Topic2:TheStructureofTheAtom

1. (a)(i)Diffusion
(ii)Molecules
(iii)Brominevapourconsistsoftinyanddiscretemoleculesthatareconstantly
andrandomlymovinginalldirections.Theairinthegasjarcontainsemptyspaces
betweentheairparticles.Whenthecoverisremoved,brominemoleculesmove
fromthebottomgasjar(highlyconcentrated)upwards(lessconcentrated)tooccupy
theemptyspacesbetweentheairparticles.Thiscontinuesuntilthebromine
moleculesareevenlydistributedinbothgasjars.
(iv)Lessthan10minutes

(b)
(i)0.5X(16X2)=16g
3
(ii)
0.5X24=12dm

(iii)
Bothballoonswillhavethesamenumberofgasmoleculesbecausethey
containthesamenumberofmolesofgas.

2.
a.
Molecules
b.
0C
c.
Gas
d.
Melting
e.
(i)Increases
(ii)Decreases
(f) Particles in matter are in motion. The particles of the curry smell move from the
kitchen tothelivingroom.Theprocessisdiffusion whereparticlesmoverandomlyfrom
anareaofhigherconcentrationtoanareaoflowerconcentration.

3. (a)(i)Argon
(ii)Sodiumchloride (iii)Liquid
(iv)
In the solid state, the ions are located in fixed positions and they cannot
move freely. In the aqueous state, the ions are released and they can move
freelyandconductelectricity.
(v)
Theoutermostshellofargonisfullyfiledwithelectrons.Ithasoctetelectron
arrangement
(b)(i)T
C
2
(ii)Duringthefreezingprocess,theheatlosstothesurroundingsisbalancedbythe
heatreleasedwhentheparticlesstarttoformasolid.
(iii)Solidandliquid

4.(a)(i)Nucleonnumber (ii)1.Proton 2.Neutron

(iii)

(b)(i)17
(ii)BothXandYhavethesamenumberofvalenceelectrons.
(c)(i)Gas
(ii)Arrangementofparticles:Farapart

Movementofparticles:Highspeedandrandomly

5 (a)Thenucleusoftheatomhas1protonand1neutron.
Thereisoneelectroninitsorbit.

Theprotonnumberoftheatomis1.Thenucleonnumberoftheatomis2.
ThisatomisneutralandislocatedinGroup1ofPeriod1inthePeriodicTable.
(b) (i)
Bothatomshavesamenumberofprotonsbutdifferentnumberofneurons.
Therefore,theatomsareisotopesofthesameelement.
BothatomshavesamenumberofprotonsTherefore,theyhavethesame
chemicalproperties.
Theotheratomhas2neutrons(highernucleonnumber).Therefore,itisheavier
thantheatominDiagram8.
Thephysicalpropertiesofbothatomsareslightlydifferentfromoneanother.

3
(ii)
X
1
(c)
Time

Stateof
matter
t
t
Liquid
0
1
t
t
1
2

Liquid
+gas

Particlearrangement
Particlesarclooselyarranged.
Theforceofattractionis
weak.
Liquidischangingintogas.
Theparticlesaremixtureof
looselyarrangedliquidand
gasparticlesthatareveryfar
apart.

Changeinenergy
Kineticenergyincreasesas
temperatureincreases.

Temperatureisconstant.Heatis
absorbedtoovercomethe
intermolecularforcestoconvert
liquidtogas.Kineticenergyof
particlesincreasesasmoregas
particlesareformed.

t
t
2
3

Gas

Particlesareveryfarapart
andnotarrangedinorder.

Highkineticenergyand
increasesasthetemperature
increases.

6.(a)

Subatomicparticle
Electron
Proton
Neutron

Relativemass
1/1840
1
1

Charge
1
+1
0

(
b
)Sodium
23
11

Na

(c)
Thenucleusoftheelementconsistsof11protonsand12neutrons.
Protonsarepositivelychargedwhiletheneutronsareneutral.Hence,thenucleus
ispositivelycharged.
Theshellsoftheelementconsistof11negativelychargedelectrons.
Electrostaticforcesbetweentheoppositecharges:electronsandprotons.
(d)Element:Sodium

3.ChemicalFormulaeandEquation

(a)(i)Moleconcept
(ii)H
O
2
(iii)Carbon12
(b)(i)NumberofmolesofCO
gas
6.0X1

/24=0.25mol
2
=
MassofCO
=0.25X44=11g
2

(ii)
NumberofmoleculesofCO
gas
2
23
23
=0.25
X
6
X
10=1.5
X
10
molecules

3
(iii)
6.0dm
ofcarbondioxidegasequalsto0.25molwhichhasthemassof11g
23
andcontains1.5X10
moleculesatstandardtemperatureandpressure.

2(a)Thechemicalformulawhichshowsthesimplestratioofthecombiningelements
inthecompound.
(b)Numberofmoles(atoms)
(c)(i)MethodI
(ii)
Magnesiumisareactivemetal.
(iii)
Toallowenoughoxygentooxidisethemagnesiumcompletely

(d)(i)(113.6864.00)g=49.68g
(ii)49.68/207=0.24m
(iii) (117.52113.68)g=3.84g
(iv) 3.84/16=0.24mol
(v) PbO
3
(a)(i)Thechemicalformulawhichshowsthesimplestratioofthecombining
elementsinthecompound.
(ii)Driesthehydrogengas.

