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Table of Contents
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 2
2.

Antecedent........................................................................................................... 2

3.

Theoretical Framework......................................................................................... 2

3.1.

Fishing Company in Manta. 3

3.2.

Description of the Activities 4

3.3.

Extraction and Fisheries Resources.

3.4.

Marine Pollution Sources.

4.

Emissions........................................................................................................... 11

4.1.

Emissions of odor , gases and particles. 11

4.2. Solid Waste Generation..................................................................................... 12

4.3

Liquid effluents: 13

4.3.1.
5.

Magnitude of effluent discharges 14

Environmental Impacts...................................................................................... 17

5.2.

Environmental impact assessment and impacts on the aquatic system.........17

5.3.

Socioeconomic Impact 18

5.4.

Health Impacts of Population

6.

19

Technical Proposal.............................................................................................. 20

6.1.Current proposal for the fishing company..........................................................21

6.2. Future development
proposal
..22
6.3. clean
technologies..
23
7.

conclusions........................................................................................................ 25

8.
recommendations
27
9.
10.

bibliography........................................................................................................ 30
Anexos............................................................................................................ 31

1. Introduction

The following extended essay will focus on analyzing the marine contamination of
Manta and its surroundings based on the fishing companies as the main
contributors to this environmental issue. This assessment will consider an integral
perspective including the ocean importance in ecological, industrial and social
terms. This task will consider significant environmental permissible limits for the
pollutants, and a critical interpretation to understand the possible noxious effects in
the long term.

The methodology used during this investigation includes the active participation in
the measurements and obtainment of real data supported by INEPACA, a company
specialized in marine products. Will be made observations on the environmental
conflict to propose possible remediate strategies to minimize impacts.
The main motivation for this work is generating awareness of how the waste can
lead to noxious and irreversible effects in one of the most important compounds of
live which is water. The principal contaminants, as chemicals organic and inorganic
from production.
Ecuador through the years has been a country with aquaculture potential, a great
example is the canton of Manta in Manab province, and they have been centers of
aquaculture development since the beginning of this activity. However, the activity
of fishing processing plants located in the same sector, have as main raw material
unloading fresh fish and waste of products frozen on board. In light of the above,
the plants are located in nearby towns to ports as is the case of Manta where fleets,
covering almost all the Ecuadorian seaboard (Bowen, 2009).
This activity is of great economic importance, however, is in doubt by poor
integrated environmental management. Fishing companies are subject to ongoing
risks such as fluctuations and hazards that come from the environment. The
concept of environment in this situation is a scene of action and a source of
problems that the fisherman has to face and must solve. This scenario involves the
interaction of factors as the natural environment itself sociocultural, economic and
political (Martnez, 1985: 30). Not only the sea is a source of productive and physical
uncertainty, but also the market , namely, marketing of fishery products, since this
marine life is being exposed to polluting effluents are be affected and consequently
of this damage affects the population health (consumers) (Ramos, 2000:1).
The fishing companies have created models of dynamic organization built on the
basis of conduct that pays more attention to the disorder and uncertainty and
therefore the complexity (Smith, 1990 & Kleban, 1992). Another way to study is to
compare the effluents expelled into the sea with allowable standards set by the
Ministry of Environment, to avoid contamination marine life, even find fishing and
economic strategies at different levels (household, productive unit, market) that is
adaptive to the specific characteristics of the environment where fishermen develop
their activities. That is, there companies that to reduce risks of contamination
depend exclusively of capital and held a productive intensification strategy, while
less capitalized, respond with a strategy of fish transformation and reorganization of
human capital (Garca Allut, 1999; Florido. 2001).
Fishing companies the most economically capitalized reduce your environmental
risk mainly through capital investment (in technology and markets), it is stressed
that to rely on their feasibility of a single factor also makes them more vulnerable.
This means that capital investment in the production process of these companies is
aimed at reducing pollution levels (Martnez, 1985: 30).
Pollution is a phenomenon that exists since that Earth originated. For some time,
the pollutants substances are dispersed and transported over natural resources
modifying their original characteristics. Environmental pollution is something that
directly affects, with repercussions to health and environmental health. The

effluents generated of landing of fish and dumping of fish plants, cause problems
such as the generation of waste with high organic load, which favor the proliferation
of disease vectors and by enzymatic and microbiological degradation can impact air
(foul odors), soil, and water (surface or underground), even affect the mass
mortality of the resources of artisanal fisheries and aquaculture, generating massive
losses of millions of dollars and serious social impacts (CEIPA, 2014).
On the other hand, the air emissions increase the dermal diseases and respiratory
of the surrounding populations, as the case of Manta. The population often eat fish
that live in the vicinity of fish companies. These often have toxic compounds
present in the sea and in their tissues. These When ingested, both by individuals as
other species in the ecosystem, are affected by this contamination either immediate
health problems or disorders more prone to health in old age (Direction of Tourism.
Municipal Manta, 2009).

2. Antecedent.
Industrialization has led to many accidents that have polluted the land, air and
water resources with toxic materials and other pollutants, a threatening people and
ecosystems with serious health risks. The increasingly widespread and intensive use
of materials and energy has led to increasing pressure in the quality of local
ecosystems. At present, the primary goal in companies is to make a change in the
management of waste generated by the activity of fish processing and the
environmental impact it causes, with the final purpose characterize the waste and
effluents, in terms of composition and magnitude (Appleyard, 2003).
The industrial sector Ecuadorian in the city of Manta has been under great pressure
to reduce significantly their emissions. It is mainly caused by restrictions in
international markets and unsuitable inspections, regulations and audits nationwide.
This adds to a growing social awareness, which has resulted in increased concern of
citizens, consumers, workers and business, about the existence of the pollution and
its impact on health and quality of life (CONVEMAR, 2012).
discuss about the environmental dimension is not only refers the additional cost for
companies that pollute , in fact, to greater emissions or discharges, has a greater
inefficiency in production processes, that to be corrected can even generate profits
for the company, beyond implying comply with regulations. This is the essence of
the concept of clean technologies, which is basically solving an environmental
problem through a preventive environmental strategy, that when this applied to
products , processes and work organization, allows more efficient use of material
resources and energetics, and thereby increase productivity and competitiveness of
the company. With the final purpose, of minimize emissions and discharges at the
source, reducing the negative impact to the environment (Ramos, 2000:1).
The government has encouraged companies the Green Seal that is an ecological
program of environmental education endorsing experiences, processes, ecosystems
and characters that contribute to the environmental balance. Basically, it consists in
the implementation cleaner technologies so that the waste does not exceed the
permitted standards. This Policy aims to accelerate the learning process of the

