UNIT VIII

REDOXREACTIONS
8.1. General Introduction
8.2. OxidationReductionClassical Concept
8.2.1. Oxidation
8.2.2. Oxidising Agent or Oxidant
8.2.3. Reduction
8.2.4. Reducing Agent or Reductant
8.2.5. OxidationReduction Reactions are Complementary
8.3. Oxidation and Reduction Electron Transfer Concept
8.3.1. Competitive Electron Transfer Reactions
8.4. Oxidation Number
8.4.1. Rules for assigning Oxidation Numbers
8.4.2. Oxidation and Reduction in terms of Oxidation Number
8.4.3. Oxidising and Reducing Agents in terms of Oxidation Number
8.4.4. Distinction between Valency and Oxidation Number
8.4.5. Oxidation Number and Nomenclature
8.4.6. Types of Redox Reactions
8.4.7. The Paradox of Fractional Oxidation States
8.5. Balancing of Chemical Equations of Redox Reactions
8.6. Redox Reactions as the basis for Titrations
8.6.1. Types of Redox Titrations
8.6.2. Stoichiometry of Redox Reactions in solutions
8.7. Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes
8.7.1. Direct and Indirect Redox Reactions
8.7.2. Construction of an Electrochemical Cell
8.7.3. Salt Bridge and its Functions
8.7.4. Salient Features of an Electrochemical Cell
8.7.5. Representation of an Electrochemical Cell
8.7.6. Electrode Potential
8.7.7. Effect of Concentration of Metal Ions and Temperature on the Electrode Potential Standard Electrode Potential
8.7.8. Measurement of Standard Electrode PbtentW
8.7.9. Electromotive Series
8.7.10. Applications of the Electromotive Series
8 8.Applications of Redox Reactions
8.1. General Introduction: Chemistry deals with the study of composition, structure and properties of varieties of
matter and the change of one kind of matter into another. This transformation of one kind of matter into another occurs
through a number of different types of reactions. One important type of such reactions is reduction oxidation or simply
redox reactions (red from reduction and ox from oxidation). All these reactions are always accompanied by energy changes
in form of heat, light or electricity. A number of phenomena both physical as well as biological fall in this category of reactions.
These reactions are widelyused in biological, pharmaceutical, industrial, metallurgical and agricultural areas. The importance
of these reactions is evident from the fact that burning of different types of fuels such as wood, coal, kerosene, LPG
(Liquefied Petroleum Gas), petrol, diesel, CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) etc. for obtaining energy for domestic, transport
and other commercial purposes, electrochemical processes like manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda, corrosion of
metals, and operation of dry and wet batteries are diverse examples of redox reactions. Recently, environmental issues like
hydrogen economy (use of liquid hydrogen as fuel) and development of ozone hole are also been regarded as redox
phenomena.
8.2. OxidationReductionClassical Concept:
8.2.1. Oxidation: According to the classical concept. Oxidation may be defined as a process which involves the
addition of oxygen or any other electronegative element, or as a process which involves the removal of hydrogen or any
other
electropositive element.
For example, (i) 2Mg(s) + O2 (g) 2 MgO(s) (Addition of oxygen)
(it) Mg (s) + Cl2(g) MgCl2(s) (Addition of electronegative element, chlorine)
(iii) 2H2S (g) + O2 (g) 2S(s) + 2H2O(I) (Removal of hydrogen)

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