~10 defined in Section
Managerdialogbox.
MaximumprincipalstressundertheserviceabilityloadcombinationAllowablestress
5.1Allowabletensilestress
ca kt f ctm
(1.55)
where,
kt : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficient of kt will be applied as the user defined
value. However, if the option is checked off, 0.6 will be applied.
fctm : The mean compressive strength at 28 days. Refer to the clause 1.1 for the calculation of fctm
5.2Maximumprincipalstress
Themaximumprincipalstressattheservicestatecanbecalculatedasthefollowingequation.
1
ps 2 x z
x z
2
4 s t p
(1.56)
where,
x : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
z : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
s : Shear stress due to shear.
t : Shear stress due to torsion.
p : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
BeamstressesofPSC
Stresscomponentstocalculatethemaximumprincipalstresscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.
Results>ResultTables>Beam>Stress(PSC)
[Fig.1.42]Resulttableforbeamstress
Sigxx(Axial):Axialstressduetotheaxialforce(Fx)intheECSxdirection
Sigxx(Momenty):StressduetoMy(momentabouttheECSyaxis)inECSxdirection
Sigxx(Momentz):StressduetoMz(momentabouttheECSzaxis)inECSxdirection
Sigxx(Bar):AxialstressduetoshearsteelbarsintheECSxdirection
Sigxx(Summation):SumoftheaxialstressintheECSxdirectionandtheaxialstressdueto
shearsteelbarsintheECSxdirection
Sigzz:StressintheECSzdirection
Sigxz(shear):Sumofshearstressesduetoshearforceandshearsteelbars
Sigxz(torsion):Shearstressduetotorsion
Sigxz(bar):Shearstressduetoshearsteelbars
SigIs(shear):Diagonalstressduetoshearforce
36
SigIs(shear+torsion):Diagonalstressduetotorsionandshearforce
SigPs(Max):Maximumprincipalstress
SigPs(Min):Minimumprincipalstress
5.3Checkprincipalstressataserviceloads
ps ta kt f ctm
(1.57)
5.4Verificationofprincipalstressataserviceloads
ByResultTables
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Principalstressataserviceloads
[Fig.1.43]Resulttableforprincipalstressataserviceloads
Elem:Elementnumber.
Comp./Tens.:CompressionorTensionStress.
Type : Displays the set of member forces corresponding to moving load case or settlement
loadcaseforwhichthemaximumstressesareproduced
CHK:Principalstresscheckforserviceloadsatmaximumshearforce.
Sig_P1:PrincipalStressatthelefttopoftopflange.
Sig_P2:PrincipalStressattherighttopoftopflange.
Sig_P3:PrincipalStressattherightbottomofbottomflange.
Sig_P4:PrincipalStressattheleftbottomofbottomflange.
Sig_P5:PrincipalStressatthetopofleftweb.(atZ1Level)
Sig_P6:PrincipalStressatthetopofrightweb.(atZ1Level)
Sig_P7:PrincipalStressattheneutralaxisinleftweb.(atZ2Level)
Sig_P8:PrincipalStressattheneutralaxisinrightweb.(atZ2Level)
Sig_P9:PrincipalStressatthebottomofleftweb.(atZ3Level)
Sig_P10:PrincipalStressatthebottomofrightweb.(atZ3Level)
Sig_MAX:ThemaximumPrincipalstressamongP1P10.
Sig_AP:Allowableprincipalstressatneutralaxisintheweb.
37
6.Checkcrackwidth
Crackingshallbelimitedtosatisfythefollowingcondition.
Crackwidth,wkCrackwidthlimit,wmax
6.1Calculatecrackwidths
(1)Determinesmcm
s kt
sm cm
f ct ,eff
p ,eff
1
e
p ,eff
0.6
Es
s
Es
(1.58)
EN199211:2004
(7.9)
where,
sm : The mean strain in the reinforcement under the relevant combination of loads, including the effect of
imposed deformations and taking into account the effects of tensile stiffening.
cm : The mean strain in the concrete between cracks.
s : The stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section.
e : The ratio of Es/Ecm.
Es : The design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel.
Ecm : The secant modulus of elasticity of concrete.
f ct ,eff f ctm
(1.59)
EN199211:2004
(7.10)
p ,eff
As 12 Ap '
Ac ,eff
(1.60)
Ap : The area of pre or post-tensioned within Ac,eff.

Ac,eff : The effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement of prestressing tendons of
depth, hc,ef.
hc ,ef min 2.5 h d ,
hx
,
3
h
2
(1.61)
EN199211:2004
7.3.2(3)
EN199211:2004
Figure7.1
[Fig.1.44]Effectivetensionarea(typicalcases)
38
(1.62)
Ifonlyprestressingsteelisusedtocontrolcracking,1=
:theratioofbondstrengthofprestressingandreinforcingsteel.
[Table1.26]Ratioofbondstrength,
PrestressingSteel
Pretensioned
Smoothbarsandwires Notapplicable
Bonded,posttensioned
C50/60
C70/80
0.3
0.15
Strands
0.6
0.5
0.25
Indentedwires
0.7
0.6
0.3
0.7
0.35
Ribbedbars
EN199211:2004
Table6.2
s : The largest bar diameter of reinforcing steel.

p : The equivalent diameter of tendon.
kt : A factor dependent on duration of the load.
[Table1.27]Factork
Condition
kt
Shorttermloading
0.6
Longtermloading
0.4
EN199211:2004
7.3.4(2)
DefinitionofShortandLongtermloads
[Table1.28]Definitionofdurationoftheload
Condition
Description
Longtermloading
Loadcombinationcomposedoflongtermloadcasesonly
Shorttermloading
Loadcombinationsotherthanlongtermloadcombination
Whentheuserdoesnotdefinethelongtermorshorttermloadcase,itwillbeclassifiedas
showninthefollowingtable.
[Table1.29]Classificationfordurationoftheload
Durationoftheload
Description
Longtermloadcase
Followingstaticloadcase
D:DeadLoad
DC:DeadLoadofComponentandAttachments.
DW:DeadLoadofWearingSurfacesandUtilities.
L:LiveLoad.
LR:RoofLiveLoad.
Shorttermloadcase
Loadcasesotherthanlongtermloadcases
39
(2)Determinesr,max
Themaximumcrackspacing,sr,maxiscalculatedasshowninthetablebelow.
[Table1.30]Maximumcrackspacing,sr,max
Condition
Spacing5(c+/2)
Spacing>5(c+/2)or
Nobondedreinforcement
sr,max
k 3c
k1k 2 k4
p , eff
EN199211:2004
(7.12)
EN199211:2004
(7.14)
1.3h x
EN199211:2004
Figure7.2
[Fig.1.45]Crackwidth,w,atconcretesurfacerelativetodistancefrombar
where,
: The bar diameter. Where a mixture of bar diameters is used in a section, an equivalent diameter, eq,
should be used.
Forasectionwithn1barsofdiameter1andn2barsofdiameter2.
n112 n222
eq n n
1 1
2 2
(1.63)
c : The cover to the longitudinal reinforcement.

k1 : A coefficient which takes account of the bond properties of the bonded reinforcement.
Condition
k1
Highbondbars
0.8
Barswithaneffectivelyplansurface
1.0
EN199211:2004
7.3.4(2)
k2 : A coefficient which takes account of the distribution of strain.
Condition
k2
Bending
0.5
PureTension
1.0
k3, k4 : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficient of k3 and k4 will be applied as the
user defined value. However, if the option is checked off, it will be applied as the following value.
k3 = 3.4
k4 = 0.425
40
(3)Calculatethedesigncrackwidth,wk
wk sr ,max sm cm
(1.64)
EN199211:2004
(7.8)
Coefficientk3,k4forcrack
[Fig.1.46]Inputcoefficientk3,k4forcrack
Prestressingsteeltypefor
InmidasCivil,thefollowingprestressingsteeltypesareavailable.
[Table1.33]Prestressingsteeltypesupportedinprogram
PrestressingSteel
Smoothbarsandwires
Strands
Description
OtherthanStrands
Whenthematerialpropertiesoftendonisspecified
asfollows:
Standard=EN05(S)
DB=Y1670Series,Y1770Series,Y1860Series
[Fig.1.47]Definematerialoftendon
41
Model>Properties>Material
[Fig.1.48]SteelmateriallistofEN05(S)standard
Durationofload(Short/Longterm)
Design>CommonParameter>Short/LongtermLoadCase
[Fig.1.49]Defineshort/longtermloadcase
42
6.2Getalimitingcalculatedcrackwidth,wmax
(1)Recommendedvaluesofwmax(mm)
[Table1.34]Limitingcrackwidth,wmax
Exposure
Class
X0
XC1
Unbonded
Frequent
Quasi
Frequent
0.3
Not
Checked
Not
Check
0.2
Not
Check
0.0
(Decom
Pression)
0.2
Not
Checked
Not
Check
Decom
pression
Not
Checked
XC3
XD1
0.3
Not
Checked
XD2
XD3
XS1
XS2
Others
Quasi
XC2
XC4
Bonded
0.3
Not
Checked
Not
Checked
0.0
(Decom
pression)
Not
Checked
0.3
Not
Checked
Not
Checked
0.3
Not
Checked
XS3
EN199211:2004
Table7.1N
XF1*
XF2*
XF3*
XF4*
XA1*
XA2*
XA3*
(*)InmidasCivil,thelimitvalueofFreeze/Thawattackclass(XF1~XF4)andChemicalattack
class(XA1~XA3)isappliedas0.3mm.
ExposureClass
Exposureclasscanbedefinedbymembersinthefollowingdialogbox.
Design>PSCDesign>ExposureClass
[Fig.1.50]Defineexposureclassforcrack
43
6.3Checkcrackwidthatserviceloads
wk wmax
(1.65)
6.4Verificationofcrackwidthatserviceloads
ByResultTables
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Checkcrackwidthatserviceloads
[Fig.1.51]Resulttableforcrackwidthatserviceloads
Elem:Elementnumber
Top/Bottom:Attopofelement,atbottomofelement
ServiceabilityLoadType:Frequent/QuasiStatic
Type:producemaximumandminimummemberforcecomponentsfortheloadcombinations
includingmovingloadcasesorsettlementloadcases.
Check:OK/NG
M_Ed:MaximumMomentintheSection.
Sig_T:Stressatthetop.
Sig_B:Stressatthebottom.
wk:Crackwidth
wmax:Allowablecracklimit
44
Chapter 2.
Composite
Steel Box
Girder Design
EN 1994-2
Chapter 2.
Composite Steel Box Girder Design (EN 1994-2)

Composite steel box girder needs to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.

Bending Resistance
Resistance to Vertical Shear
Resistance to Longitudanal Shear
Resistance to Fatigue

Stress limitation for concrete
For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic

Load Combination
Stress limitation for reinforcing steel
For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic,

Frequent Load Combination
Stress limitation for structral steel
For Characteristic Load Combination
Resistance to Longitudinal Shear

Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942
UltimateLimitStates
1.Bendingresistance
LimitstateofBendingResistancewillsatisfythecondition,MEdMRd.
Momentresistance,MRd,shallbecalculatedasfollows:
1.1Designvaluesofmaterial
(1)Partialfactorsformaterials
Partialfactorformaterialsconsideredinultimatelimitstatesareshowninthetablebelow.
InmidasCivil,partialfactorformaterialscanbespecifiedbytheuserinDesignParameter
dialogbox.ThedefaultvaluesaredeterminedasbelowasperEurocode4.
[Table2.1]Partialfactorformaterials
Materials
Concrete
Reinforcingsteel
Structuralsteel
Shearconnection
Fatigueverification
ofheadedstuds
Condition
PartialFactor
c=1.5
Accidental
c=1.2
s=1.15
Accidental
s=1.0
Crosssections
M0=1.0
Memberstoinstabilityassessed
memberstoinstability
M1=1.0
Strength
Mf=1.0
Strengthofstudsinshear
Mf,s=1.0
EN19942:2005
2.4.1.2
V=1.25
f cd f ck / c
EN19942:2005
(2.1)
(2.1)
where,
(3)Designyieldstrengthofsteelreinforcement.
f sd f sk / s
(2.2)
where,
fsk : The characteristic value of the yield strength of reinforcing steel.
s : The partial factor for reinforcing steel.
46
(4)Designyieldstrengthofstructuralsteel.
f yd f y / M 0
(2.3)
where,
fy : The nominal value of the yield strength of structural steel.
M0 : The partial factor for structural steel applied to resistance of cross-sections.
Thenominalvaluesoftheyieldstrengthfyandtheultimatestrengthfuforstructuralsteel
shallbeobtainedbyusingthesimplificationgiveninFig.2.1.
EN199311:2005
Table3.1
[Fig.2.1]Nominalvaluesofyieldstrengthfyandultimatetensilestrengthfu
Partialsafetyfactor
Parametersrelatedtothematerialsuchaspartialfactors,damageequivalencefactors,and
shear resistance reduction factor can be defined in Composite Steel Girder Design
Parameters dialogbox.
Thedefaultvaluesofpartialfactorsaredefinedas 1.0.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignParameters
[Fig.2.2]DesignParametersDialog
47
Designstrengthofmaterials
Design strength of concrete, reinforcement, and steel can be defined in Modify SRC
Materialdialogbox.
In Steel Design Selection field, when Code is entered as EN05, Fy1 is tensile strength of
thesteelforwhichthethicknessislessorequalto40mmandFy2istensilestrengthofthe
steelforwhichthethicknessislargerthan40mm.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignMaterial
[Fig.2.3]Compositesteelgirderdesignmaterial
48
1.2Classificationofcrosssection
The classification system defined in EN199311:2005, 5.5.2 applies to crosssections of
compositebeams.
[Table2.2]Classesofcrosssections
Class
1
2
Definedas
whichcanformaplastichingewiththerotationcapacityrequiredfrom
plasticanalysiswithoutreductionoftheresistance
whichcandeveloptheirplasticmomentresistance,buthavelimited
rotationcapacitybecauseoflocalbuckling
inwhichthestressintheextremecompressionfibreofthesteelmember
assuminganelasticdistributionofstressescanreachtheyieldstrength,
butlocalbucklingisliabletopreventdevelopmentoftheplasticmoment
resistance
inwhichlocalbucklingwilloccurbeforetheattainmentofyieldstress
inoneormorepartsofthecrosssection
(1) The classification of a crosssection depends on the width to thickness ratio of the parts
subjecttocompression.
ClassificationofClassinflange
Classofflangecanbeclassifieddependingonthepositiveandnegativemoment.
[Table2.3]Classofcompressionflange
Moment
Position
Classofcompressionflange
Positive
Top
Flange
Asteelcompressionflangethatisrestrainedfrombucklingby
effectiveattachmenttoaconcreteflangebyshearconnectors
maybeassumedtobeinClass1.
Negative
Bottom
Flange
CompositeI:CheckforoutstandflangesinFig.2.4.
CompositeBox : Check for outstand flanges and internal
compressionpartinFig.2.5.
EN199311:2005
5.5.2
EN199311:2005
Table5.2
[Fig.2.4]MaximumwidthtothicknessratiosforcompressionpartsOutstand
49
ClassificationofClassinweb:CheckforinternalcompressionpartinFig. 2.5.
EN199311:2005
Table5.2
[Fig.2.5]MaximumwidthtothicknessratiosforcompressionpartsInternal
(2)Classificationofacrosssection:Acrosssectionisclassifiedaccordingtothehighest(least
favorable)classofitscompressionpartsasfollows.
[Table2.4]Classofsectionaccordingtoclassofcompressionparts
ClassofSection
Classof
Web
ClassofFlange
1
*:CrosssectionswithwebsinClass3andflangesinClass1or2maybetreatedasan
effectivecrosssectionsinClass2withaneffectivewebinaccordancewithEN199311:2005,
6.2.2.4.(Thisclauseisappliedtoboxgirder.)
EN199311:2005
5.5.2(6)
EN199311:2005
5.5.2(11)
50
1.3Calculateplasticbendingresistance,Mpl,Rd.
Forpositivemoment:Compressiverebarinthedeckwillbeignored.
Fornegativemoment:Concreteareaofdeckwillbeneglectedandonlythetensilerebarin
thedeckwillbeconsidered.
EN199311:2005
Figure6.2
[Fig.2.6]Plasticstressdistributionsforacompositebeam
1.4Calculateelasticbendingresistance,Mel,Rd
Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed
(2.4)
[Fig.2.7]CalculationofMel,Rd
where,
Ma,Ed : The design bending moment applied to structural steel section before composite behavior.
Bending moment obtained during the construction stage analysis is used in midas Civil.
Mc,Ed : The part of design bending moment acting on the composite section. Bending moment obtained
from the final construction stage is used in midas Civil.
k
: The lowest factor such that a stress limit in EN1994-2:2005, 6.2.1.5(2) is reached. In midas Civil,
the value of k is calculated as below.
[Table2.5]Calculationofk
Type
SteelGirder
Slab
ka
kc
f yd M a , Ed ( z a / I y ,a )
M c, Ed ( z c / I y ,c )
min[ka,kc]
ForNegativeMoment
ka
f cd
M c, Ed ( z c ,slab / I y ,c,slab )
Reinforcement
51
ForPositiveMoment
M c, Ed ( z c / I y ,c )
ks
f sd
M c , Ed ( z c ,bar / I y ,c ,bar )
min[ka,ks]
1.5CalculateeffectivecrosssectionforClass4section
(1)Calculateeffectivecrosssection
For crosssections in Class4, the effective structural steel section should be determined in
accordancewithEN199315,4.3.
InmidasCivil,theeffectofsharelagisnotconsideredinthecalculationofeffectivearea.Only
theplatebucklingeffectisconsidered.
TheeffectiveareaAeffshouldbedeterminedassumingthatthecrosssectionissubjectonlyto
stressesduetouniformaxialcompression.
EN199315:2006
Figure4.1
[Fig.2.8]Class4crosssectionsaxialforce
TheeffectivesectionmodulusWeffshouldbedeterminedassumingthatthecrosssectionis
subjectonlytobendingstresses.
EN199315:2006
Figure4.2
[Fig.2.9]Class4crosssectionsbendingmoment
Thecalculationofeffectiveareadependingonthelongitudinalstiffenerwillbeexplainedinthe
clause1.6and1.7inthismanual.
(2)Considerationofadditionalmomentduetotheeccentricityofgravitycenterbetweenthe
grossareaandtheeffectivearea
In case of the section with Class 4 classification under the compressive force, the additional
momentduetothedifferentgravitycenterbetweengrossareaandeffectiveareaistakeninto
accountinthedesignmoment.
M Ed NEdeN NEd Cz,c Cz,c,eff
where,
: Eccentricity between the gross area and effective area
eN
Cz,c : Gravity center of the gross area
Cz,c,eff : Gravity center of the effective area
(2.5)
EN199311:2005
6.2.2.5(4)
52
EN199315:2006
4.4
1.6Plateelementswithoutlongitudinalstiffeners
TheeffectiveareasofflatcompressionelementsshouldbeobtainedusingTable2.7forinternal
elementsandTable2.8foroutstandelements.Theeffectiveareaofthecompressionzoneof
plateshouldbeobtainedfrom:
Ac,eff Ac
(2.6)
where,
Ac,eff : The effective cross sectional area.
Ac : The gross cross sectional area.
: The reduction factor for plate buckling.
(1)Effectivewidthbeff
Refer to thefollowing table and figure to see thedefinition of internal element and outstand
elementinmidasCivil.
[Table2.6]Definitionofinternalandoutstandelement
Type
Shape
Definedas
Internal
element
Web
Box
Web/Flangesbetweenweb
Flange
Box
Outstandflangewhichistheoutsideofwebs
Outstand
element
[Fig.2.10]Internalandoutstandelement
Forinternalcompressionelements
[Table2.7]Internalcompressionelements
EN199315:2006
Table4.1
53
Foroutstandcompressionelements
[Table2.8]Outstandcompressionelements
EN199315:2006
Table4.2
(2)Reductionfactor
[Table2.9]Calculationofreductionfactor
Type
Internal
element
Outstand
element
Condition
p 0.673
1.0
p 0.673
where, 3 0
p 0.0553
p
p 0.748
p 0.748
EN199315:2006
4.4(2)
1.0
1.0
p 0.188
p
1.0
where,
bt
y
p 28.4 k
cr
(2.7)
b : The appropriate width to be taken as follow.

bs : For webs
b : For internal flange elements.
c : For outstand flanges.
EN199311:2005
Table5.2
[Fig.2.11]Dimensionofoutstandflanges
: The stress ratio.

k : The buckling factor corresponding to the stress ratio and boundary conditions.
t : The thickness.
cr : The elastic critical plate buckling stress.
235
f y N mm2
(2.8)
54
1.7Stiffenedplateelementswithlongitudinalstiffeners
The effective section area of each subpanel should be determined by a reduction factor in
accordancewith1.6toaccountforlocalbuckling.Thestiffenedplatewitheffectivesectionarea
forthestiffenersshouldbecheckedforglobalplatebucklingandareductionfactorshouldbe
determinedforoverallplatebuckling.
Theeffectiveareaofthecompressionzoneofthestiffenedplateshouldbetakenas:
Ac,eff c Ac,eff ,loc bedge, off t
(2.9)
Ac ,eff ,loc Asl ,eff locbc ,loct
(2.10)
where,
Ac,eff,loc : The effective section areas of all the stiffeners and subpanels that are fully or partially in the
compression zone except the effective parts supported by an adjacent plate element with the width
bedge,eff.
applies to the part of effective section of all longitudinal stiffeners with gross area Asl located in the
compression zone.
bc,loc : The width of the compressed part of each subpanel.
loc : The reduction factor for each subpanel.
EN199315:2006
4.5
EN199315:2006
(4.5),(4.6)
EN199315:2006
Figure4.4
[Fig.2.12]Stiffenedplateunderuniformcompression
(1)Effectivewidthandreductionfactorforindividualsubpanelsbetweenstiffeners.
Calculatetheeffectivewidthofsubpanelsbetweenstiffenersaspertheclause1.6.
Thevalueof b istakenasthesmallervaluebetweenthefollows:
Clearspacingbetweenflangeandstiffener
Clearspacingbetweenstiffeners
(2)Elasticcriticalplatebucklingstresscr,pforstiffenedweb.
withsinglestiffenerinthecompressionzone
cr,pcanbecalculatedasfollowsignoringstiffenersinthetensionzone:
cr, p cr, sl
[Table2.10]Calculationofcr,sl
Condition
aac
a<ac
55
EN199315:2006
A.2.2(1)
(2.11)
cr,sl
1.05E
Asl ,1
EI sl ,1
2
Asl ,1a
I sl ,1t 3b
b1b2
3
Et ba
4 1 2 Asl ,1b12b22
2
EN199315:2006
(A.4)
where,
ac 4.334
I sl ,1b12b22
t3b
(2.12)
Asl,1 : The gross area of the column.

Isl,1 : The second moment of area of the gross cross-section of the column.
b1, b2 : The distances from the longitudinal edges of the web to the stiffener.
EN199315:2006
FigureA.2
[Fig.2.13]Notationsforawebplatewithsinglestiffenerinthecompressionzone
withtwostiffenersinthecompressionzone
cr,pshouldbetakenasthelowestofthosecomputedforthe3casesusingequation(2.13)
withb1=b1*,b2=b2*,b=B*.Thestiffenersintensionzoneshouldbeignored.
cr , p min cr , sl , I , cr , sl , II , cr , sl ,lumped
EN199315:2006
A.2.1(7)
(2.13)
EN199315:2006
FigureA.3
[Fig.2.14]Notationsforplatewithtwostiffenersinthecompressionzone
Itisassumedthatoneofstiffenersbuckleswhiletheotheroneactsasarigidsupport.
Bucklingofboththestiffenerssimultaneouslyisaccountedforbyconsideringasinglelumped
stiffenerthatissubstitutedforbothindividualonessuchthat:
(a)itscrosssectionalareaanditssecondmomentofareaIstarerespectivelythesumoffor
theindividualstiffeners.
(b)itispositionedatthelocationoftheresultantoftherespectiveforcesintheindividual
stiffeners.
withatleastthreestiffenersinthecompressionzone
cr, p k , p E
(2.14)
where,
2Et2
12(1 2 )b2
(2.15)
EN199315:2006
A.1(2)
56
k,p : The buckling coefficient.

b is defined in Fig. 2.15.
t : The thickness of the plate.
E : The modulus of elasticity of structural steel.
: The poissons ratio
EN199315:2006
FigureA.1
[Fig.2.15]Notationsforlongitudinallystiffenedplates(1)
k,pmaybeapproximatedasshowninthefollowingtable.
[Table2.11]Calculationofk,p
EN199315:2006
(A.2)
Condition
k,p
2
2 1 2 1
2 11
4 1
11
where,
2
0.5
1
(2.16)
I sl
Ip
Asl
Ap
(2.17)
(2.18)
a
0 .5
b
(2.19)
Isl : The sum of the second moment of area of the whole stiffened plate.
Asl : The sum of the gross area of the individual longitudinal stiffener.
Ip : The second moment of area for bending of the plate.
Ip
bt 3
12(1 2 )
Ap : The gross area of the plate = bt.