companies, to introduce this concept in its management, applying its advantages

generate profits in environmental and productive dimension (MAE, 2012).
According to studies of Ministry of Environment of Ecuador (2012), there are
two primary types of strategies to protect the environment. The first is
determined by the control, namely, the ability of assimilation that is based on
recognize the existence of a certain level of emissions into the environment
with no appreciable effects on human and environmental health. The
following strategy is the control principle based on avoiding environmental
damage, controlling the shape, duration and emission speed of pollutants into
the environment.
3. Fishing Company in Manta.
Manta has a high importance as it has a great economic contribution, by way of:
trade, fisheries, tourism and industrial activity. The canton is located in the
southwestern part of the province of Manab shores of the Pacific Ocean. The
geographical coordinates of the port of Manta is located between the geographical
coordinates 00 57 'south latitude and 80 42 ' west longitude, with an average
height of 20 meters (Direction of Tourism. Municipal Manta, 2009).
Manta it has the best industrial plants of tuna and ease of access to its seaport, it is
named as the engine of the fishing company that includes both the artisanal catch
as industrial, processing and export. The entire operation is focused on the facilities
of the Port Authority of Manta, where the boats arrive with their catch for the labor
industrial, as canned tuna, steaks, canned sardines, fish meal and frozen fish,
among others (CONVEMAR, 2012).
The fishing in Manta has a contribution of approximately 7% of gross domestic
product (GDP) and is considered the sector with the greatest potential, ranks third in
generating exports and employment generation. At present there are over 300
industrial vessels with a capacity of more than 2,000 metric tons and an average of
3,000 craft fibers; together with dozens of shrimp boats it constitutes the largest
fishing fleet of Ecuador (Banco Central del Ecuador, 2014).
The economic impact of fisheries led to the creation of large national and
international fishing companies. However, fishing companies, like other companies
that develop in the country produce environmental pollution, the main sources of
pollution are: the fish landings at docks, blood, scales, pieces of fish or whole fish, of
which a portion is discharged into the sea. the discharges of such waste at sea,
affect the beaches often contain oils , fats and fecal material in suspension that
degrade the sands and waters on the line of beach , causing vulnerability in them
and their ecosystem (Appleyard, 2003).
The Ecuadorian Industries Food Producer CA (INEPACA) is a leading company that
is located in the fishing port of Manta since 1949 the same through the years has
become one of the largest and most modern tuna processors in Latin America, this
plant keeps leadership in the tuna processing and sardine of the highest quality.
Being the main port of tuna of pacific in Manta, where millions of tons of which 30 %

is for local consumption and 70 % is exported to different markets are landed

(CONVEMAR, 2012).
Currently , the company it has the Total Productive Maintenance (TPM ) and the
establishment of the Quality that meets the requirements of Risk Analysis and
Critical Point Control Prevention to health problems (HACCP ), in order to increase
productivity and improve product quality. the fleet of INEPACA presence 16 tuna
vessels , with a capacity between 300 and 1600 TM , which guarantees the supply
of its needs throughout the year. Also, it has fishing techniques which ensure
conservation of different aquatic species (INEPACA, 2008).

4. Description of the Activities

The processing of tuna that handles company INEPACA incorporate diversity of
machinery and equipment, due to the complex operations that operate to obtain
the different canned tuna (INEPACA, 2008).
According with Ecuadorian industry Food producing CA. The tuna process is
described below (INEPACA, 2008):

Tuna fishing: Tuna is an abundant fish in the Pacific Ocean; it is capture by

fishing vessels of the company, and then is stored in the cold cellar of boat to
keep it in perfect condition without deterioration up to the processing plant in
Manta. The most important species of tuna are: Yellowfin, Big eye, and
Skipjack.
Reception: The tuna caught and frozen arrives aboard boats is discharged on
the plant and pass to step of classification that fish are divided by size and
species , identifying the source , temperature , salt and histamine. These are
deposited in special containers for transfer to the cold chamber.
Storage: The classified and identified fish is placed in freezers to keep it in
perfect condition until the time of processing that is performed according to
several factors and the company is based on the FIFO method.
Defrost: Once selected by species and size, the frozen tuna is processed and
is placed in a fork-lift in the scows, with hot water since cold chamber until
Defrost area. The defrost duration varies according to the size, weight and
species. So is obtained an average defrost on +80 lbs (fish weighing over 80
lbs. and so others pesos).
Gutted: The thawed fish is cleaned by carefully removing the gutted,
discarding the non-edible parts of the fish and cut into sections, which are
placed on special trolleys carefully tailored to the cookers.
Cooking: The fish is cooked by steam to facilitate the next stage of cleaning.
This process begins with a vent which is removal of all the air inside the

cooking chamber to be replaced by steam, it takes 10 minutes to reach 214

F which is the first phase. Then it precedes, the second phase that is kept
constant at 190 F and 33 % of total cooking time which varies depending on
how many fish for baskets are cooking, the third phase of 180 F the 33 % of
time Total, and fourth stage at 170 F.
Cleaning: This stage of the process allows get loins and tuna meat clean and
of excellent quality. The cleaning starts for removing the skin, bones, fat and
other waste. The loins stay ready to be packed. Leftover waste such as: skin,
bones and fat are used to produce fishmeal, raw material for the production
as animal feed.
Canning: The tuna loins clean, swine according to the size of the can be used.
The loin pieces are placed in the can and is added the packing liquid medium,
which may be water or olive oil, sunflower or soy. The High portion machines
introduce the appropriate portion in their respective cans, maintaining its
ideal consistency.
Sterilization: The cans sealed are placed in autoclaves and sterilized with
steam at high temperature to destroy all microorganisms present in the food
and within the cans. After the cans are washed and cooled with ice water.
Serves to eliminate microorganisms capable of reproducing in the food under
normal conditions of storage and distribution without refrigeration, one of the
goals is to eliminate the clostridiun botulinum is a bacterium that when it
grows produces a toxin or lethal poison, which can cause death.
Packing: This is the last stage of the process in which the labels on the cans
are placed and packed in recyclable cardboard boxes. The cans are vacuum
sealed by metal caps, smooth type, traditional, or easy open; ensuring its
durability.
5. Extraction and Fisheries Resources.

