1961:

Describe and compare the excretory system of a flatworm (Platyhelminthes),

an earthworm (Annelida), and a grasshopper (Arthropoda).
Include labeled diagrams with your answer.

1962:
a. Compare the digestive system of a planarian with that of an earthworm.
b. Compare the body wall of a hydra with that of a tapeworm.
c. Compare the circulatory system of a crayfish with that of an earthworm.

DO NOT ANSWER THIS QUESTION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

1967:
Nitrogenous waste products are excreted by animals in various forms. Many
aquatic animals excrete ammonia, birds and reptiles excrete uric acid, and man
excretes urea.
Describe the formation of two of these waste products and discuss the
adaptive value of these three methods of nitrogenous excretion.

1996:
Structure and function are related in the various organ systems of animals.

Select two of the following four organ systems in vertebrates:

* respiratory
* digestive
* excretory
* nervous

For each of the two systems you choose, discuss the structure and function of
two adaptations that aid in the transport or exchange of molecules (or ions). Be
sure to related structure to function in each example

Additional required NON-AP Exam question:

Using page 639 of your textbook, describe the cleavage patterns, coelom
formation, and fate of blastopore. You may use diagrams to supplement your
written descriptions but you will not be given any credit for them. Plagiarism will
result in a forfeiture of all points.
1961:
The flatworm, earthworm and grasshopper have very different kinds of excretory
systems. With the flatworm (Platyhelminthes) being the most basic, then the
earthworm (Annelida), to the grasshopper (Arthropoda ) being the most complex.
The flatworm has only one pore for mouth and anus, but the grasshopper and the
earthworm has 2 holes, one for the mouth and one for the anus. The flatworm
uses the nephridium as their excretory system. In the diagram below, you can
see this pore. For the grasshopper and earthworms, its quite simple also. The
food goes in one end and pops out another. The solid waste of a earthworm,
called castings, are very important for a healthy soil. The earthworm uses an
excretory pore called nephridia, which is also used in all the other annelids. Each
segment contains this pore and the pore is connected to a metanephridia which
are primitive kidneys for the worm. The nephridium can be seen in the diagram
below. The grasshopper excretory system is the most complex. The grasshopper
like the earthworm has two openings. Body fluids goes are drawn to the
malphigian tubules in the abdomen of the grasshopper. The body fluids are
returned to the body but the nitrogenous waste continues to the grasshopper’s
gut. Finally, the nitrogenous waste is excreted as uric acid. In the diagram, you
can see the malphigian tubes of a grasshopper.
1962:
a.
Planarians Earthworms
One opening for mouth and anus. Two openings, one for the mouth and
one for the anus.
Has a pharynx for food getting. Has a mouth for food getting.
Gastrovascular cavity Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop,
gizzard and intestine
Suck for food. Uses lips to “grab” food

b.
Hydra Tapeworm
2 germ layers 3 germ layers
Body wall creates a mouth The body wall is the mouth
Can release toxic needles Have tiny threads to attach

c.
Crayfish
Opened circulatory system
One dorsal heart
Respiration occurs through the body
surface, gills, trachea, and/or book
lungs
Uses copper to carry oxygen
Blood is with body fluid
Earthworm
Closed circulatory system
5 hearts
Respiration occurs on the surface of
the skin when its wet
Use hemoglobin to carry oxygen
Blood is separate from body fluid
1996:
Respiratory:
The respiratory system consists of very simple things. It consists of the lungs
diaphragm, heart and the blood tubes. The blood tubes are the veins, vessels
and capillaries. Vessels carry oxygen rich blood and veins carries oxygen poor
blood. Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels that go to your tip of your
fingers. Through evolution, the capillary walls thinned and became permeable to
the blood cells so that the oxygen molecules can go through the vessel wall to
the cell. The air goes through the nose and down the oral pharynx and into the
left and right bronchi. The left side of the lung only has two lobes while the right
lung has three. Inside the lungs there are alveoli which is where the oxygen
transfer from the air to the blood. The heart has four chambers and the left atrium
it the biggest because it pumps the blood all around the body. The main organ
that actually allows you to breathe in and take in air is the diaphragm. When you
breathe in, the diaphragm enlarges or releases pressure so that air can come
into the lungs. When you breathe out, the diaphragm contracts and increase the
pressure so that the air would go out.

Nervous:
The nervous system is very complex. Throughout the body, there are sensory
cells known as neurons. There are three types of neurons. Sensory neurons are
for sensing and sending back information to the brain. Motor neurons control the
muscles. Relay neurons are like transmitters which connects all the neuron cells.
On a neuron, there are three main parts. The dendrites receive information from
another cell. The axon sends information to another cell. The cell body is the
main part of the cells attaching both arms. So when you start transferring
impulses, the impulse goes through a evolved tube called the Myelin Sheath.
This tube basically makes the impulses go faster because of ionic concentration.
This helps to deliver messages from far distances. The 2 main structures are the
brain and the spinal cord. Both of those structures have gray and white matter.
White is basically axons and gray matter is mostly cell bodies.
The brain’s main goal is to keep homeostasis. It is split into two halves/regions
which are symmetrical. The brain has three main parts. The cerebrum,
cerebellum and the brain stem. The cerebrum is for higher thinking and logic
which includes the neocortex which is only found in humans. The cerebellum is
instinctive features such as running away and hiding. This part of the brain is like
a brain of the lizard. The last part of the brain is the most simplest. It controls the
involuntary motions such as breathing a blinking.
The spinal cord has two main functions. The cord connects the brain to the
muscle neurons and muscle cells. It is also a minor coordination center for simple
reflexes.
NON-AP Exam question:
The differences between protostomes and deuterostomes are very obvious and
easy to understand. When the cells are developing, the cleavage differs. It
becomes easily seen in the eight-cell stage. The protostomes has a spiral and
determinate type of cleavage, while the deuterostome has a radial and
indeterminate cleavage. The deuterostome is more roundish while the
protostomes have a more flat circle shape. The coelom formation is also quite
different. For the protostomes, the coelom settles in between the ectoderm and
the endoderm and it sits at the bottom. For the deuterostome, the coelom is
attached to the endoderm and it forms two bumps. The fate of the blastopore is
only a slight difference. The protostomes has a only a mouth while the
deuterostome has an anus and a mouth forms from a secondary hole.