1 : The larger edge stress.
2 : The smaller edge stress.
a, b, t : As defined in Fig. 2.16.
57
(2.20)
EN199315:2006
FigureA.1
(3)Platetypebehavior.
Therelativeplateslenderness p oftheequivalentplate
A, c f y
cr , p
(2.21)
where,
A, c
Ac , eff ,loc
Ac
(2.22)
Ac
: The gross area of the compression zone of the stiffened plate except the parts of subpanels
supported by an adjacent plate.
Ac,eff,loc : The effective area of the same part of the plate with due allowance made for possible plate
buckling of subpanels and/or of stiffened panels.
Thereductionfactor
[Table2.12]Calculationof
Element
Internal
element
Condition
p 0.673
1.0
p 0.673
where, 3 0
p 0.748
Outstand
element
p 0.748
1.0
1.0
p 0.188
p
EN199315:2006
4.4(2)
p 0.0553
p
EN199315:2006
4.5.2(1)
1.0
58
(4)Columntypebehavior.
Theelasticcriticalcolumnbucklingstresscr,c
2 Et 2
12(1 2 )a 2
(a)Unstiffenedplate:
cr ,c
(b)Stiffenedplate:
cr ,c cr , sl
(2.23)
bc
bsl ,1
(2.24)
where,
a : Length of a stiffened or unstiffened plate.
cr ,sl
2 EI sl ,1
Asl ,1a2
(2.25)
Isl,1 : The second moment of area of the stiffener, relative to out-of-plane bending of the plate.
Asl,1: The gross cross-sectional area of the stiffener and the adjacent parts of the plate.
Therelativecolumnslenderness c
p 0.673
(2.26)
(b)Stiffenedplate:
A, c f y
cr , c
Asl ,1, eff
(2.28)
Asl ,1
Asl,1,eff : The effective cross-sectional area of the stiffener with due allowance for plate buckling.
Thereductionfactorc
1
c
2
1 .0
where, = 0.21
(b)Stiffenedplate:
(2.29)
2
0.51 c 0.2 c
(2.30)
2
0.51 e c 0.2 c
(2.31)
where,
0.09
i/e
I sl ,1
Asl ,1
(2.33)
e = max(e1, e2) is the largest distance from the respective centroids of the plating and the one-sided
stiffener (or of the centroids of either set of stiffeners when present on both sides) to the neutral axis of
the column.
= 0.34 (for closed section stiffener), 0.49 (for open section stiffener)
59
EN199315:2006
4.5.3(4)
EN199311:2005
6.3.1.2
EN199315:2006
4.5.3(5)
(2.32)
(2.27)
where,
A, c
EN199315:2006
4.5.3(2),(3)
(5)Finalreductionfactorc frominteractionbetweenplateandcolumnbuckling.
c c 2 c
(2.34)
where,
cr, p
1
cr,c
0 1 .0
(2.35)
cr,p : The elastic critical plate buckling stress.

cr,c : The elastic critical column buckling stress.
c : The reduction factor due to column buckling.
Longitudinalstiffener
Longitudinalstiffenersofboxgirderneedtobeenteredbysectionproperties.Flat,Tee,URib
typestiffenercanbedefined.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>LongitudinalStiffener
[Fig.2.17]SectionManager,LongitudinalstiffenerDialog
1.8Calculatebendingresistance,MRd
Bendingresistance,MRd,canbecalculatedasfollowsbasedonitsclass.
Class1or2crosssectionscanbecheckedbyusingtheplasticorelasticbendingresistance.
Class3crosssectionsarecheckedwiththeelasticbendingresistance,orpossiblyreclassifiedas
effectiveClass2crosssectionandthencheckedwiththeplasticbendingresistance.
Class 4 crosssections are also checked with the elastic bending resistance but by using the
effectivecrosssection,reducedtotakeaccountofbuckling.
(1)Class1and2+PositiveMoment.
Thestrengthofthereinforcingsteelbarsincompressionisneglected.
Generalcase: M Rd M pl, Rd
(2.36)
EN199315:2006
4.5.4(1)
60
ForthestructuralsteelgradeS420orS460,MRd iscalculatedasshowninthetablebelow.
[Table2.13]CalculationMRd
Condition
MRd
M
xpl0.15h
EN19942:2005
6.2.1.4(6)
pl , Rd
M pl , Rd
0.15h<xpl0.4h
NcNc,el
M a, Ed M el , Rd M a, Ed
Nc,el<NcNc,f
NNc
c , el
xpl>0.4h
M el , Rd M pl , Rd M el , Ed
NN
c, f
N c , el
N c , el
where,
Mpl,Rd : Design value of the plastic resistance moment of the composite section with full shear
connection.
Mel,Rd : Design value of the elastic resistance moment of the composite section.
: The reduction factor.

Nc : Design value of the compressive normal force in the concrete flange.
Nc,el : Compressive normal force in the concrete flange corresponding to Mel,Rd.
Nc,f : Design value of the compressive normal force in the concrete flange with full shear connection.
[Fig.2.18]ReductionfactorforMpl,Rd
(2)Class1and2+NegativeMoment.
Thestrengthoftheconcreteintensionisneglected.
Bendingresistance
M Rd M pl, Rd
(2.37)
(3)Class3
Bendingresistance
M Rd Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed
EN19942:2005
(6.4)
(2.38)
(4)Class4
Section properties should be calculated by considering the effective area. If the section is
under the compression, the additional moment must be taken in to account due to the
eccentricitybetweenthegravitycenterofgrosssectionandeffectivesection.
Refertotheclause1.5toseehowtocalculatetheeffectiveareaandadditionalmoment.
Bendingresistance
(2.39)
61
EN19942:2005
(6.4)
1.9Checkbendingresistance
M Ed M Rd
(2.40)
where,
MEd : Design bending moment.
Loadcombination
In midas Civil, bending resistance will be verified for the load combinations that the Active
columnisspecifiedasStrength/StressinResults>Loadcombinations>SteelDesigntab.
1.10VerificationofBendingResistance
ByResultTable
Bendingresistancecanbeverifiedinthetableformatasshownbelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>BendingResistance
Elem:Element
Position:I/Jend
Positive/Negative:Positive/Negativemoment
Lcom:Loadcombination
Type:Loadcombinationtype(Fxxmax,Fxxmin,...Mzzmin)
TopClass:Classoftopflange
BotClass:Classofbottomflange
WebClass:Classofweb
Sect.Class:Classofcrosssection
Ma,Ed:Thedesignbendingmomentappliedtostructuralsteelsectionbefore
compositebehavior
Mc,Ed:Thepartofthedesignbendingmomentactingonthecompositesection
Mpl,Rd:Designvalueoftheplasticresistancemomentofthecompositesection
Mel,Rd:Designvalueoftheelasticresistancemomentofthecompositesection
M_Rd:Designvalueoftheresistancemomentofacompositesection
62
ByExcelReport
DetailresultswithappliedequationsandparameterscanbecheckedintheExcelReport.
63
2.Resistancetoverticalshear
Limitstateofverticalshearresistancewillsatisfythecondition, VEd VRd .
Shear resistance, VRd , will be determined as smaller value between Vpl,Rd and Vb,Rd when
consideringshearbuckling.Whentheshearbucklingisnotconsidered,Shearresistance, VRd ,
will be determined as Vpl,Rd. The plastic resistance and buckling resistance are calculated as
follows.
2.1Plasticresistancetoverticalshear
Vpl, Rd Vpl,a, Rd
Av ( f y / 3 )
M0
EN19942:2005
6.2.2.2
EN199311:2005
(6.18)
EN199311:2005
6.2.6(3)d)
(2.41)
where,
M0 : The partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is.
Av : The shear area. In midas Civil, only welded I, H and box sections are considered.
Av hwt w
(2.42)
hw : The depth of the web

tw : The web thickness
: The coefficient that includes the increase of shear resistance at web slenderness
SteelGrade
S235toS460
1.20
OverS460
1.00
2.2Shearbucklingresistance
Plateswith
h
hw 72
31
foranunstiffenedweb,or w k forastiffenedweb,shouldbe
checkedforresistancetoshearbucklingandshouldbeprovidedwithtransversestiffenersat
thesupports.
f ywhwt
Vb, Rd Vbw, Rd Vbf , Rd
(2.43)
3 M 1
EN19942:2005
6.2.2.3
EN199315:2006
(5.1)
EN199315:2006
(5.2)
(1)ContributionfromthewebVbw,Rd
Vbw, Rd
w f yw hwt
3 M 1
(2.44)
where,
fyw : Yield strength of the web.
hw : Clear web depth between flanges.
t : Thickness of the plate.
M1 : Partial factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks.
w : Factor for the contribution of the web to the shear buckling resistance.
64