Technological advances and significant increases in human population have led to

an extensive increase in global exploitation of fisheries, namely, it has increased
fishing capacity of individual vessels (Bowen, 2009).
According with Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2001):
In 1971 the total catch of marine species was skirted between 60 million tons
for year, the FAO estimated that the global fishing potential, basing on the
exploitation of known marine species of commercial interest, is 100 million
tons per year.
The resources nowadays are now fully exploited, access to all resources is open to
too many fisheries around the world. According to FAO (2001): about 50 percent of
the resources of marine fisheries worldwide are fully exploited, 25 percent are

subject to overexploitation and around the remaining 25 percent could withstand

higher rates of exploitation.
The approach of the amount of extraction of marine resources has grown
exponentially due to overfishing, which began in the early 1970s. Research has
shown that world production of fish has increased from 19 million tons in 1950 to
nearly 130 million tons in the 2000, of which 36 million tons are part of aquaculture
(CEIPA, 2014).
One of the main sources is overfishing, is the eventual capture and waste generated
is estimated about 20 million tons annually (FAO, 2001). This suggests that the
chances of actually increase fish production worldwide, are limited. Over the years
the population grows and there is more advanced technology that can alter the
natural balance (Direction of Tourism. Municipal Manta, 2009).
According with Ministry of Environment of Ecuador (2010):
Due to the indiscriminate extraction of marine and coastal waters of the
continental Ecuador are under pressure this causes fragmentation and
degradation of ecosystems that collaborate to biodiversity loss. The Fishing,
both industrial and artisanal, is an element of major change as it has
decreased largely due to uncontrolled access to these populations and the
lack of activity management of fishing. The Marine and coastal protected
areas are an important tool to promote the recovery and conservation of
ecosystems. The 13 areas marine and coastal protected covering inland , less
than 8 % of all full coverage of protected areas of 3,315 km continental
Ecuador.
The extraction of fish in the city of Manta is done with great intensity, which puts at
risk conservation. For this reason, they have developed conservation projects, one is
called " Conservation of Marine and Coastal Biodiversity of Ecuador raised by the
Ministry of Environment, in order to propose strategies for sustainability and
conservation of marine species (MAE, 2010).
The objective of this project is to conserve marine and coastal biodiversity of
Ecuador by establishing a network of protected areas that have adequate
representation of marine- coastal ecosystems to prevent indiscriminate extraction
of resources and strengthen the management of marine areas and coastal protected
in conjunction with actions, focused on the protection of endangered marine
species. How to create nurseries for sharks because the population reduction has
been considerable (MAE, 2010).
Marine Pollution Sources
One of the marine sources most pollution are industrial waste as much of this waste
arrive up the sea. These may be food waste that are relatively biodegradable, but
may also contain heavy metals and dangerous chemical substances. Between these
it found wastewater of fishing companies (CEIPA, 2014).

According Bowen (2009): Regarding liquid contaminants from wastewater

Fisheries, It found that these wastewaters are produced during the various
stages of the manufacturing process of the flour fish that are most polluting,
also are fish oils, preserved of fish that characterized by a high content of
organic matter. Contain Fats and oils in high concentrations, that is, beyond
the allowed limits.
The amount of waste is associated with the entry of food and its conversion into
biomass and the rest not assimilated. The addition of nutrients (nitrogen and
phosphorus ) and organic matter produces alterations of funds and changes in
marine community structure (Lopez et al ., 1988; Buschmann et al., 1996 ). The
fishing companies are characterized for the fish is transported in trucks from the
port of landing to processing plants in the urban sector. This causes discomfort in
the population by continuous water spill, blood and odor (MAE, 2010).
The situation becomes critical to moving raw materials from waste fisheries plants,
the canned and frozen transport or tail waters. One solution proposed to reduce
water pollution with blood during discharge is the reuse of water pumping, allowing
the concentration of the soluble proteins and particulate organic material (Direction
of Tourism. Municipal Manta, 2009).
Another source of pollution is the anthropogenic of various human activities. That is,
point sources such as pipes, channels or other. At this point the fishing companies is
heavily involved as liquid effluents from boilers or water evaporated water plant
reaching the sea at high temperatures , this could generate local and specific
disorders in the effluent environment (CONVEMAR, 2012).

6. Emissions
An important part of the whole process of the fishing industry in Manta are that this
industry generates emissions into the atmosphere, these emissions can develop
into the water and atmospheric environment, on the other hand we have the solid
waste generated by industry, most fishing companies in Manta use a similar
process, the difference is in the technology implementation and obviously his
"secret touch" but there is a relevant point that most of companies are dont
escape the odor emissions, gases and particles this industry generates.
The emissions generated in the media dont carry a strict control as to the field of
environmental protection is concerned, on the other hand there is no municipal
control to implement strictly the existing laws and worse to realize municipal
performing resolutions to this issue.
For this we will consider certain concepts, According to No.061 the agreement of the
Ministry of environment, every company have some general environmental
obligations.
"Every work, new project activity and any extension or modification thereof that
may cause environmental impact must be submitted to the Single Environmental
Management System in accordance with the provisions of applicable law, this book
and the administrative and technical regulations issued to the effect. Every action
related to environmental management will have to plan and implement on the basis
of the principles of sustainability, equity, social participation, validated

representation, coordination, precaution, prevention, mitigation and remediation of

negative impacts, responsibility, solidarity, cooperation, waste minimization , reuse,
recycling and reuse of waste, conservation of resources in general, use of clean
technologies, environmentally responsible alternative technologies and best
practices, and respect for the cultures and traditional practices and ancestral
possessions. Also should be considered the environmental impacts of any products,
industrialized or not, during their life cycle "(MAE, 2015)
"Environmental damage is irreversible negative environmental impact on the
environmental conditions in space and time, resulted in the development of projects
or activities, leading in a short, medium or long term to an imbalance in the
ecosystem functions and disrupting the supply of goods and services that these
ecosystems provide to society "(MAE, 2015).
6.1.

