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Graduate Student, Department of ECE, Malla Reddy College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra
Pradesh, India -500014, prathyusha.signalprocessing@gmail.com
2
Dell International Services India, sreekanth_tangellapa@dell.com
3
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Malla Reddy College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra
Pradesh, India -500014, ashamanickrao@gmail.com
Abstract
Photoplethysmography is a non-invasive electro-optic method developed by Hertzman, which provides information on the blood
volume flowing at a particular test site on the body close to the skin. PPG waveform contains two components; one, attributable to the
pulsatile component in the vessels, i.e. the arterial pulse, which is caused by the heartbeat, and gives a rapidly alternating signal (AC
component). The second one is due to the blood volume and its change in the skin which gives a steady signal that changes very slowly
(DC component). PPG signal consists of not only the heart-beat information but also a respiratory signal.
Estimation of respiration rates from Photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals would be an alternative approach for obtaining
respiration related information.. There have been several efforts on PPG Derived Respiration (PDR), these methods are based on
different signal processing techniques like filtering, wavelets and other statistical methods, which work by extraction of respiratory
trend embedded into various physiological signals. PCA identifies patterns in data, and expresses the data in such a way as to
highlight their similarities and differences. Since patterns in data can be hard to find in data of high dimension, where the luxury of
graphical representation is not available, PCA is a powerful tool for analyzing such data.
Due to external stimuli, biomedical signals are in general non-linear and non-stationary. Empirical Mode Decomposition is ideally
suited to extract essential components which are characteristic of the underlying biological or physiological processes. The basis
functions, called Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) represent a complete set of locally orthogonal basis functions whose amplitude and
frequency may vary over time. The contribution reviews the technique of EMD and related algorithms and discusses illustrative
applications. Test results on PPG signals of the well known MIMIC database from Physiobank archive reveal that the proposed EMD
method has efficiently extracted respiratory information from PPG signals. The evaluated similarity parameters in both time and
frequency domains for original and estimated respiratory rates have shown the superiority of the method.
Index Terms: Respiratory signal, PPG signal, Principal Component Analysis, EMD, ECG
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------1. INTRODUCTION
Optical assessment of physiological parameters is very
attractive because they often provide simple, non-invasive,
continuous
physiological
monitoring
conditions.
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is such a low-cost optical
technique, and can simply and continuously record the light
intensity scattered from a given source by the tissue and
collected by a suitable photodetector. The arterial pulse
waveform carries physiological information about mechanical
properties of the peripheral arteries, and thus the PPG pulse
wave could be used to noninvasively assess artery stiffness. A
pulsatile PPG signal reveals the heart rate (HR) and could be
used to study heart rate variability (HRV). The noncontact
concept provides an innovative development for PPG
technique.
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1.1 Aim
The main aim of the report is to evaluate various signal
processing methods, to extract the respiratory information from
more commonly available biomedical signals such as ECG,
PPG and BP to avoid the additional sensor and avoid usage of
additional sensor to record respiratory Signals. Though few
researches have addressed the problem in recent past, but we
are using different signal processing technique based on source
statistics using principal component analysis (PCA) and
Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) considering the varying
nature or quasi stationary of PPG signal.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The effect of respiration-induced heart displacement on the
ECG was first studied by Einthoven. It has been
experimentally shown that electrical rotation during the
respiratory cycle is mainly caused by the motion of the
electrodes relative to the heart, and that thoracic impedance
variations contribute to the electrical rotation just as a secondorder effect.
Furthermore, it is well known that respiration modulates heart
rate such that it increases during inspiration and decreases
during expiration, and is referred to as respiratory sinus
arrhythmia (RSA). It has also been shown that the mechanical
action of respiration results in the same kind of frequency
content in the ECG spectrum as does heart rate variability
(HRV).
Several studies have developed signal processing techniques to
extract respiratory information from the ECG, so-called ECGderived respiratory (EDR) information. Some techniques are
based on respiration-induced variations in beat-to-beat
morphology, while others attempt to extract respiratory
information from the heart rate.
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3. PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHY (PPG)
Photo plethysmography is the electro-optic technique of
measuring the cardiovascular pulse wave found throughout the
human body. This pulse wave is caused by the periodic
pulsations in arterial blood volume and is measured by the
consequential changing optical absorption that this induces.