EN199315:2006
Table5.1
EN199315:2006
Figure5.1
[Table2.15]Contributionfromthewebw
Condition
Rigidendpost
Nonrigidendpost
w 0.83/
0.83/ w 1.08
0.83/ w
0.83/ w
w 1.08
1.37/(0.7 w )
0.83/ w
[Fig.2.19]Endsupports
w : Slenderness parameter.
[Table2.16]Calculationofw
EN199315:2006
5.3(3)
EN199315:2006
5.3(5)
Condition
Transversestiffenersatsupportsonly.
(InmidasCivil,whenlongitudinalstiffenerexistsonly)
Transversestiffenersatsupportsandintermediatetransverse
orlongitudinalstiffenersorboth(InmidasCivil,exceptforthe
conditionwhenlongitudinalstiffenerexistsonly)
hw
86.4t
hw
37.4t k
For webs with longitudinal stiffeners,
hwi
37.4t ki
(2.45)
hwi and ki refer to the subpanel with the largest slenderness parameter w of all subpanels within the web
panel under consideration. (kst = 0)
235
fy
(2.46)
k : The minimum shear buckling coefficient for the web panel.
[Table2.17]Calculationk
No.oflongitudinal
stiffeners
=0or>2
1or2
65
Condition
a/hw1.0
k 5.34 4.00(hw / a)2 kst
a/hw<1.0
k 4.00 5.34(hw / a)2 kst
=a/hw3.0
k 5.34 4.00(hw / a)2 kst
=a/hw<3.0
6.3 0.18
k 4.1
EN199315:2006
A.3
I sl
t hw
3
2.23
I sl
t 3hw
h
kst 9 w
a
I
2.1 I sl
4 sl
3
t 3h
t hw
w
(2.47)
a : The distance between transverse stiffeners.
EN199315:2006
Figure5.3
[Fig.2.20]Webwithtransverseandlongitudinalstiffeners
Isl : The second moment of area of the longitudinal stiffener about z-axis. The value of Isl will be
multiplied by 1/3 when calculating k.
[Table2.18]Calculation
SteelGrade
S235toS460
1.20
OverS460
1.00
(2)Calculationoftheshearstressintheflange Ed,max
Structuralsteelboxsection
Ed ,a
VEd ,a Q f ,a
Ia t f
(2.48)
Compositeboxsection
Ed ,c
VEd ,c Q f ,c
Ic t f
(2.49)
Ed ,max Ed ,a Ed ,c
(2.50)
Rd
f yf
(2.51)
3 M 1
where,
Qf,a : Geometric moment of area in flange before composite
Qf,c : Geometric moment of area in flange after composite
Ia : Second moment of area in flange before composite
Ic : Second moment of area in flange after composite
fyf : Yield strength of the flange.
VEd,a : Shear force of girder before composite
VEd,c : Shear force of girder after composite
: Apply the value of 1.2.
66
In case of box girder, shear resistance verification in flange will be done by comparing the
maximumshearforce, Ed,max,totheshearresistance, Rd.
Transversestiffener
Transversestiffenerscanbespecifiedbymembers.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TransverseStiffener
a:Spacingofrigidtransverse
stiffeners
[Fig.2.21]Transversestiffener
Transversestiffenerofendsupport
Transversestiffenerofendsupportcanbeenteredfromthefollowingdialogbox.Endsupport
typebynodesandrelatedparametercanbedefined.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TransverseStiffenerofEndSupport
Typeofendsupport
(SeeFig.2.17)
[Fig.2.22]TransverseStiffenerofEndSupport
67
2.3Resistancetoverticalshear
VRdiscalculateddependingonthevalueofhw/tasshowninthetablebelow.
[Table2.19]CalculationofVRd
Condition
Unstiffened
Stiffened
VRd
hw 72
VRd V pl, Rd
hw 72
VRd Vb, Rd
hw 31
k
VRd V pl, Rd
hw 31
k
t
VRd Vb, Rd
where,
Vpl,Rd : The plastic resistance to vertical shear.
Vb,Rd : The shear buckling resistance.
2.4Interactionbendingandverticalshear
(1)Verificationconditionofinteractionbetweensearforceandbendingmoment
When the following condition is satisfied, combined effects of bending and shear need to be
verified.
EN19942:2005
6.2.2.4(1)
EN19942:2005
6.2.2.4(2)
Figure6.7
VEd
0.5
Vbw, Rd
(2.52)
where,
VEd : The design shear force including shear from torque.
Vbw,Rd : The design resistance for shear of contribution from the web.
(2)ForcrosssectionsinClass1or2
Applythereduceddesignsteelstrength(1)fydinthesheararea.Itisnotconsideredinmidas
Civil.
2VEd
VRd
(2.53)
[Fig.2.23]Plasticstressdistributionmodifiedbytheeffectofverticalshear
68
(3)ForcrosssectionsinClass3and4
3 0.5 :MRd,NRdneednotbereduced.
3 0.5 :ThecombinedeffectsofbendingandshearinthewebofanIorboxgirdershould
satisfy.
1 1
M f , Rd
2
23 1 1.0
M pl , Rd
M f , Rd
M Ed
M pl , Rd M pl , Rd
(2.55)
VEd
Vbw, Rd
(2.56)
2.5Checkresistancetoverticalshear
VEd VRd
(2.57)
where,
VEd : Design value of the shear force acting on the composite section.
VRd : Design value of the resistance of the composite section to vertical shear.
2.6Verificationofverticalshearresistance
ByResultTable
Theverificationresultscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>ResistancetoVerticalShear
Position:I/Jend
TopClass:Classoftopflange
BotClass:Classofbottomflange
WebClass:Classofweb
Sect.Class:Classofcrosssection
N_Ed:Designvalueofthecompressivenormalforce
M_Ed:Designbendingmoment
V_Ed:Designvalueoftheshearforceactingonthecompositesection
Vpl,Rd:Designvalueoftheplasticresistanceofthecompositesectiontoverticalshear
Vb,Rd:Designvalueoftheshearbucklingresistanceofasteelweb
69
EN199315:2006
7.1(1)
(2.54)
where,
ByExcelReport
70
3.Resistancetolongitudinalshear
ResistancetolongitudinalisverifiedonlyfortheplateIgirderandthefollowingconditionmust
besatisfied.
L, Ed L, Rd
L, Ed , L, Rd shallbecalculatedasfollows.
3.1Designshearresistanceofheadedstud
PRd minPRd 1 , PRd 2
EN19942:2005
6.6.3.1(1)
EN19942:2005
(6.20),(6.21)
(2.58)
PRd1
0.8 fud 2 / 4
(2.59)
PRd 2
0.29d 2 fck Ecm
(2.60)
where,
V : The partial factor.
d : The diameter of the shank of the stud.
fu : The specified ultimate tensile strength of the material of the stud.
fck : The characteristic cylinder compressive strength of the concrete at the age considered.
hsc : The overall nominal height of the stud.
3hsc/d4
hsc
1
d
0.2
hsc/d>4
=1
Shearconnector
Forshearconnectors,enterthenumberofconnectors,tensilestrength,dimension,height(hsc),
transversespacing(st),andlongitudinalspacing(sc).
[Fig.2.24]Notationofshearconnector
71
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>ShearConnector
[Fig.2.25]ShearconnectorInputDialog
3.2Bearingshearstressofshearconnector,L,Rd
L, Rd
PRd N
sc
(2.61)
where,
N : The number of the shear connector.
sc : The space of the shear connector.
3.3Shearstressattheconnectionbetweengirderanddeck,L,Ed
(1) Beams with crosssections in Class 1 or 2 and under the sagging moment and inelastic
behavior(MEd>Mel,Rd)
L , Ed
where,
VL,Ed
VL , Ed
Lv
c, f
(2.62)
Nc,el M ED M el , Rd
M pl , Rd M el , Rd
(2)Othercases
VEdQs
Iy
EN19942:2005
6.6.2.2
(2.63)
Lv : Length of shear connection. (Lv = beff = Bc)
L, Ed
(2.64)
where,
Qs : Geometric moment of area at the shear connector position (contact point between girder and slab)
72
[Table2.21]CalculationofQs
Condition
Qs
Gravitycenterofcompositesection
<Heightofgirder
Calculatethegeometricmomentofarea
withslab
Heightofgirder
withgirder
3.4Checkresistancetolongitudinalshear
L, Ed L, Rd
(2.65)
where,
L,Ed : Design longitudinal shear force per unit length at the interface between steel and concrete.
L,Rd : Resistance to longitudinal shear.
3.5Verificationoflongitudinalshearresistance
ByResultTable
Verificationresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>Composite Steel Girder Design>Design Result Tables>Resistance to Longitudinal

Shear
Elem:Element
Position:I/Jend
V_L,Ed:Longitudinalshearforceactingonlength oftheinelasticregion
v_L,Ed:Designlongitudinalshearforceperunitlengthattheinterfacebetweensteelandconcrete
P_Rd:Designvalueoftheshearresistanceofasingleconnector
v_L,Rd:
v_Ed:Designlongitudinalshearstress
73
ByExcelReport
74
1.Stresslimitation
Forthestresslimitcheckofboxgirder,thefollowingstresswillbecalculatedandcomparedto
itsallowablestress:Normalstressofgirders,Shearstressofgirders,Combinedstressofgirders,
stressinslab,andstressinrebar.Eachstresscanbecalculatedasfollows.
1.1Stresslimitationforgirder
(1)NormalstressEd,ser
Ed , ser allow
fy
M , ser
(2.66)
Stressingirder,Ed,ser,iscalculatedbythestressessummationofbeforecompositeandafter
compositestateat4differentpoints.Memberforcesandsectionpropertiesarecalculatedas
showninthetablebelow.
[Table2.22]Memberforcesforcalculatinggirderstress
Type
Beforecomposite
Section
Properties
Girder
Member
Calculateusinggirderonly
Force
Aftercomposite
Saggingmoment:Deckconcrete+Girder
Calculateconsideringdeckconcreteandgirder
In midas Civil, applied section properties can be verified in the excel report. The section
propertiesofbeforecompositeactionisshownasBefore,aftercompositeactionisshown
asAfter,negativemomentwithconsideringcrackedsectionisshownasCrack.
(2)ShearstressEd,ser
Ed , ser allow
fy
3 M , ser
EN19932:2006
(7.2)
(2.67)
where,
Ed , ser
VEd
Av
(2.68)
VEd : Shear force after composite action

Av : Shear area. For I-girder, Av = hwtw. For the other sections, Av = Aweb.
76
(3)CombinedstressEd,com,ser
Ed ,com, ser allow
fy
M ,ser
(2.69)
where,
Ed ,com, ser
2
Ed
, ser
2
3 Ed
, ser
Stresslimitationparameters
M,ser
k1,k2,k3
[Fig.2.26]CompositeGirderDesignParameters
1.2Stresslimitationforconcreteofslab
c allow kf ck
(2.71)
where,
k : It is used as the user defined value.
[Table2.23]Recommendedvalueofkforconcrete
ServiceabilityLoad
combinationType
Applied
Recommended
Characteristic
k1
0.6
Quasipermanent
k2
0.45
fck : The characteristic value of the cylinder compressive strength of concrete at 28 days.
77
EN19932:2006
(7.3)
(2.70)
EN19942:2005
7.2.2(5)
EN19932:2006
(7.1)
EN19942:2005
7.2.2(2)
1.3Stresslimitationforreinforcementofslab
s allow k3 f sk
(2.72)
where,
k3 : It is used as the user defined value.
[Table2.24]Recommendedvalueofkforreinforcement
EN19942:2005
7.2.2(4
ServiceabilityLoad
combinationType
Applied
Recommended
Characteristic
k3
0.45
fsk : Characteristic value of the yield strength of reinforcing steel.
1.4Verificationofstresslimitationresistance
ByResultTable
Theverificationresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>StressLimitation
Sigma_Ed,ser,Tau_Ed,ser:Nominalstressesinthestructuralsteelfromthecharacteristic
loadcombination.RefertoEN199327.3.
ALW:Stresslimit.
Sigma_c:Stressintheconcretedeck.
k*fck:Stresslimit.
Sigma_s:stressinthereinforcement.
k*fsk:stresslimit.
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78
2.LongitudinalshearinSLS(ServiceabilityLimitStates)
ResistancetolongitudinalshearcanbeverifiedfortheIgirderandfollowingconditionmustbe
satisfied.
L, Ed L, Rd
(2.73)
EN19942:2005
6.6.3.1(1)
EN19942:2005
(6.20),(6.21)
PRd1
0.8 fud 2 / 4
(2.74)
PRd 2
0.29d 2 fck Ecm
(2.75)
where,
d : The diameter of the shank of the stud, 16mm d 25mm.
fu : The specified ultimate tensile strength of the material of the stud, 500N/mm2.
: Refer to Table 2.20.
Shearconnectorparameters
Shearconnectorisenteredbymembers.Refertotheclause3.1fortheinputmethod.
L, Rd
k s PRd N conn
sconn
where,
ks : Reduction factor for shear resistance of stud connector.
Nconn : The number of the shear connector.
sconn : The space of the shear connector.
79
(2.76)
Reductionfactorks
Reductionfactorforstud,ks,canbeenteredinCompositeSteelGirderDesignParametersdialog
box.
behavior(MEd>Mel,Rd).
L , Ed
where,
VL,Ed
VL , Ed
Lv
(2.77)
c, f
M pl , Rd M el , Rd
(2)Othercases
VEdQs
Iy
(2.79)
where,
Qs : Geometric moment of area at the shear connector position (contact point between girder and slab).
Refer to Table 2.21 to see the calculation method.
2.4CheckresistancetolongitudinalshearinSLS
L, Ed L, Rd
(2.80)
where,
EN19942:2005
6.6.2.2
(2.78)
L, Ed
80
2.5VerificationoflongitudinalshearinSLS
ByResultTable
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>LongitudinalshearinSLS
V_c,Ed: Vertical shear force acting on the composite section.

v_L,Ed: Longitudinal shear force per unit length in the shear connector.
P_Rd_ser: Shear resistance of a single shear connector for SLS.
v_L,Rd: Longitudinal shear resistance per unit length for the shear connector.
ByExcelReport
81
Chapter 3.
Composite Plate
Girder Design
EN 1994-2
Chapter 3.
Composite Plate Girder Design (EN 1994-2)
Composite Plate needs to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.

Bending Resistance
Resistance to Vertical Shear
Resistance to Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Resistance to Transverse Forces
Olny check for

Steel-ISection
Resistance to Longitudanal Shear

Resistance to Fatigue

Stress limitation for concrete
For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic

Load Combination
Stress limitation for reinforcing steel

Stress limitation for structral steel
For Characteristic Load Combination
Resistance to Longitudinal Shear

Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942
UltimateLimitStates
1.Bendingresistance
LimitstateofBendingResistancewillsatisfythecondition,MEdMRd.
Momentresistance,MRd,shallbecalculatedasfollows:
1.1Designvaluesofmaterial
(1)Partialfactorsformaterials
Partialfactorformaterialsconsideredinultimatelimitstatesareshowninthetablebelow.
InmidasCivil,partialfactorformaterialscanbespecifiedbytheuserinDesignParameter
dialogbox.ThedefaultvaluesaredeterminedasbelowasperEurocode4.
[Table3.1]Partialfactorformaterials
Materials
Concrete
Reinforcingsteel
Structuralsteel
Shearconnection
Fatigueverification
ofheadedstuds
Condition
PartialFactor
c=1.5
Accidental
c=1.2
s=1.15
Accidental
s=1.0
Crosssections
M0=1.0
Memberstoinstabilityassessed
memberstoinstability
M1=1.0
Strength
Mf=1.0
Strengthofstudsinshear
Mf,s=1.0
V=1.25
f cd f ck / c
EN19942:2005
2.4.1.2
EN19942:2005
(2.1)
(3.1)
where,
(3)Designyieldstrengthofsteelreinforcement.
f sd f sk / s
(3.2)
where,
fsk : The characteristic value of the yield strength of reinforcing steel.
s : The partial factor for reinforcing steel.
82
(4)Designyieldstrengthofstructuralsteel.
f yd f y / M 0
(3.3)
where,
fy : The nominal value of the yield strength of structural steel.
M0 : The partial factor for structural steel applied to resistance of cross-sections.
Thenominalvaluesoftheyieldstrengthfyandtheultimatestrengthfuforstructuralsteel
shallbeobtainedbyusingthesimplificationgiveninFig.3.1.
[Fig.3.1]Nominalvaluesofyieldstrengthfyandultimatetensilestrengthfu
Partialsafetyfactor
Parameters related to the material such as partial factors, damage equivalence factors, and
shear resistance reduction factor can be defined in Composite Steel Girder Design
Parametersdialogbox.
Thedefaultvaluesofpartialfactorsaredefinedas1.0.
[Fig.3.2]DesignParametersDialog
83
EN199311:2005
Table3.1
Designstrengthofmaterials
Designstrengthofconcrete,reinforcement,andsteelcanbedefinedinModifySRCMaterial
dialogbox.
In SteelDesign Selection field, when Code is entered asEN05,Fy1 istensile strength of the
steelforwhichthethicknessislessorequalto40mmandFy2istensilestrengthofthesteelfor
whichthethicknessislargerthan40mm.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignMaterial
[Fig.3.3]Compositesteelgirderdesignmaterial
1.2Classificationofcrosssection
The classification system defined in EN199311:2005, 5.5.2 applies to crosssections of
compositebeams.
[Table3.2]Classesofcrosssections
Class
Definedas
whichcanformaplastichingewiththerotationcapacityrequiredfromplastic
analysiswithoutreductionoftheresistance
whichcandeveloptheirplasticmomentresistance,buthavelimitedrotation
capacitybecauseoflocalbuckling
inwhichthestressintheextremecompressionfibreofthesteelmemberassuming
anelasticdistributionofstressescanreachtheyieldstrength,butlocalbucklingis
liabletopreventdevelopmentoftheplasticmomentresistance
inwhichlocalbucklingwilloccurbeforetheattainmentofyieldstressinoneor
morepartsofthecrosssection
EN199311:2005
5.5.2
84
(1) The classification of a crosssection depends on the width to thickness ratio of the parts
subjecttocompression.
ClassificationofClassinflange
ClassofflangecanbeclassifieddependingonthePositiveandnegativemoment.
[Table3.3]Classofcompressionflange
Moment Position
Classofcompressionflange
Positive
Top
Flange
Asteelcompressionflangethatisrestrainedfrombucklingby
effectiveattachmenttoaconcreteflangebyshearconnectors
maybeassumedtobeinClass1.
Negative
Bottom
Flange
CompositeI:CheckforoutstandflangesinFig. 3.4.
CompositeBox : Check for outstand flanges and internal
compressionpartinFig.3.5.
EN199311:2005
Table5.2
[Fig.3.4]MaximumwidthtothicknessratiosforcompressionpartsOutstand
85
ClassificationofClassinweb:checkforinternalcompressionpartinFig. 3.5.
EN199311:2005
Table5.2
[Fig.3.5]MaximumwidthtothicknessratiosforcompressionpartsInternal
(2)Classificationofacrosssection
Acrosssectionisclassifiedaccordingtothehighest(leastfavorable)classofitscompression
partsasfollowingtable.
[Table3.4]Classofsectionaccordingtoclassofcompressionparts
ClassofFlange
ClassofSection
1
2
3
4
1
Classof
Web
2*
2*
EN199311:2005
5.5.2(6)
EN199311:2005
5.5.2(11)
EN199311:2005
6.2.2.4(1)
*: Crosssections with webs in Class3 and flanges in Class1 or 2 may be treated as an

effectivecrosssectionsinClass2withaneffectivewebinaccordancewithEN199311:2005,
6.2.2.4.ThisclauseisappliedtoIshapesectiononly.
EffectiveClass2crosssection
Theproportionofthewebincompressionshouldbereplacedbyapartof20twadjacentto
thecompressionflange,withanotherpartof20twadjacenttotheplasticneutralaxisofthe
effectivecrosssectioninaccordancewithfollowingfigure.
86
EN199311:2005
Figure6.3
[Fig.3.6]Effectiveclass2web
1.3Calculateplasticbendingresistance,Mpl,Rd.
Forpositivemoment:Compressiverebarinthedeckwillbeignored.
Fornegativemoment:Concreteareaofdeckwillbeneglectedandonlythetensilerebarin
thedeckwillbeconsidered.
EN19942:2005
Figure6.2
[Fig.3.7]Plasticstressdistributionsforacompositebeam
ForIshapegirderundersaggingmoment,Mpl,Rdcanbecalculateddependingonthepositionof
plasticneutralaxis.
(1)Locatedintheslabdepthforpositivemoment
[Fig.3.8]PNAintheslabdepthforpositivemoment
[Table3.5]Mpl,Rdintheslabdepthforpositivemoment
Part
Force
Distance
Slab
Nc 0.85 fcd Bc x pl
TopFlange
Na,top f ydbtf ttf
atop tc Hh 0.5ttf 0.5x pl
Web
Na,web f ydtwhw
aweb tc Hh ttf 0.5tw 0.5x pl
BottomFlange
Na,bot f ydbbf tbf
abot tc Hh t f tw 0.5tbf 0.5x pl
Mpl,Rd
87
M pl, Rd Na,topatop Na,webaweb Na,botabot
(2)Locatedinthewebofsteelgirderforpositivemoment
[Fig.3.9]PNAinthewebofsteelgirderforpositivemoment
[Table3.6]Mpl,Rdinthewebofsteelgirderforpositivemoment
Part
Force
Distance
Slab
N c 0.85 f cd Bc t c
TopFlange
Na,top f ydbtf ttf
atop 0.5tc Hh 0.5ttf
Web(Comp)
Na, web,c f yd tw ( x pl tc H h ttf )
aweb,c 0.5( x pl Hh ttf )
Web(Tens)
Na, web,t f ydtw (tc Hh ttf hw x pl )
aweb,t 0.5( x pl Hh ttf hw )
BottomFlange
Na,bot f ydbbf tbf
abot 0.5tc Hh ttf tw 0.5tbf
Mpl,Rd
M pl, Rd Na,topatop Na, web,caweb,c Na, web,t aweb,t Na,botabot
ForIshapegirderunderhoggingmoment,whenplasticneutralaxisislocatedintheweb,Mpl,Rd
canbecalculatedasfollows.Themomentiscalculatedbasedonthepositionofplasticneutralaxis.
(3)Locatedinthewebofsteelgirderfornegativemoment
[Fig.3.10]PNAinthewebofsteelgirderfornegativemoment
[Table3.7]Mpl,Rdinthewebofsteelgirderfornegativemoment
Part
Force
SlabRebar
N si f sd Asi
Distance
asi x pl d si
TopFlange
Na,top f yd Btf ttf
atop x pl tc H h 0.5ttf
Web(Tens)
Na,web,t f yd ( x pl tc H h ttf )t w
aweb,t 0.5( x pl tc H h ttf )
Web(Comp)
Na,web,c f yd (tc H h ttf hw x pl )t w
aweb,c 0.5(tc H h ttf hw x pl )
BottomFlange
Na,bot f yd Bbf tbf
Mpl,Rd
abot tc H h ttf hw 0.5tbf x pl
M pl ,Rd N si asi N a,top atop N a,web,t aweb,t N a,web,c aweb,c N a,bot abot
88
1.4Calculateelasticbendingresistance,Mel,Rd
Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed
[Fig.3.11]CalculationofMel,Rd
where,
Ma,Ed : Design bending moment applied to structural steel section before composite behavior. Bending
moment obtained during the construction stage analysis is used in midas Civil.
Mc,Ed : The part of design bending moment acting on the composite section. Bending moment obtained
from the final construction stage is used in midas Civil.
k
: The lowest factor such that a stress limit in EN1994-2:2005, 6.2.1.5(2) is reached. In midas Civil,
the value of k is calculated as below.
[Table3.8]Calculationofk
Type
SteelGirder
Slab
EN19942:2005
(6.4)
(3.4)
ForPositiveMoment
ka
kc
M c, Ed ( z c / I y ,c )
f cd
M c ,Ed ( z c,slab / I y ,c ,slab )
Reinforcement
min[ka,kc]
ForNegativeMoment
ka
M c, Ed ( z c / I y ,c )
ks
f sd
M c , Ed ( z c ,bar / I y ,c ,bar )
min[ka,ks]
1.5CalculateeffectivecrosssectionforClass4section
(1)Calculateeffectivecrosssection
For crosssections in Class4, the effective structural steel section should be determined in
accordancewithEN199315,4.3.
InmidasCivil,theeffectofsharelagisnotconsideredinthecalculationofeffectivearea.Only
theplatebucklingeffectisconsidered.
TheeffectiveareaAeffshouldbedeterminedassumingthatthecrosssectionissubjectonlyto
stressesduetouniformaxialcompression.
EN199315:2006
4.3
EN199315:2006
Figure4.1
[Fig.3.12]Class4crosssectionsaxialforce
89
TheeffectivesectionmodulusWeffshouldbedeterminedassumingthatthecrosssectionis
subjectonlytobendingstresses.
EN199315:2006
Figure4.2
[Fig.3.13]Class4crosssectionsbendingmoment
Thecalculationofeffectiveareadependingonthelongitudinalstiffenerwillbeexplainedinthe
clause1.6and1.7inthismanual.
(2)Considerationofadditionalmomentduetotheeccentricityofgravitycenterbetweenthe
grossareaandtheeffectivearea
In case of the section with Class 4 classification under the compressive force, the additional
momentduetothedifferentgravitycenterbetweengrossareaandeffectiveareaistakeninto
accountinthedesignmoment.
M Ed NEdeN NEd Cz,c Cz,c,eff
(3.5)
where,
eN: Eccentricity between the gross area and effective area
Cz,c: Gravity center of the gross area
Cz,c,eff: Gravity center of the effective area
1.6Plateelementswithoutlongitudinalstiffeners
TheeffectiveareasofflatcompressionelementsshouldbeobtainedusingTable2.8forinternal
elementsandTable2.9foroutstandelements.Theeffectiveareaofthecompressionzoneof
plateshouldbeobtainedfrom:
Ac,eff Ac
where,
Ac,eff : Effective cross sectional area.
Ac : The gross cross sectional area.
: The reduction factor for plate buckling.
(3.6)
EN199311:2005
6.2.2.5(4)
EN199315:2006
4.4
90
(1)Effectivewidthbeff
Refertothefollowingtableandfiguretoseethedefinitionofinternalelementandoutstand
elementinmidasCivil.
[Table3.9]Definitionofinternalandoutstandelement
Type
Shape
Definedas
Internal
element
Web
Box
Web/Flangesbetweenweb
Flange
Box
Outstandflangewhichistheoutsideofwebs
Outstand
element
[Fig.3.14]Internalandoutstandelement
Forinternalcompressionelements
[Table3.10]Internalcompressionelements
EN199315:2006
Table4.1
EN199315:2006
Table4.2
Foroutstandcompressionelements
[Table3.11]Outstandcompressionelements
91
(2)Reductionfactor
[Table3.12]Calculationofreductionfactor
Type
Internal
element
Condition
p 0.673
1.0
p 0.673
where, 3 0
p 0.0553
p
p 0.748
Outstand
element
p 0.748
EN199315:2006
4.4(2)
1.0
1.0
p 0.188
p
1.0
where,
fy
cr
b/t
(3.7)
28.4 k
b : The appropriate width to be taken as follow.

bw : For webs
b : Forinternal flange elements.
c : For outstand flanges.
EN199311:2005
Table5.2
EN199315:2006
4.5
[Fig.3.15]Dimensionofoutstandflanges
: The stress ratio.

k : The buckling factor corresponding to the stress ratio and boundary conditions.
t : The thickness.
cr : The elastic critical plate buckling stress.
235
f y [ N/mm2 ]
(3.8)
1.7Stiffenedplateelementswithlongitudinalstiffeners
The effective section area of each subpanel should be determined by a reduction factor in
accordance with 1.6 to account for local buckling. The stiffened plate with effective section
area for the stiffeners should be checked for global plate buckling and a reduction factor
shouldbedeterminedforoverallplatebuckling.
Theeffectiveareaofthecompressionzoneofthestiffenedplateshouldbetakenas:
Ac ,eff c Ac,eff ,loc bedge,off t
(3.9)
Ac,eff ,loc Asl ,eff locbc,loct
(3.10)
EN199315:2006
(4.5),(4.6)
where,
Ac,eff,loc : The effective section areas of all the stiffeners and subpanels that are fully or partially in the
compression zone except the effective parts supported by an adjacent plate element with the
width bedge,eff.
92
applies to the part of effective section according to 1.6 of all longitudinal stiffeners with gross area
Asl located in the compression zone.
bc,loc : The width of the compressed part of each subpanel.
loc : The reduction factor from 1.5 for each subpanel.
EN199315:2006
Figure4.4
[Fig.3.16]Stiffenedplateunderuniformcompression
(1)Effectivewidthandreductionfactorforindividualsubpanelsbetweenstiffeners.
Calculatetheeffectivewidthofsubpanelsbetweenstiffenersaspertheclause1.6.
Thevalueof b istakenasthesmallervaluebetweenthefollows:
Clearspacingbetweenflangeandstiffener
Clearspacingbetweenstiffeners
(2)Elasticcriticalplatebucklingstresscr,pforstiffenedweb.
withsinglestiffenerinthecompressionzone
cr,pcanbecalculatedasfollowsignoringstiffenersinthetensionzone:
cr, p cr, sl
EN199315:2006
A.2.2(1)
EN199315:2006
(A.4)
(3.11)
[Table3.13]Calculationofcr,sl
Condition
aac
cr,sl
1.05E
Asl ,1
2 EI sl ,1
a<ac
Asl ,1a
I sl ,1t 3b
b1b2
Et 3ba 2
4 2 1 2 Asl ,1b12b22
where,
ac 4.334
I sl ,1b12b22
t3b
Asl,1 : The gross area of the column.