Emission of odor, gases and particles

At present there are many companies in the fisheries sector, a very important and
which we will focus on this type of issue is Inepaca SA, is very important because it
is operating more than 20 years in the city of Manta, It is a time in which you can
assess whether it has generated or not an environmental impact.
"In Inepaca the main source of emissions to air are the gases of the boilers. Air
emissions from the forklifts checked but are not relevant in terms of their expected
impact to the factory setting. At the time of making this work, the factory operates
with existing boilers, each with a fireplace for the combustion gases. The
characteristics of this equipment are listed below: "(Oroazul Cia Ltda., 2008.).
350 Hp Cauldron with heat output of 14'645.000 BTU / h; Diesel fuel: 1 fireplace
500 Hp Cauldron with heat output of 20'922.000 BTU / h; Diesel fuel: 1 fireplace
"In the operation of the boilers Nitrogen oxides NOx, sulfur dioxide SO2, particles
are emitted, they are regulated in the Ecuadorian environmental legislation. Besides
water vapor, carbon dioxide CO2, CO Carbon monoxide is emitted. It proceeded to
determine the existence of compliance, by emissions from boilers, with current
environmental standards for emissions. The procedure was based on the review of
the results of measurement of air emissions from combustion gases NO2 and SO2
from the operation of the pots "(Oroazul Cia. Ltda., 2008).
It was determined that emissions meet the permissible limits established in
environmental policy. The results for sources operating with liquid fuels are
presented in Table 1

"Because the factory is still a significant source of emissions, environmental

management plan for the installation establishes a program of emissions
monitoring. The program results will be reported to the environmental authority,
according to procedures to be established "(Oroazul Cia. Ltda., 2008).
According to the environmental audit other sources of air emissions which are not
taken into account because its potential cant lead to negative impacts on the
environment of the plant, we can see that the pots are the source of emission and
potential odors who has the floor, on the other hand we can see in the table that
meet the current standard, but how true is this really can ensure that there is no
damage or environmental or socio-environmental impact, we think not.
We think so by the unmistakable smell that permeates the reach Manta by simple
logic we know that the main factors of this terrible smell are the fisheries.
6.2.

Solid Waste Generation

We will continue with the data obtained from the company Inepaca, as we know a
bad process hazardous and non-hazardous can cause serious damage to the quality
of soil, water bodies and air, for description of the different waste was classified into
three major areas: common plant waste, waste generated from maintenance
activities, and hazardous waste from the plant.
"The main common solid wastes generated consist of organic waste such as offal,
heads, skins, tails, bones, remains attached to the elements of the machines, blood,
edible oils, waste scrap etc. Additional organic waste from the plant remains of
scrap cardboard are generated, they are sorted and separated for resale "(Oroazul
Cia. Ltda., 2008).
"In story to the waste generated from maintenance activities of the plant, they are
fat from cleaning grease traps located throughout the areas of production. Fat waste
removal system wastewater treatment are stored and then sent to landfill of the city
of Manta "(Oroazul Cia. Ltda., 2008).
"As industrial waste generated at the facility, designated as hazardous according to
current environmental legislation, it is mentioned: waste impregnated with
hydrocarbons such as wipes, rags, dusters, cardboard, waste lubricating oil and
grease, waste maintenance activities ovens (ash and soot), solvent ink printing
labels (methyl ethyl ketone) and liquid waste mixture of iso-octane and glacial

acetic acid, this generated in the laboratory quality assurance "(Oroazul Cia. Ltda.,
2008 ).
"The disposal of waste generated within Inepaca installations are performed in the
San Juan dump of the city of Manta. Hazardous wastes generated are waste
lubricating oils and hydrocarbon contaminated residues from waste maintenance
workshops; acetic acid waste liquid, wash thinner 1000 originated in the laboratory
and coding of the packaging material; Empty containers pesticide spraying
department disposal of this waste was stored in a fireproof container and does not
allow corrosion, shall be labeled with date and type of waste "(Oroazul Cia. Ltda.,
2008)
The moment the plant environmental audit was conducted did not have a
management system that meets acceptable all environmental regulations
applicable to the auditing company that improved the existing with some
improvements.
6.3.

Liquid Efluents

Washing water production area floors "Cleanliness is basically a sweep material

called scrap in the production areas of packaging and sealing is performed during
the production shift and end of each realizes cleaning with water, detergent and
disinfectant. In reception areas, cooking, thawed, gutted, cooling, sterilization,
water well wash cans, water, detergents and disinfectants used for daily cleaning
"(Oroazul Cia. Ltda., 2008).
Industrial wastewater regeneration softener resins team: "This team is located in
the area of steam generator boilers, and is used for reducing the content of
hardness in the feed water boiler. The regeneration process involves rinsing with
water, which comes from a discharge liquid with suspended solids, mainly. Then, a
solution of common salt is applied, which is discharged to the sanitary sewer
system that has "(Oroazul Cia. Ltda., 2008).
The plant has a sewage system of storm water according to the company Oroazul
"rainwater is the collects 80% in tanks, are treated to serve as feed water for
boilers" (Oroazul Cia. Ltda., 2008)
"The company has a primary treatment system to treat their wastewater industry,
from development activities and cleaning effluent production areas. This system
consists of a series of concrete tanks with different capacities, wherein ozone is
supplied through a pipe, to float the oil and grease are are removed by in system
mechanical scraper and assisted by a operator with a rake where they are
transferred, then the water passes through a filter of cylindrical stainless steel mesh
which are retained fats have even been the first tank, the treated water is
discharged into the sewer system of the city (Oroazul Cia . Ltda., 2008).
Analysis allowed verifying that such effluents are within the parameters of the
standard in which the following data listed in Table 2 were obtained was conducted.

An important fact is that the permissible limits for the point of oils and fats were
updated by the TULSMA, this makes the value of 72.08 is outside the norm.
The downloads of sewage created of Activities subject to regularization, they have
to expire at least, with the established Values, in the next Table.

Fuent The results allow us to analyze there are two parameters that do not meet the
standard BOD and D.Q.O. and despite that the discharge of these effluents into the
sewer system is made, the audit conducted a study of pollution load and conclude
"that from washing floors, tools and production equipment, Industrial effluent has a
high pollutant load. Besides the pollution load of the effluent is composed of organic
material such as waste evisceration of fish "(Oroazul Cia. Ltda., 2008).