(b)(i)Copper

:(40.2532.25)g=8.00g
Oxygen:(42.2540.25)g=2.00g
(ii)
Element
Copper
Oxygen
Numberofmoles
8/64=0.125mol 2/16=0.125mol
Simplestratio
1
1

(iii)CuO
(c) (i)Topreventthehotcopperfromcombiningwithoxygenintheair.
Untuk
(ii) Theheating,coolingandweighingprocessesarerepeateduntilaconstantvalue
isobtained.
(d)(i)Magnesiumismorereactivethanhydrogen.
(ii)Lead(II)oxide//Tin(II)oxide

4(a)(i)Molecularformulaofacompoundreferstothechemicalformulawhichshows
theactualnumberofatomsofeachcombiningelementinonemoleculeofthat
compound.
(ii)[2(12)+4(1)+16]n=88,
44n=88
n=2
MolecularformulaofcompoundW=C
H
O
4
8
2
(b)CH
(c)(i)Reddishbrown
(ii)2Cu(NO
)
2CuO(s)+O
+4NO
3
2
2
2
(d)RelativemolecularmassMolarvolumeofnitrogendioxide

5.(a)Carbondioxide
(b)
Colourofresidue
Hot
Cold
yellow
White
(c)ZnCO
ZnO+CO
3
2

(d)NumberofmolesofZnCO
=12.5/[65+12+3(16)]=0.1mol
3
Numberofmolesofgasreleased=0.1mol

3
Volumeofgasreleased

=0.1X24=2.4dm

(e)(i) Hydrochloricacid
(ii)Threemoles
(iii)
Zincions

4.PeriodicTable

1(a)(i)Sodium/Magnesium/Aluminium
(ii)Sodium:Group1Period3
Magnesium:Group2Period3
Aluminium:Group13Period3
(b) (i)Argon
(ii) Argon atom has the stable octet electron arrangement. Thus, it does not
donate,receiveorshareelectronswithotheratoms.
(c) (i)4Na+O
2Na
0
2
2
(ii)13
(d) Chlorinebecauseithasahighertendencytoreceiveelectrons.

2.(a)Accordingtoascendingprotonnumbersoftheelements.
(b) Sodium/Magnesium/Chlorine
(c) 2.8.7
(d) The van der Waals forces among the molecules increase with an increases in
molecular size. Thus, more energy is needed to overcome these forces during
melting and boiling processes. This is why the melting and boiling points of
bromineishigherthanchlorine.
(e) (i)2Mg+O
2MgO(ii)White
2
(f) Yisatransitionmetal.Yformscolouredcompounds.Yhastwooxidation
2+
3+
numbers:+2and+3.Yisiron.Fe
isgreenandFe
isbrownincolour.

3 (a)(i)M(ii)V(iii)U
(b)(i)Theyhavethesamenumberofvalenceelectrons
(ii)
Q,R,W
(iii)

4Q+O
2Q
O
2
2
(c)
2.8.2
(d)
Volumeofheliumgas
3
3
=0.01X24dm
=0.24dm

4 (a)11
(b)(i)Group1,Period3
(ii)ElementXhastheelectronconfiguration2.8.1.Ithasonevalenceelectron
andthreeshellsthatarefilledwithelectrons.
(c) (i)YhasabiggeratomicradiusthanX.Thedistancebetweenthevalence
electronandthenucleusisfurtherinY.Theprotonsinthenucleusexerta

weakerforceofattractiononthevalenceelectronofY.Asaresult,itiseasier
forYtoreleaseitsvalenceelectron.
(ii)

(d)(i)Numberofmoles=2.3/23=0.1mol
(ii)FourmolesofXproducestwomolesofX
O.0.1moleofXproduces0.05mole
2
ofX
O.ThemaximummassofX
Oformed=0.05X[(23X2)+16]=3.1g
2
2

(a)Nucleonnumber
(b)(i)Lithium
:
2.1,Oxygen:2.6
(ii)Oxygenatomissmallerthanlithiumatom.
(c) Period:2Group
:
16
+ 2
(d) (i)Li
,O

+
(ii)
LithiumdonatesoneelectrontoformLi
ion.Oxygenatomacceptstwo
2
electronstoformO
ion.
(iii)
Solubleinwater

6.(a)(i)1(ii)Solid
(b)(i)V(ii)2V+2H
O2VOH+H
2
2
(c)(i)2.8.6(ii)Period3
(iii)Therearethreeshellsthatarefilledwithelectrons.
(d)(i)W
(ii)Anincreaseinthenumberofelectronsinthesameshellresultsinastronger
electrostaticforceexertedbytheprotonsontheelectrons.Thus,theatomicsize
ofWissmallerthanV.

7 (a)Group17(b)2.7
(c) Thevalenceshelloffluorineisclosertothenucleuscomparedtochlorine.
Thus,theforcesofattractionbetweenthenucleusandthevalenceelectronsis
stronger,makingiteasiertoacceptelectrontoformanegativeion.
(d) Covalentbond
(e) (i)Ionicbond

8(a)(i)2.8.7Chlorine
(ii)Cl
+2NaOH

NaCl+NaOCl+H
O
2
2

(b)
TheelementinDiagram8.1issmallerthantheelementinDiagram8.2.
ThevalenceshelloftheelementinDiagram8.2isfurtherfromthenucleus.
So,theforceofattractionbetweenthenucleusandthevalenceelectronsisweaker,
makingitmomdifficulttoacceptelectrons.
Therefore, the element in Diagram 8.2 is less reactive than the element in Diagram
8.1.
(c) Lessrcactive
(d) (i)Chlorinegasispoisonous.Conducttheexperimentinafumechamber.
Wearsafetygogglesthroughouttheexperiment.
(ii)PartG:Ironwoolburnsbrightlyandformsiron(III)chloride
2Fe+3Cl
2FeCl
2
3
PartH:Excesschlorinegasreactswithsodiumhydroxidetoformsodium
chloride,sodiumhypochloriteandwater
Cl
+2NaOHNaCl+NaOCl+H
O
2
2