Isl,1 : The second moment of area of the gross cross-section of the column.
b1, b2 : The distances from the longitudinal edges of the web to the stiffener.
[Fig.3.17]Notationsforawebplatewithsinglestiffenerinthecompressionzone
93
(3.12)
EN199315:2006
FigureA.2
EN199315:2006
A.2.1(7)
EN199315:2006
FigureA.3
withtwostiffenersinthecompressionzone
cr,pshouldbetakenasthelowestofthosecomputedforthe3casesusingequation(3.13)
withb1=b1*,b2=b2*,b=B*.Thestiffenersintensionzoneshouldbeignored.
cr , p min cr ,sl , I , cr ,sl , II , cr ,sl ,lumped
(3.13)
[Fig.3.18]Notationsforplatewithtwostiffenersinthecompressionzone
Itisassumedthatoneofstiffenersbuckleswhiletheotheroneactsasarigidsupport.
Bucklingofboththestiffenerssimultaneouslyisaccountedforbyconsideringasinglelumped
stiffenerthatissubstitutedforbothindividualonessuchthat:
(a)ItscrosssectionalareaanditssecondmomentofareaIstarerespectivelythesumofforthe
individualstiffeners.
(b) It is positioned at the location of the resultant of the respective forces in the individual
stiffeners.
withatleastthreestiffenersinthecompressionzone
cr, p k , p E
2 Et2
12(1 2 )b2
(3.15)
k,p : The buckling coefficient.

b is defined in Fig. 3.19.
t : The thickness of the plate.
E : The modulus of elasticity of structural steel.
: The poissons ratio
k,p may be approximated as in the following table.
EN199315:2006
A.1(2)
(3.14)
where,
EN199315:2006
FigureA.1
94

EN199315:2006
(A.2)
[Table3.14]Calculationofk,p
Condition
k,p
2
2 1 2 1
2 11
41
11
where,
2
0.5
1
(3.16)
I sl
Ip
(3.17)
Asl
Ap
a
0.5
b
(3.18)
(3.19)
Isl : The sum of the second moment of area of the whole stiffened plate.
Asl : The sum of the gross area of the individual longitudinal stiffener.
Ip : The second moment of area for bending of the plate.
Ip
bt 3
12(1 2 )
(3.20)
Ap : The gross area of the plate = bt.

1 : The larger edge stress.
2 : The smaller edge stress.
a, b, t : as defined in Fig.3.20.
EN199315:2006
FigureA.1
95
(3)Platetypebehavior.
Therelativeplateslenderness p oftheequivalentplate
A, c f y
cr , p
(3.21)
where,
A,c
Ac,eff ,loc
Ac
(3.22)
: The gross area of the compression zone of the stiffened plate except the parts of subpanels
supported by an adjacent plate.
Ac,eff,loc : The effective area of the same part of the plate with due allowance made for possible plate
buckling of subpanels and/or of stiffened panels.
Ac
Thereductionfactor
Element
Internal
element
Condition
p 0.673
1.0
p 0.673
where, 3 0
p 0.748
Outstand
element
1.0
1.0
p 0.188
p 0.748
1.0
(4)Columntypebehavior.
Theelasticcriticalcolumnbucklingstresscr,c
(a)Unstiffenedplate: cr ,c
2 Et 2
12(1 2 )a 2
(3.23)
(b)Stiffenedplate: cr ,c cr, sl
bc
bsl ,1
(3.24)
where,
a : Length of a stiffened or unstiffened plate.
cr ,sl
2 EI sl ,1
(3.25)
Asl ,1a2
Isl,1 : The second moment of area of the stiffener, relative to out-of-plane bending of the plate.
Asl,1 : The gross cross-sectional area of the stiffener and the adjacent parts of the plate
EN199315:2006
4.4(2)
p 0.0553
EN199315:2006
4.5.2(1)
EN199315:2006
4.5.3(2),(3)
96
Therelativecolumnslenderness c
(a)Unstiffenedplate: c
fy
cr,c
EN199315:2006
4.5.3(4)
EN199311:2005
6.3.1.2
(3.26)
(b)Stiffenedplate: c
A,c f y
cr,c
(3.27)
where,
A,c
Asl ,1,eff
Asl ,1
(3.28)
Asl,1,eff : The effective cross-sectional area of the stiffener with due allowance for plate buckling.
Thereductionfactorc
1
2 c
1.0
(3.29)
2
(a)Unstiffenedplate: 0.51 c 0.2 c
(3.30)
where, = 0.21
2
(b)Stiffenedplate: 0.51 e c 0.2 c
(3.31)
where,
0.09
i/e
EN199315:2006
4.5.3(5)
EN199315:2006
4.5.4(1)
(3.32)
I sl ,1
Asl ,1
(3.33)
e = max(e1, e2) is the largest distance from the respective centroids of the plating and the one-sided
stiffener (or of the centroids of either set of stiffeners when present on both sides) to the neutral axis of
the column.
= 0.34 (for closed section stiffener), 0.49 (for open section stiffener)
(5)Finalreductionfactorcfrominteractionbetweenplateandcolumnbuckling.
c c 2 c
(3.34)
where,
cr , p
1 , 0 1.0
cr ,c
cr,p : The elastic critical plate buckling stress.

cr,c : The elastic critical column buckling stress.
c : The reduction factor due to column buckling.
97
(3.35)
Longitudinalstiffener
Longitudinal stiffeners of plate girder need to be entered by section properties. Flat type
stiffenercanbedefined.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>LongitudinalStiffener(PlateGirderOnly)
[Fig.3.21]LongitudinalstiffenerDialog
1.8Calculatebendingresistance,MRd
Bendingresistance,MRd,canbecalculatedasfollowsbasedonitsclass.
Class1or2crosssectionscanbecheckedbyusingtheplasticorelasticbendingresistance.
Class3crosssectionsarecheckedwiththeelasticbendingresistance,orpossiblyreclassified
aseffectiveClass2crosssectionandthencheckedwiththeplasticbendingresistance.
Class 4 crosssections are also checked with the elastic bending resistance but by using the
effectivecrosssection,reducedtotakeaccountofbuckling.
(1)Class1and2+PositiveMoment.
Thestrengthofthereinforcingsteelbarsincompressionisneglected.
Generalcase: M Rd M pl, Rd
(3.36)
ForthestructuralsteelgradeS420orS460,MRdiscalculatedasshowninthetablebelow.
[Table3.16]CalculationMRd
Condition
MRd
xpl0.15h
M pl , Rd
0.15h<xpl0.4h
M pl , Rd
NcNc,el
xpl>0.4h
Nc,el<NcNc,f
M a , Ed M el , Rd M a , Ed
EN19942:2005
6.2.1.4(6)
NNc
c , el
M el , Rd M pl , Rd M el , Ed
NN
c, f
N c , el
N c , el
where,
Mpl,Rd : Design value of the plastic resistance moment of the composite section with full shear
connection.
Mel,Rd : Design value of the elastic resistance moment of the composite section.
: The reduction factor.
98
Nc : Design value of the compressive normal force in the concrete flange.

Nc,el : Compressive normal force in the concrete flange corresponding to Mel,Rd.
Nc,f : Design value of the compressive normal force in the concrete flange with full shear connection.
[Fig.3.22]ReductionfactorforMpl,Rd
(2)Class1and2+NegativeMoment.
Thestrengthoftheconcreteintensionisneglected.
Bendingresistance
M Rd M pl, Rd
(3.37)
(3)Class3
Bendingresistance
(3.38)
(4)Class4
Section properties should be calculated by considering the effective area. If the section is
under the compression, the additional moment must be taken in to account due to the
eccentricitybetweenthegravitycenterofgrosssectionandeffectivesection.
Refertotheclause1.5toseehowtocalculatetheeffectiveareaandadditionalmoment.
Bendingresistance
EN19942:2005
(6.4)
EN19942:2005
(6.4)
(3.39)
1.9Checkbendingresistance
M Ed M Rd
(3.40)
where,
Loadcombination
InmidasCivil,bendingresistancewillbeverifiedfortheloadcombinationsthattheActive
columnisspecifiedasStrength/StressinResults>Loadcombinations>SteelDesigntab.
99
1.10Verificationofbendingresistance
ByResultTable
Bendingresistancecanbeverifiedinthetableformatasshownbelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>BendingResistance
Positive/Negative: Positive/Negative moment

Lcom: Load combination
Type: Load combination type (Fxx-max, Fxx-min, ... Mzz-min)
Top Class: Class of top flange
Bot Class: Class of bottom flange
Web Class: Class of web
Sect. Class: Class of cross section
Ma,Ed: The design bending moment applied to structural steel section before composite behavior
Mc,Ed: The part of the design bending moment acting on the composite section
Mpl,Rd: Design value of the plastic resistance moment of the composite section
Mel,Rd: Design value of the elastic resistance moment of the composite section
M_Rd: Design value of the resistance moment of a composite section
ByExcelReport
100
2.Resistancetoverticalshear
Limitstateofverticalshearresistancewillsatisfythecondition, VEd VRd .
Shear resistance, VRd , will be determined as smaller value between Vpl,Rd and Vb,Rd when
consideringshearbuckling.Whentheshearbucklingisnotconsidered,Shearresistance, VRd ,
will be determined as Vpl,Rd. The plastic resistance and buckling resistance are calculated as
follows:
2.1Plasticresistancetoverticalshear
V pl , Rd V pl , a, Rd
Av ( f y / 3 )
M0
EN19942:2005
6.2.2.2
EN199311:2005
(6.18)
EN199311:2005
6.2.6(3)d)
(3.41)
where,
M0 : The partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is.
Av : The shear area. In midas Civil, only welded I, H and box sections are considered.
Av hwt w
(3.42)
hw : The depth of the web

tw : The web thickness
SteelGrade
S235toS460
1.20
OverS460
1.00
EN19942:2005
6.2.2.3
EN199315:2006
(5.1)
EN199315:2006
(5.2)
2.2Shearbucklingresistance
Plateswith
h
hw 72
31
foranunstiffenedweb,or w k forastiffenedweb,should
becheckedforresistancetoshearbucklingandshouldbeprovidedwithtransversestiffeners
atthesupports.
Vb, Rd Vbw, Rd Vbf , Rd
f ywhwt
3 M 1
(3.43)
(1)ContributionfromthewebVbw,Rd
Vbw, Rd
w f yw hwt
3 M 1
where,
fyw : Yield strength of the web.
t : Thickness of the plate.
w : Factor for the contribution of the web to the shear buckling resistance.
101
(3.44)
[Table3.18]Contributionfromthewebw
Condition
Rigidendpost
Nonrigidendpost
w 0.83/
0.83/ w 1.08
0.83/ w
0.83/ w
w 1.08
1.37/(0.7 w )
0.83/ w
EN199315:2006
Table5.1
EN199315:2006
Figure5.1
[Fig.3.23]Endsupports
w : Slenderness parameter.
[Table3.19]Calculationofw
EN199315:2006
5.3(3)
EN199315:2006
5.3(5)
Condition
Transversestiffenersatsupportsonly.
(InmidasCivil,whenlongitudinalstiffenerexistsonly)
Transversestiffenersatsupportsandintermediate
transverseorlongitudinalstiffenersorboth
(InmidasCivil,exceptfortheconditionwhenlongitudinal
stiffenerexistsonly)
hw
86.4t
hw
37.4t k
Forwebswithlongitudinalstiffeners,
hwi
37.4t ki
(3.45)
hwi and ki refer to the subpanel with the largest slenderness parameter w of all subpanels
withinthewebpanelunderconsideration.(kst=0)
235
fy
(3.46)
k : The minimum shear buckling coefficient for the web panel.