6.6.1 Magnitude of effluent discharges

The magnitude of impact of effluents is measured under certain parameters, which
are indicators of water quality as oxygenated chemical demand (BOD), fats and oils,
pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and others. For this we will review the following
table
Table 3 Pollutant load of fish processing activity: Anexo 1 TULSMA

Source: MAE, S.f.

7. Enviromental Impacts
The environmental pollution is affecting us in a direct way, with repercussions in
our health and in the environmental health as well. The effluents generated from
the dumping by flour plants present high organic residues that result in the massive
mortality of the resources of the artisanal and industrial fishing companies,
generating massive million dollar losses and serious social impacts.
Rapid industrialization has given place to innumerable accidents that have
contaminated the terrestrial, atmospheric and aquatic resources with toxic
materials and other pollutants, threatening and people and ecosystems with serious
health risks. The increasingly widespread use of materials and energy has created
an increasing pressure in the quality of the local, regional and world ecosystems.
Before an effort was undertaken to reduce the impact of pollution, the
environmental control scarcely existed and was orientated principally to the waste
treatment to avoid local damages (Brack, 2010).
In order to control pollution, we must highlight the capacity of assimilation which
would help us to recognize the existence of a certain level of toxic emission to the
environment without negative effects in the human and environmental health. A
control principle must be applied which supposes that the environmental damage
can be avoided by controlling the form, the duration and the speed of the emission
of pollutants to the environment (Brack, 2010).
According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)
The fisheries have to potential to modify ecosystems because fishing may alter or
affect: the target resource (especially if there is overfishing of the target resource);
species associated with or dependent on the targeted resource (such as predators

or prey); trophic relationships within the ecosystem in which the fishery operates;
and habitats in which fishing occurs. The impacts may be easily reversible, difficult
to reverse, or irreversible (FAO , 2005).
Some of the more well-documented fishing activities that can have potentially
negative impacts on the environment include, Overfishing and excessive fishing can
reduce the spawning biomass of a fishery below desired levels such as maximum
sustainable or economic yields (FAO , 2005).
The impacts caused by the fishing industry are obvious, according Andrade &
Hernndez "assessing the territorial radius of influence of industrial emissions, by
virtue of the degree of involvement by downloading liquid, gaseous and noise
pollution; the sector over the Esters, is the most high contamination with critical
values, a situation which also corroborates with the criteria and perception citizen,
revealed in interviews and focus groups implemented. With this background, we can
say that the situation of industrial pollution in Manta is medium - high, which is far
from ideal, so that better controls the municipality (in methodology and monitoring
tools) are required, greater social commitment by industries to promote clean
production processes (Andrade & Hernandez, 2010).
To complement the foregoing, we add a very important table and graph to observe
the environmental impact that this industry generates.
Table 4 Assessment of the environmental impact produced by the process

Graph 1

Source: MAE, S.f.

Representacin grfica del impacto ambiental producido por el proceso

Source: MAE, S.f.

7.1.
Environmental impact assessment and impacts on the
aquatic system
Another important issue that is not very relations with this issue is the
contamination of fish with mercury, according to the IPEM Mercury enters the
environment in several different ways. Some mercury enters the environment by
natural processes such as volcanic eruptions, geothermic activities, and the
weathering of mercury-containing rocks. Most of the mercury currently in the global
environment, however, entered as a result of human activity. Human activities that
release mercury into the environment are called anthropogenic sources of mercury.
Once mercury is present in the aquatic or terrestrial environment, it can volatilize
and reenter the atmosphere (Weinber & Persistent , 2010).
Intentional sources these sources arise when an intentional decision is made to
create a product that contains mercury or to operate a process that uses mercury.
Examples of products that contain mercury or a mercury compound include
fluorescent lamps, some thermometers, batteries and switches, and
other similar products. A non-industrial process that uses mercury is small-scale
gold mining, in which elemental mercury is used to capture gold from mixtures of
crushed rocks, sediments, soils, or other particles. Examples of industrial processes
include chemical manufacturing plants that use mercury
compounds as catalysts, especially in vinyl chloride monomer production and some
chlor-alkali plants that use pools of elemental mercury as a cathode in electrolysis
(Weinber & Persistent , 2010).
Unintentional sources these sources arise from activities that burn or process fossil
fuels, ores, or minerals that contain mercury as an unwanted impurity. Examples
include coal-fired power plants, cement kilns, large-scale metal mining and refining,
and fossil fuel extraction for coal, oil, oil shale and tar sands. Incinerators and
landfills that are used to dispose of mercury-containing end-of-use products and
wastes also release mercury into the environment and are categorized by some as
unintentional sources (Weinber & Persistent , 2010).

The fishing industry does not enter into intentional pollution sources, but it is very
important because due to this contamination is severely affected the food chain,
and this chain is included Tuna is the raw material for this industry, According to the
IPEM As indicated earlier, mercury enters water bodies mainly by falling directly
from the air and through drainage from mercury-contaminated soils. Upon entering
the aquatic environment, a significant fraction of the mercury is transformed into
methylmercury by microorganisms that are naturally present in these ecosystems.
The microorganisms are then eaten by small aquatic organisms that are, in turn,
eaten by fish and shellfish. These then are eaten by larger fish, birds, mammals,
and people (Weinber & Persistent , 2010).
Methylmercury starts at the bottom of the food chain and then accumulates and
biomagnifies as larger organisms eat smaller ones. As a result of this
biomagnification, the concentration of methylmercury in some fish species can be
at levels in the range of a million times (10 ^6) greater than the background
concentration of the mercury in the water that the fish inhabit (Weinber &
Persistent , 2010).
In conclusion, the effluents of these companies do not directly affect the lives of
aquatic ecosystems form. As detailed in Table 4 water resources affected by the
factor of generation of effluents on a -15.7% being one of the greatest
environmental impact factors together to air quality, in Figure 1 we can see that
water quality is the factor of increased level of impact reaching fairly significant,
this figure is dangerous and must take action to reduce the level of impact as the
water discharged from the effluent could indirectly affect possible future
ecosystems arriving to use the same.
7.2.

Socioeconomic Impact

According to Andrade & Hernndez During the time that developed the boom of
the aquicultural activity in Manta, this one had an important socioeconomic impact
in the population of the canton and of bordering zones. Effluent direct impacts on
work, for people who worked directly on the production centers. Besides creating
jobs, this allowed people to specialize and train in these technical areas (Andrade
& Hernandez, 2010).
This can meet reflected in the following table that details the growth of the
economically active population inside the fishing sector in the urban zone. Table 5

Source: Inec

But this is a crucial and much debated topic, here is the reason why government
institutions and municipalities to turn over the years have been limited by not
applying drastic action against this industry, it is well known that the interests some
people weigh when trying to create a better social conscience and laws to tighten
pollution from this industry.
Table 4 shows clearly that the commercial activities and employment are the only
positive values and not only that are very representative so in the percentage of low
involvement considerably, according to the MAE "the final impact resulting from the
process is -29,83, listed as insignificant impact of negative character "(MAE, Sf), we
can understand that the economic factor is above environmental factor and even
social, because if the environment is polluted directly affects people who live in
areas surrounding industries
We believe that actions and fixes, which require the fisheries sector to improve its
process emissions to air and water bodies, implemented cleaner technology to
optimize better the processes that take place in these industries need the main
engine the high profitability they generate, so implement improvements in its
processes should be paramount.
7.3.

Health Impacts of Population

The impacts on the health of people living around factories and living in the canton
Manta, are not very well-defined and can not be checked by the absence of studies
or research in the area, and citizen opinion our appreciation for the field trip is that
the terrible odor that permeates what we assume as a factor causing long-term
damage to human health.
A very interesting fact which leads us to ask whether the industry produces impacts
on health or not is the following table:
Table 6:

This table comes

to highlight at a glance
that the second province has the highest cases of acute respiratory infections is
Manabi, we can not guarantee that these diseases are associated with emissions
from this industry, but we believe it is very likely that this is so.
Diseases or health impacts of long-term are far from proven, but there is a kind of
permanent irrigation attentive to the health and lives of people who work for these
industries and ammonia found in pipes fishing vessels for storage and freezing
processes of fish during their time at sea, one of the most dangerous and tragic
accidents occurred in the Manta port, the daily telegraph "Enrique Jos Rosado and
Pachay are 2 survivors an ammonia leak that occurred on November 19, 2008 on
the ship Andrea F. That occasion stevedores escaped certain death by inhalation of
gas with 30 others. That afternoon the dead were five immediately. In later 7th most
workers "(El Telegrafo, 2014) died.
"This work is very hard, poorly paid and dangerous, he highlights the man, who said
that his father was one of those killed in the escape of ammonia recorded in the
Nicaraguan flag ship Andrea F" (El Telegrafo, 2014).
"In addition to the 12 killed in 2008, Roberto Rosado also died in the same incident,
but his agony lasted until 2012. The stevedore was, at first, four months in intensive
care. After several weeks he left the hospital. He was unable to work, he had lost his
sight, he could avoid the sun and had problems with the respiratory system. In 2012
he had health complications and died "(El Telegrafo, 2014).

This has not been the only accident of its kind in the city of Manta, there are some
more, the risk to which workers are exposed is clear and must take action to compel
companies to upgrade their equipment and processes and thus provides well-being
for the human health and environmental care.
8. Artisanal fisheries versus industrial fisheries and socio economic impact
It is very important to differentiate two manners of exploitation of the marine
resources with dramatic differences in his ecological effects and socioeconomic
benefits: the industrial, large-scale fishing developed in coastal and principally
oceanic areas, and the handcrafted one, on a small scale in coastal areas (Caddy,
J.F.1999).
The industrial fishing, in spite of the fact that it has been the form of exploitation
with a major development and governmental support in the last decades, presents
a high environmental impact they are in the habit of using slightly selective arts, as
the draggings, but with great capacity of fishing that accompanists generate high
captures of species without economic value (Caddy, J.F.1999).

The Artisanal fishing, it has come being the traditional form of exploitation in
numerous coastal areas, it is much more respectful with the ecosystem due to his
major selectivity, and to that his captures are much more reduced but with a high
unitary value, which determines a high economic performance with relation to the
scanty operating cost. Activities like the ecotourism need ecosystems well
preserved with abundant populations of organisms of great size, which it
determines that the ideal levels of fishing effort should be very low based only on
criteria of performance of the captures (Pauly, D. 1998).

The in force model fails to take advantage of the knowledge of the fishermen, which
might be of great usefulness in the scientific studies of the species and ecosystems
that exploit ecological traditional knowledge and in the design of effective measures
of regulation. In this respect, the system of rights of property of the exploitation is a
fundamental factor in the final destination of the natural renewable resources, and
the fisheries are not an exception (Pauly, D. 1998).
In Europe, in general, the fishing resources have considered traditionally of opened
access, which is in the habit of deriving finally in what the economists named
already in the middle of century as the tragedy of the common ones: when the
natural resources are exploited by a system of opened access, without rights of
property or by rights of property that are not monitored really, the fisherman seeks
to maximize the captures of immediate form searching if it is necessary alternatives
to the limitations imposed by the regulations, obtaining the maximum short-term
performance but compromising seriously the sustainability of the stocks (Pauly, D.
1998).

In certain contexts, in general tied to industrial strongly capitalized fisheries, there

have developed systems of private property based on the systems of individual
transferable quotas (ITQ) that have appeared as successful alternatives to the
opened access (Pauly, D. 1998).
Countries like New Zealand and Iceland were pioneering in the development of
these systems, which at present enjoy great popularity in diverse geographical
areas. Though these systems have enjoyed a relative success in the sustainable
management of the resources, new problems have appeared as the concentration
of quota in a few companies that can monopolize the exploitation and the decisions
on management, which they limit in general to economic aims (Verisimo, 2000).
In the last years, the systems of management of numerous fisheries along the
world, especially those realized in coastal waters and artisanal form for communities
that have taken the fishing as an economic activity from historical times, have
evolved towards cooperative systems that imply a management of the users and of
the administration (Verisimo, 2000).
A sustainable exploitation of the resources and the conservation of the ecosystems,
supporting the social cohesion and the economic efficiency of the implied
communities. Numerous examples exist in places as unlike as Chile, Ecuador,
Mexico, Indonesia, The Philippines, The United States or Canada, in the latter cases
tied to the rights of exploitation of the indigenous groups (Verisimo, 2000).