[Table3.20]Calculationk
Longitudinal
stiffenersnum.
=0or>2
1or2
Condition
a/hw1.0
k 5.34 4.00(hw / a)2 kst
a/hw<1.0
k 4.00 5.34(hw / a)2 kst
=a/hw3.0
k 5.34 4.00(hw / a )2 kst
=a/hw<3.0
6.3 0.18
k 4.1
EN199315:2006
A.3
I sl
t 3hw
2.23
I sl
t hw
3
102
h
kst 9 w
a
2
4
I sl
2.1 I sl
3
t 3h t h
w
w
(3.47)
a : The distance between transverse stiffeners.
EN199315:2006
Figure5.3
[Fig.3.24]Webwithtransverseandlongitudinalstiffeners
Isl : The second moment of area of the longitudinal stiffener about z-axis. The value of Isl will be
multiplied by 1/3 when calculating k.
[Table3.21]Calculation
SteelGrade
S235toS460
1.20
OverS460
1.00
(2)ContributionfromtheflangeVbf,Rd
Vbf , Rd
b f t 2f f yf M Ed
1
c M 1 M f , Rd
(3.48)
where,
bf and tf are taken for the flange which provides the least axial resistance.
bf being taken as not larger than 15tf on each side of the web.
fyf : Yield strength of the flange.
1.6b f t 2f f yf
c a 0.25
thw2 f yw
(3.49)

Mf,Rd : The moment of resistance of the cross section consisting of the area of the effective flanges only.
103
EN199315:2006
5.4(1)
EN199315:2006
(5.8)
[Table3.22]CalculationofMf,Rd
Condition
Mf,Rd
NEd=0
Mf,RdiscalculatedasMpl,Rdbutneglectingthewebcontribution.
Itiscalculatedbymultiplyingthereductionfactorfromthevalue
ofMf,RdwhenNEd=0.
NEdispresent
N Ed
( A f 1 A f 2 ) f yf
EN199315:2006
(5.9)
M0
Transversestiffener
Transversestiffenerscanbespecifiedbymembers.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TransverseStiffener
a:Spacingofrigid
transversestiffeners
[Fig.3.25]Transversestiffener
Transversestiffenerofendsupport
Transversestiffenerofendsupportcanbeenteredfromthefollowingdialogbox.Endsupport
typebynodesandrelatedparametercanbedefined.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TransverseStiffenerofEndSupport
Typeofendsupport
(SeeFig.3.23)
[Fig.3.26]TransverseStiffenerofEndSupport
104
2.3Resistancetoverticalshear
VRdiscalculateddependingonthevalueofhw/tasshowninthetablebelow.
[Table3.23]CalculationofVRd
Unstiffened
Stiffened
Condition
VRd
hw 72
VRd Vpl, Rd
hw 72
VRd Vb, Rd
hw 31
k
VRd Vpl, Rd
hw 31
k
t
VRd Vb, Rd
where,
Vpl,Rd : The plastic resistance to vertical shear.
Vb,Rd : The shear buckling resistance.
2.4Interactionbendingandverticalshear
(1)Verificationconditionofinteractionbetweensearforceandbendingmoment
Whenthefollowingconditionissatisfied,combinedeffectsofbendingandshearneedtobe
verified.
VEd
0.5
Vbw, Rd
(3.50)
where,
VEd : The design shear force including shear from torque.
Vbw,Rd : The design resistance for shear of contribution from the web.
(2)ForcrosssectionsinClass1or2
Applythereduceddesignsteelstrength(1)fydinthesheararea.
2V
Ed 1
V
Rd

(3.51)
EN19942:2005
6.2.2.4(1)
EN19942:2005
6.2.2.4(2)
Figure6.7
[Fig.3.27]Plasticstressdistributionmodifiedbytheeffectofverticalshear
105
(3)ForcrosssectionsinClass3and4
3 0.5 :MRd,NRdneednotbereduced.
3 0.5 :ThecombinedeffectsofbendingandshearinthewebofanIorboxgirdershould
satisfy.
1 1
M f , Rd
2
23 1 1.0
M pl , Rd
(3.52)
where,
M f , Rd
M Ed
M pl , Rd M pl , Rd
VEd
Vbw, Rd
(3.53)
(3.54)
2.5Checkresistancetoverticalshear
VEd VRd
(3.55)
where,
VEd : Design value of the shear force acting on the composite section.
VRd : Design value of the resistance of the composite section to vertical shear.
2.6Verificationofverticalshearresistance
ByResultTable
Theverificationresultscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>ResistancetoVerticalShear
Position: I/J-end
Top Class: Class of top flange
Bot Class: Class of bottom flange
Web Class: Class of web
N_Ed : Design value of the compressive normal force
M_Ed: Design bending moment
V_Ed : Design value of the shear force acting on the composite section
Vpl,Rd: Design value of the plastic resistance of the composite section to vertical shear
Vb,Rd: Design value of the shear buckling resistance of a steel web
EN199315:2006
7.1(1)
106
ByExcelReport
107
3.Resistancetolateraltorsionalbuckling
Resistance to lateraltorsional buckling is verified only for the plate girder. The following
conditionsmustbesatisfied.
M Ed Mb, Rd
NEd
M
Ed 1.0
Nb, Rd M b, Rd
Nb, Rd , Mb, Rd shallbecalculatedasfollows.
3.1DesignbucklingresistancemomentMb,Rd
Mb, Rd LT M Rd
(3.56)
where,
LT : The reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling corresponding to the relative slenderness LT
MRd : The design resistance moment at the relevant cross-section.
(1)ThereductionfactorLT
LT
1
2
1.0
LT 2LT LT
where,
(3.57)
2
LT 0.51 LT LT 0.2 LT
(3.58)
[Table3.24]Lateraltorsionalbucklingcurveforcrosssection
Crosssection
WeldedISection
Limits
BucklingCurve
h/b2
h/b>2
InmidasCivil,plateIgirderisconsideredasweldedsection.Rolledsectionisnotconsidered.
LT : An imperfection factor.
[Table3.25]Imperfectionfactorforlateraltorsionalbucklingcurves
BucklingCurve
LT
0.21
0.34
0.49
0.76
LT 1.103
L fy
A
1 wc
b Em
3 Af
(3.59)
6.4.2(1)

EN199311:2005(E)
6.3.2.2

EN19942:2005
6.4.2(1)
EN199311:2005(E)
Table6.4
EN199311:2005
6.3.2.2
EN199311:2005(E)
Table6.3
EN199311:2005
Table6.4
DesignersGuideto
EN19942,(D6.14)

EN199311:2005
Table6.3
DesignersGuideto
EN19942,(D6.14)
108
L : The span length between the rigid supports.

B : The width of the compression flange.
Awc : The area of the compression zone of the web.
Af : The area of the compression flange.
m min[m1 , m2 ]
m1 1.0 0.441 1,5
3 2
350 50
(3.60)
0.5
m2 1.0 0.441 1,5 0.195 0.05

100
(3.61)
cL4
EI
(3.62)
Cd
l
(3.63)
Cd : The spring stiffness.

L : The distance between the springs.
V2
V1
V2 V1
Bendingmoment
Changesign
Notchangesign
21 M 2 / M1
M 2 M1
1
,
(2)ThedesignresistancemomentMRd
[Table3.27]Designresistancemomentforsectionclass
SectionClass
MRd
1,2
Mpl,Rd
Mel,Rd=Ma,Ed+kMc,Ed
InmidasCivil,theverificationoflateraltorsionalbucklingforClass4isdonebyapplyingthe
identicalequationasClass3.
109
Lateraltorsionalbucklingdata
Parameters required for the verification of lateral torsional buckling can be entered in the
followingdialogbox.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>LateralTorsionalBucklingData(PlateGirderOnly)
[Fig.3.28]Lateraltorsionalbucklingdata
3.2AxialbucklingresistanceofthecrackedcompositecrosssectionNb,Rd
Nb, Rd LT NRd
(3.64)
where,
LT : The reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling corresponding to the relative slenderness LT
NRd : The design resistance moment at the relevant cross-section.
(1)ThereductionfactorLT
Thereductionfactor,LT,iscalculatedaspertheclause3.1.Whenthereductionfactordueto
axialforce,LT,iscalculated,m=1.0willbeapplied.
(2)ThedesignresistanceaxialNRd
NRd Af yd
(3.65)
where,
A : Cross-sectional area of the effective composite section neglecting concrete in tension.
fyd : The design value of the yield strength of structural steel.
3.3Checkresistancetolateraltorsionalbuckling
M Ed Mb, Rd
(3.66)
NEd
M
Ed 1.0
Nb, Rd M b, Rd
(3.67)
110
3.4Verificationoflateraltorsionalbucklingresistance
ByResultTable
Verificationresultscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>ResistancetoLateralTorsional
buckling
Elem: Element
Position: I/J-end
N_Ed: Design value of the compressive normal force
M_Ed: Design bending moment
Nb,Rd: Design buckling resistance of the compression member
Mb,Rd: Design buckling resistance moment
Interaction Ratio: NEd/Nb,Rd+MEd/Mb,Rd 1.0
ByExcelReport
111
4.Resistancetotransverseforce
ResistancetotransverseforcecanbeverifiedforplateIgirder.
Thefollowingconditionmustbesatisfied.
2 1 .0
2 0.81 1.4
1 , 2 shallbecalculatedasfollows.
4.1Typeofloadapplication
EN199315:2006
Figure6.1
[Fig.3.29]Bucklingcoefficientsfordifferenttypesofloadapplication
Typesofloadapplication
Typesofloadapplicationandtherelatedparameterscanbespecifiedasfollows.
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TypeofLoadApplication(PlateGirderOnly)
Typeofloading
(SeeFig.2.25)
[Fig.3.30]TypeofloadapplicationInputDialog
4.2DesignresistancetolocalbucklingundertransverseforcesFRd
FRd
f ywLeff tw
M1
(3.68)
where,
fyw : The yield strength of the web.
Leff : The effective length for resistance to transverse forces.
tw : The thickness of the web.
M1 : The partial factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks.
EN199315:2006
(6.1)
112
EN199315:2006
(6.2)
(1)EffectivelengthLeff
Leff F l y
(3.69)
where,
ly : The effective loaded length.
F : The reduction factor due to local buckling.
(2)Effectiveloadedlengthly
[Table3.28]Calculationofly
Typeofloading
ly
(a),(b)
l y ss 2t f 1 m1 m2
(c)
l y min l y1, l y 2 , le
EN199315:2006
6.5(2),(3)
EN199315:2006
Figure6.2
where,
ss : The length of stiff bearing.
[Fig.3.31]Lengthofstiffbearing
tf : The thickness of the flange
m1
EN199315:2006
6.5(1)
f yf b f
f ywtw
(3.70)
h
0.02 w (F 0.5)
m2
t
0
(F 0.5)
(3.71)
hw
isapplied.
InmidasCivil,only m2 0.02
EN199315:2006
6.5(3)
l y1 le t f
m1 le
m2
2 t f
(3.72)
l y 2 le t f m1 m2
(3.73)
le
k F Etw2
ss c
2 f ywhw
113
(3.74)
(3)ReductionfactorforeffectivelengthforresistanceF
0.5
1.0
(3.75)
where,
l ytw f yw
Fcr
Fcr 0.9kF E
(3.76)
tw3
hw
(3.77)
kF : The buckling coefficient for concentrated load.

b1 : The depth of the loaded subpanel taken as the clear distance between the loaded flange and the
stiffener.
s 10.9
a
b
13 210 0.3 1
3
a
hwt w
hw
I sl ,1
(3.78)
Isl,1 : The second moments of area of the stiffener closest to the loaded flange including contributing
parts of the web.
[Table3.29]CalculationofkF
Typeofloading
Condition
kF
2
0.05b1/hw0.3
andb1/a0.3
b
h
kF 6 2 w 5.44 1 0.21 s
a
a
Others
h
kF 6 2 w
a
(b)
h
kF 3.5 2 w
a
(c)
s c
6
k F 2 6 s
hw
(a)
4.3Verificationfortransverseforce
FEd
1.0
FRd
(3.79)
where,
FEd : The design transverse force.
FRd : The resistance to transverse force.
4.4Verificationforuniaxialbending
N Ed
M N Ed eN
Ed
1.0
f y Aeff
f yWeff
M0
M0
where,
NEd : The design axial force.
(3.80)
EN199315:2006
6.4(1)
EN199315:2006
6.4(2)
EN199315:2006
6.6
EN199315:2006
4.6
114
MEd : The design bending moment.

eN : The shift in the position of neutral axis.
fy : The yield strength of girder.
Aeff : The effective cross-section area.
Weff : The effective elastic section modulus.
M0 : The partial factor.
4.5Checkresistancetotransverseforce
2 1 .0
(3.81)
2 0.81 1.4
(3.82)
4.6Verificationoftransverseforceresistance
ByResultTable
Design>Composite Steel Girder Design>Design Result Tables>Resistance to Transverse