The system of technical measures must be simplified substantially, avoiding

measures that generate a high cost of vigilance or of exploitation, and it should
Centre in a system of minimal sizes and of establishment of marine protected areas.
Both measures incite a consensus generalized between the fishermen, are easily
vigilables, are robust before the uncertainties of the scientific knowledge, and allow,
in case of the reservations, to combine the fishing management with the
conservation of key habitats in the coastal ecosystems (Verisimo, 2000).
The implantation of a system of this type would allow the reduction of the
uncertainty and, consequently, a planning in the medium and long term looking for
the biological and economic sustainability
The model change of management does not mean an abandonment of the functions
of the political authorities, but a redefinition of his paper. The success of the
management and the system implantation of territorial rights needs from new roles
for politicians and technical, centred in the formation of the group, and the
participation as advisers and facilitators in the captures of decisions and resolution
of conflicts (Verisimo, 2000).
The conservation of the aquatic ecosystems is difficultly compatible with a
continued development of the industrial fisheries, as the artisanal coastal fisheries
can be viable from a conservationist perspective, and even to be positive factors in
the conservation of the biodiversity and of the aquatic ecosystems. It is necessary
to bear in mind that, in our geographical context, the sustainable exploitation of the

coastal resources implies the limitation of other uses of the littoral with much more
dramatic effects on the ecosystems (Verisimo, 2000).
An artisanal fishing with a model of management adapted he can be the best ally of
the conservationist aims. The handcrafted coastal sector constitutes the economic
and cultural base of a wide social sector (Verisimo, 2000).

9. Clean technologies
The solution of the environmental problems must be searched across the sequential
application of notable alternatives, described in the same order. The first two
alternatives can generate important benefits for the industry, which is translated in
a major productivity and competitiveness (Policansky 1999).
By means of the Reduction of Residues in the Origin, generally its the simplest
alternative way to apply, is possible to improve some systems and procedures that
allow to reduce the volumes of waste in the industry, which means that there is
diminished in obvious form and it diminishes or eliminates the need of a system of
treatment and final disposition (Policansky 1999).
The direct or indirect advantages in environmental terms of the reduction of
residues in the origin, these normally redound to a reduction costs of production
across a better managing of materials and a major efficiency of the process, the
recycling or reutilization still can generate tangible benefits for the company,
though in minor degree that applying the reduction in the origin. Finally, the
treatment and final disposition only is associated with costs, in terms of investment
and of operation (Policansky 1999).
The reduction in the origin eliminates or diminishes the need of treatment and
disposition of the residues. It includes the rational use of the resources, raw
materials, inputs and energy, and the use of materials less harmful to the
environment. Thus, the reduction in the origin is one of the least costly alternatives
for the solution of environmental problems, and in many cases it generates
attractive profit abilities and low levels of investment (Policansky 1999).
These alternatives include the improvement of the procedures of operation and the
good productive practices; it generates products of better quality and with fewer
environmental problems. Some modalities exist as changes in raw materials or
inputs. It corresponds to the use of raw materials and inputs that they do not
generate or generate in a low level of undesirable or dangerous residues. The result
of these changes is a minimization of the residues and a minor exhibition of the
workers to pollutants produced in the manufacturing process (Policansky 1999).
Technology changes, this means to modify obsolete or costly systems for suitable
technologies where the investment is recovered in the short term, for the saving of
raw materials and inputs and / or improvement of the productivity. These changes
generate environmental benefits since the most efficient use of the raw materials
and inputs takes a decrease as a consequence in the quantity of residues. A solution

raised to diminish the pollution by waters drains during the tasks of unload is the
reutilization of the waters of pumping, which would allow the concentration of the
soluble proteins and the organic material. This waste water might be finally
incorporated into the process of production and not returned in a enriched way with
organic matter (Freire, 2000).
Other one of the environmental problems generated by this industry was residing in
the fact that not all the solutions of caustic soda and acid, used in the washes
through the systems of the type CIP, were re-circulated and re-used in new
operations of wash. In some cases, since in the wash of the trucks that transport the
milk, if there was done the recirculation of the solutions of soda and acid, which
were in use for the wash of several units, and unloading them when they were
reaching certain degree of dirt. In other cases, for example for the wash of the
equipments pasteurizers, the solutions were used were not re-circulated, for what
an alone time was used and then they were disburdening as liquid residues (Freire,
2000).
In the recovery of organic matter in Fishing industry is possible to apply basically
three technological changes, which correspond at the rate of centrifugal bombs to
vacuum pumps in the process of unload the fished ones; the installation of
additional processes to recover organic solid matter through the employment of
meshes, followed by his recycling across the incorporation in the operations of
centrifugation, evaporation and dried; and the change from warming for direct
steam to warming in rotary dryers with indirect warming, by means of steam jackets
(Policansky 1999).
Another factor of air pollution is the particles generated by the secondhand fuels,
coal particles, hydrocarbons and particles of flour. Since a way of avoiding this type
of pollutants they have established themselves, in some industries, systems gas
washers and chimneys of 40 m of height using gas washers and chimneys of 40 m
of height, only it should liberate to the atmosphere water steam. A new technology
implemented recently in the design of plants of flour is the recirculation of the
steams waters down in the process, enclosed which would eliminate the gas
emission to the atmosphere (Policansky 1999).
Changes in the practices of operation, The application and good practices of
management operations in the company is based on the application of a series of
procedures and / or policies and administrative officers destined to improve and
optimize the productive processes to promoting the participation of the personnel
in activities destined to achieve the minimization of the residues (Freire, 2000).
Inside these practices the policies of personnel are included, as training or use of
incentives, the measures of prevention of losses and the improvements in the
procedures as the implantation of suitable systems of documentation, the
optimization of the managing and storage of raw materials, the control of
inventories, the programming of the production, etc. It is important to mention that
in the development of this type of management interbreeds the beginning
developed in the ISO Procedure 9.000 (Quality insurance) and ISO 14.000
(Environmental Management).

As good practices we can mention the permanent Training of the personnel on

conditions of the process, industrial safety, managing material and occupational
health. Using incentives to the personnel, not only monetary type. The compromise
of the employees with themselves more with the application of measures of
prevention if they know that they will obtain some benefit, directly or indirectly, or a
recognition for his performance (Freire, 2000).
the development of manuals operation and procedures including from lists of check
or called figures of attention for the operatives, up to manuals for the professional
personnel, in order to clarify and / or to modify operations of the process so it would
increase the efficiency and would control the losses. In general, this point is one of
the weakest inside the industries. The maintenance of a minimal stock of materials,
overcoat if these are perishable, to avoid unnecessary losses. Use of the raw
materials and inputs in the exact quantities for every work to avoid excessive traffic
in the zones of storage and production (Freire, 2000).
Optimization of the programs of production and the preventive maintenance of the
equipments in order to avoid accidents, leaks, spillages and / or fault of the
equipments. This includes the checkup and review of bombs, valves, packings,
reservoirs of retention, filters, equipment of safety, etc. A quality control of raw
materials in the receipt to check that they fulfill the needed specifications. This
includes the quality of the inputs and the exigency of certification of the quality and
return of the materials if these do not fulfill the established requirements (Freire,
2000).
To develop lists of programming for every type of product, with times estimated of
beginning and term of every lot of production, in order to control the inventory of
the active raw materials and to improve the efficiency of utilization of the
equipments, this way to achieve a suitable coverage in the demand of the products
(Ostrom, 1999).
Once exhausted all the alternatives of reduction in the origin, it is necessary to put
attention to the possibilities of re-using or recycling materials and inputs, inside or
out of the industry. This allows to reduce the volumes of residues to being arranged,
transforming them into one more input inside the same productive or different
process (Ostrom, 1999).
Though the reutilization and the recycling residue generally are not effective as the
reduction in the origin, these alternatives allow reducing the volumes of residues to
being arranged, transforming them into one more input inside the same productive
or different process, and they can have an economic return that can exceed or not
the involved costs. Still when the returns associated directly with the recycling or
reutilization are lower than the costs, in the economic analysis it is necessary to
include the costs of managing, treatment or waste disposal that would be
associated with the alternative of traditional managing of residues (Ostrom, 1999).
When it is not possible to re-use or recycle the residues inside its place of origin, it
suits to exhaust the possibilities so the residues turn into inputs for another

industry, which can be a great help to the centralization information in a bag of

residues (Fernandez, 2000).
Only at the end of the process, either when already the reduction is not possible in
the origin, and the recycling or reutilization of materials, and has problems of
unloads or emission that overcome the applicable procedure, it is necessary to be
considered the option of treatment and disposition of the residues (Fernandez,
2000).
with the systems of treatment and the technological difficulty by the nonexistence
of universal processes that are capable of removing any type of residue, these
systems are environmentally inefficient, because typically they separate the
pollutants of a way, for example the air, water or soil, forcing to arranging them in
other one, but without necessarily his presence diminishes in clear terms. For
example, the removal of gaseous pollutants through a humid "scrubber" will
generate a liquid residue that, if it surrenders to treatment, it will generate, in turn a
mud or solid pollutant, which eventually will have to be arranged in the soil,
containing the same pollutants that were separated from the gaseous way and that,
potentially, can contaminate the water (Fernandez, 2000).

10.

Conclusions & Recommendations

The environmental own pollution of fishing industry comes from different activities,
already be for the extraction, the processing or the production of species trough the
fish farming. This so, the demand for food has grown by leaps and bounds, for such
a motive that the extractions of resources have seen increased either direct and
indirect human consumption, flour and oil of fish, nevertheless, the respective
considerations have not been takin serious by the marine environment, since the
plants have spilt his waste to the marine environment without a previous treatment,
which causes the pollution of this body recipient
The treatment of the industrial residues is a technical solution that implies the
rationalization of the managing residue and the application of some type of
treatment. The treatments can be: primary (sedimentation or flotation of particles,
neutralization: it reduces the quantity of solid and the demand of oxygen);
secondary (reactors of activated muds, reservoirs of aeration, concentrating:
biochemical processes of oxidation) and tertiary (coagulation, rainfall, adsorption
with activated coal, clorination, ozonation, treatments to remove specific pollutants
and to prepare the water to be re-used (Sudstrom and Klei, 1979).
It is for this reason, anyone is the type of treatment that is given to the effluent
ones of the plants or waters used in the crafts, and always they are going to
produce waste, though its volumes diminish significantly. Its evacuation to the sea
or elimination is subject trough Effluent submarines which are ducts that transport
the residues to depths superior to 40 m and where the capacity of assimilation of
the ocean allows the remineralization of important volumes of organic matter.

Oceanic sites emptying industrial waste. They are chosen, distant sites of the coast,
where noses, cisterns transport the waste for his evacuation. Sites of incineration
waste. They are oceanic areas chosen of agreement to the meteorological standard
of behavior, where noses incinerators can reduce the waste.
We recommend these different strategies in the elimination of industrial waste
because are treatments and evacuation of residues of agreement to the procedure
of emission, as a way of fulfilling requirements, and the application of technology
orientated to introducing changes in the industrial processes with the intention of
increasing the efficiency and of optimizing the use of the raw material.
Generally the environmental problems produced by the industries are accepted as
an own inconvenience of the development; nevertheless, the law is increasingly
clear and tends to put strong restrictions to the use of the sea as a body recipient of
waste or to allow the gas exit the atmosphere.
The industrial residues are a responsibility of the company and by its characteristics
they cannot be evacuated directly to the sea or to the atmosphere, so that they
must be submitted to different types of treatments. The principal ones are a
recovery of by-products (water drains), to improve the quality of the flour;
sedimentation of particles, not to diminish the transparency in the system recipient;
reservoirs of oxidation, to diminish the requirements of oxygen; system gas washer,
to avoid bad smells and exit of particles, etc. The treatment, as well as the recovery
of residues (might represent an additional benefit in the quality of his products) they
must be faced as an environmental responsibility of the companies and his costs
incorporated into the costs of production.

ANEXOS

Gutted of fish

cold storage

packing machine

Waste of fish

Vacuum packing machines

DORADO

Imanual packing process

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