Force

F_Ed: Design transverse force
N_Ed: Design value of the compressive normal force
My,Ed: Design bending moment applied to the composite section about the y-y axis
Mz,Ed: Design bending moment applied to the composite section about the z-z axis
F_Rd: Design resistance to local buckling under transverse forces
Eta2: FEd/FRd 1.0
Eta1: Member verification for uniaxial bending (EN 1993-1-5, (4.14))
Interaction Ratio: 2+0.81 1.4
ByExcelReport
115
EN199315:2006
6.6and7.2
5.Resistancetolongitudinalshear
Resistance to longitudinal shear is verified only for the plate Igirder and the following
conditionmustbesatisfied.
L, Ed L, Rd
(3.83)
PRd1
0.8 fud 2 / 4
(3.84)
PRd 2
0.29d 2 f ck Ecm
(3.85)
where,
d : The diameter of the shank of the stud.
fu : The specified ultimate tensile strength of the material of the stud.
3hsc/d4
hsc
1
d
0.2
EN19942:2005
6.6.3.1(1)
EN19942:2005
(6.20),(6.21)
hsc/d>4
=1
Shearconnector
Forshearconnectors,enterthenumberofconnectors,tensilestrength,dimension,height(hsc),
transversespacing(st),andlongitudinalspacing(sc).
[Fig.3.32]Notationofshearconnector
116
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>ShearConnector
[Fig.3.33]ShearconnectorInputDialog
L, Rd
PRd N
sc
(3.86)
where,
N : The number of the shear connector.
sc : The space of the shear connector.
behavior(MEd>Mel,Rd).
L, Ed
where,
VL, Ed
VL , Ed
Lv
(3.87)
c, f
M pl , Rd M el , Rd
(3.88)
(2)Othercases
L, Ed
VEdQs
Iy
(3.89)
where,
Qs : Geometric moment of area at the shear connector position (contact point between girder and slab)
117
EN19942:2005
6.6.2.2
[Table3.31]CalculationofQs
Condition
Qs
<Heightofgirder
withslab
Heightofgirder
withgirder
5.4Checkresistancetolongitudinalshear
L, Ed L, Rd
(3.90)
where,
5.5Verificationoflongitudinalshearresistance
ByResultTable
Design>Composite Steel Girder Design>Design Result Tables>Resistance to Longitudinal

Shear
Elem: Element
Position: I/J-end
V_L,Ed: Longitudinal shear force acting on length of the inelastic region
v_L,Ed: Design longitudinal shear force per unit length at the interface between steel and concrete
P_Rd: Design value of the shear resistance of a single connector
v_Ed: Design longitudinal shear stress
ByExcelReport
118
6.Resistancetofatigue
Resistancetofatigueshouldsatisfythefollowingcondition.
c
Ff E,2
Mf , s
E,2 , c willbecalculatedasfollows.
6.1Partialfactorsforfatigue
(1)PartialfactorforfatigueresistanceMf
[Table3.32]Recommendedvaluesforpartialfactor
Lowconsequence
Highconsequence
Damagetolerant
1.00
1.15
Safelife
1.15
1.35
(2)PartialfactorforfatigueloadsFf
Recommendvalue=1.0
Designparametersforfatigue
Partial factor and design life of the bridge in year can be entered in Composite Steel Girder
DesignParametersdialogbox.
Mf,Mf,s
tLd
[Fig.3.34]CompositeSteelGirderDesignParameters
119
EN199319:2005
Table3.1
Consequenceoffailure
Assessment
Method
6.2Equivalentconstantrangeofshearstressfor2millioncyclesE,2
E,2 v
EN19942:2005
6.8.6.2(1)
EN19942:2005
6.8.6.2(3)~(5)
(3.91)
where,
v :The damage equivalent factor depending on the spectra and the slope m of the fatigue strength
curve.
: The range of shear stress due to fatigue loading.
(1)Damageequivalentfactorv
v v,1v,2v,3v,4
(3.92)
where,
v,1 : The factor for the damage effect of traffic and depends on the length of the critical influence line or
area.
v,2 : The factor for the traffic volume.
v,3 : The factor for the design life of the bridge.
EN19932:2006
9.5.2(5)
1/ 5
v,3
t
Ld
100
(3.93)
tLd : The design life of the bridge in years.

v,4 : The factor for the traffic on other lanes.
InmidasCivilv,1isappliedas1.55andtLdforcalculatingv,2,v,4,andv,3canbeenteredby
theuser.Refertotheclause6.1fortheinputparameter.
(2)Rangeofshearstress
Calculatetheshearstressperashearconnector.
Damageequivalentfactor
Thevaluesforv,2andv,4canbespecifiedbythemembersasshowninthefigurebelow.
[Fig.3.35]DamageEquivalenceFactors
120

EN19942:2005
6.8.3(3)
EN19942:2005
6.8.7.2
6.3Referencevalueoffatiguestrengthat2millioncyclesc
2
Thevalueofcisappliedas90N/mm .
6.4Checkresistancetofatigue
Ff E,2
c
Mf , s
(3.94)
where,
Ff : The partial factor for fatigue loading.
Mf,s : The partial factor for head studs in shear.
6.5Verificationoffatigueresistance
ByResultTable
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>ResistancetoFatigue
Elem: Element
Position: I/J-end
lamda_v: Damage equivalent factors
delta Tau: Range of shear stress for fatigue loading
delta Tau_E,2: Equivalent constant amplitude range of shear stress related to 2 million cycles
delta Tau_c: Reference value of the fatigue strength at 2 million cycles
Ratio: delta Tau_E,2/ delta Tau_c
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121
1.Stresslimitation
EN19942:2005
7.2.2(5)
EN19932:2006
(7.1)
Forthestresslimitcheckofplategirder,thefollowingstresswillbecalculatedandcomparedto
itsallowablestress:Normalstressofgirders,Shearstressofgirders,Combinedstressofgirders,
stressinslab,andstressinrebar.Eachstresscanbecalculatedasfollows.
1.1Stresslimitationforgirder
(1)NormalstressEd,ser
Ed , ser allow
fy
(3.95)
M , ser
Stressingirder,Ed,ser,iscalculatedbythestressessummationofbeforecompositeandafter
compositestateat4differentpoints.Memberforcesandsectionpropertiesarecalculatedas
showninthetablebelow.
[Table3.33]Memberforcesforcalculatinggirderstress
Type
Beforecomposite
Section
Properties
Girder
Aftercomposite
Saggingmoment:Deckconcrete+Girder
Hoggingmoment:Deckrebar+Girder
Member
Calculateusinggirderonly Calculateconsideringdeckconcreteandgirder
Force
In midas Civil, applied section properties can be verified in the excel report. The section
propertiesofbeforecompositeactionisshownasBefore,aftercompositeactionisshown
asAfter,negativemomentwithconsideringcrackedsectionisshownasCrack.
(2)ShearstressEd,ser
Ed , ser allow
fy
3 M , ser
(3.96)
where,
Ed , ser
VEd
Av
VEd : Shear force after composite action

Av : Shear area. For I-girder, Av = hwtw. For the other sections, Av = Aweb.
(3.97)
EN19932:2006
(7.2)
122
(3)CombinedstressEd,com,ser
Ed ,com, ser allow
fy
M , ser
EN19932:2006
(7.3)
(3.98)
where,
2
2
Ed ,com, ser Ed
, ser 3 Ed , ser
(3.99)
Stresslimitationparameters
M,ser
k1,k2,k3
1.2Stresslimitationforconcreteofslab
c allow kf ck
(3.100)
where,
k : It is used as the user defined value. Refer to 3.1.1.1 for the input parameter of k1, k2.
[Table3.34]Recommendedvalueofkforconcrete
ServiceabilityLoad
combinationType
Applied
Recommended
Characteristic
k1
0.6
Quasipermanent
k2
0.45
fck : The characteristic value of the cylinder compressive strength of concrete at 28 days.
123
EN19942:2005
7.2.2(2)
1.3Stresslimitationforreinforcementofslab
s allow k 3 f sk
(3.101)
where,
k3 : It is used as the user defined value.
[Table3.35]Recommendedvalueofkforreinforcement
ServiceabilityLoad
combinationType
Applied
Recommended
Characteristic
k3
0.45
EN19942:2005
7.2.2(4)
fsk : Characteristic value of the yield strength of reinforcing steel.
1.4Verificationofstresslimitationresistance
ByResultTable
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>StressLimitation
Sigma_Ed,ser, Tau_Ed,ser: Nominal stresses in the structural steel from the characteristic load
combination. Refer to EN 1993-2 7.3.
ALW: Stress limit.
Sigma_c: Stress in the concrete deck.
k*fck: Stress limit.
Sigma_s: stress in the reinforcement.
k*fsk: stress limit.
ByExcelReport
124
2.LongitudinalshearinSLS(ServiceabilityLimitStates)
ResistancetolongitudinalshearcanbeverifiedfortheIgirderandfollowingconditionmustbe
satisfied.
L, Ed L, Rd
0.8 fud / 4
2
(3.103)
PRd 2
0.29d 2 f ck Ecm
(3.104)
where,
d : The diameter of the shank of the stud, 16mm d 25mm.
fu : The specified ultimate tensile strength of the material of the stud, 500N/mm2.
: Refer to Table 3.30.
Shearconnectorparameters
Shearconnectorisenteredbymembers.RefertoFig.3.33fortheinputmethod.
k s PRd N conn
sconn
where,
ks : Reduction factor for shear resistance of stud connector.
Nconn : The number of the shear connector.
sconn : The space of the shear connector.
125
EN19942:2005
(6.20),(6.21)
L, Rd
EN19942:2005
6.6.3.1(1)
(3.102)
PRd1
(3.105)
Reductionfactorks
Reduction factor for stud, ks, can be entered in Composite Steel Girder Design Parameters
dialogbox.
behavior(MEd>Mel,Rd)
L , Ed
where,
VL, Ed
VL , Ed
Lv
(3.106)
c, f
M pl , Rd M el , Rd
(3.107)
EN19942:2005
6.6.2.2
(2)Othercases
L, Ed
VEdQs
Iy
(3.108)
where,
Qs : Geometric moment of area at the shear connector position (contact point between girder and slab).
Refer to Table 3.31 to see the calculation method.
2.4CheckresistancetolongitudinalshearinSLS
L, Ed L, Rd
(3.109)
where,
126
2.5VerificationoflongitudinalshearinSLS
ByResultTable
Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>LongitudinalShearinSLS
V_c,Ed: Vertical shear force acting on the composite section.

v_L,Ed: Longitudinal shear force per unit length in the shear connector.
P_Rd_ser: Shear resistance of a single shear connector for SLS.
v_L,Rd: Longitudinal shear resistance per unit length for the shear connector.
ByExcelReport
127
DESIGN GUIDE
for midas Civil
Prestressed Box Girder Design : EN 1992-2
Composite Steel Box Girder Design : EN 1994-2
Composite Plate Girder Design : EN 1994-2

Design Guide EC2 EC4 For MIDAS Civil

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DESIGN

Prestressed Box Girder Design

Ultimate Limit States

Serviceability Limit States

2. Stress for cross section at service loads

3. Tensile stress for Prestressing tendons

4. Principal stress at a construction stage

5. Principal stress at service loads

6. Check crack width

Ultimate Limit States

2. Resistance to Vertical Shear

3. Resistance to Longitudanal Shear

Serviceability Limit States

2. Longitudinal shear in SLS

Ultimate Limit States

2. Resistance to Vertical Shear

3. Resistance to Lateral-Torsional Buckling

4. Resistance to Transverse Forces

5. Resistance to Longitudanal Shear

Serviceability Limit States

2. Longitudinal shear in SLS

Prestressed Box Girder Design (EN 1992-2)

Ultimate Limit States

Serviceability Limit States

x: The neutral axis depth.

Fs As f s , Fs ' As ' f s '

fctk,0.05 : The characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete (5% fractile).

f ctk , 0.05 0 .7 f ctm

fctm : The mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete

Asw : The cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement.

0 .54 1 0 .5 cos 0.84 ck (1 0.5 cos ) 0.5

s s l , max 0 .75 d 1 cot

T Rd , max 2 cw f cd Ak t ef ,i sin cos

TEd TRd ,max

Asl , req Asl

s l , max 0 .75 d 1 cot

fcm(t) : The mean concrete compressive strength of concrete at an age of t days.

fcm : The mean compressive strength at 28 days.

s : A coefficient which depends on the type of cement.

fctm : The mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete.

cc(t) : A coefficient which depends on the age of the concretet.

fpk : Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing steel.

fpk : Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing steel.

fpk : Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing steel.

Ap : The area of pre or post-tensioned within Ac,eff.

hc ,ef min 2.5 h d ,

s : The largest bar diameter of reinforcing steel.

c : The cover to the longitudinal reinforcement.

k2 : A coefficient which takes account of the distribution of strain.

Composite Steel Box Girder Design (EN 1994-2)

Ultimate Limit States

Serviceability Limit States

For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic

Stress limitation for reinforcing steel

For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic,

Stress limitation for structral steel

For Characteristic Load Combination

Resistance to Longitudinal Shear

For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic,

M Ed NEdeN NEd Cz,c Cz,c,eff

: The reduction factor for plate buckling.

b : The appropriate width to be taken as follow.

: The stress ratio.