The measurement system consists of a light source (usually
infrared), a detector (positioned in reflection or transmission
mode) and a signal recovery/processor/display system. Infrared light is predominantly used since it is relatively well
absorbed in blood and weakly absorbed in tissue; blood
volume changes are therefore observed with reasonable
contrast. The PPG measurement is entirely non-invasive and
can be applied to any blood bearing tissue, although the
majority of investigations performed to date are of peripheral
microcirculation
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3.1Principles of Photoplethysmography
3.1.1The origins of the PPG waveform
PPG is based on the determination of the optical properties of a
selected skin area. Although without complete knowledge of
the optical structure of tissue, a general understanding of the
optical behavior of skin has been formulated through
experiments on excised tissue and the theoretical models which
have been proposed. The basic anatomy of the skin with the
The
heartbeat
monitoring
device
proposed
uses
Plethysmography method instead of skin electrode.
Plethysmography (PG) is a method used to determine and
register the variations in blood volume or blood flow in the
body. These transient changes occur with each heart beat.
There are several different types of PG, which vary according
to the type of transducers used. The common types include air,
impedance, photoelectric and strain gauge.
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Design
The Photoplethysmographic sensor will be placed below the tip
of the finger and pressure will be applied on the proximal
phalanx. Since the cuff is wrapped on the proximal phalanx of
the finger rather than arm, it makes less discomfort for
prolonged used. The blood volume changes on the finger will
be notified by the sensor and transmitted to the system by
Bluetooth transmitter.
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3.4 Databases
The MIT-BIH Polysomnography database is part of the
PhysioNet archive of biomedical signal databases. It was
designed with investigating the feasibility of monitoring
respiration from PPG signals.
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(3)
Taking the determinant of both sides yields an Nth order
polynomial in called the characteristic polynomial of A
(4)
The Nth roots are the eigenvalues, and each eigenvalue
eigenvector
. From equation 3, it should be clear that
if w is an eigenvector and k is an arbitrary scalar, then kw is
also an eigenvector with the same eigenvalue. Given a nonrepeating eigenvector , the corresponding eigenvector is
unique except for scale factor k. Without loss of generality,
eigenvectors are usually scaled such that
(5)
If the eigenvalues
are unique (non-repeated), then a unique
eigenvector exists for each eigenvalue. The (normalized)
eigenvectors
has
a corresponding eigenvector
. Each solution to the
eigenvector problem is a paired eigenvalue and corresponding
=1
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are orthonormal.
How PCA can extract the respiratory signal from PPG signal
As the PPG signal is modulated by respiratory signal, PPG
signal can be used to identify the repetitive data pertaining to
breath cycles.
(6)
Define the modal matrix W as the matrix whose columns are
the normalized eigenvectors of A
(7)
In general, there are N! Permutations of eigenvectors. Without
loss of generality, order the eigenvectors such that the
eigenvalues are non-increasing,
(8)
Define the diagonal matrix as the matrix with a main
diagonal consisting of the (ordered) eigenvalues of A.
W=
(14)
(15)
(9)
The eigenvalue problem can be restated in matrix notation,
(10)
If equation 11 is satisfied, the matrix A is said to be
diagonalizable. For this study, the matrices of interest are real
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4.5 Simulation
). U and V
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(18)
only
be nonzero and
to
will all be zero. Thus a dominant first
singular value obtained from the SVD of a given data matrix
indicates a strong periodic component in the rows of the data
matrix. In such a case, the periodic signal is enshrined in
where
and
are the first columns of the
corresponding left and right singular vectors.
However, for a quasi periodic signal like the PPG,
to
(17)
matrix
with a row length r that matches with the dominant
frequency of the given PPG then the ratio of the first two
singular values
will be a maximum. This fact is the
basis for the method being presented here, for extracting an
artifact free PPG from a corrupted PPG. The procedure is:
be processed. Matrices ,
...
.... of different row
lengths, n, are formed using the data x(k). The range of row
lengths are chosen to represent expected range of heart rate,
say, between 0.8 Hz to 2 Hz. SVD is performed on each matrix
SVR
5
4
3
2
-1
60
70
80
90
100
110
Periodicity no.
120
130
140
150
is
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(22)
i i
i X vi
ui 1
(23)
1 i j
ui u j
0 i j
(24)
X vi i
(25)
X vi i ui
(26
(20)
is an m x m square symmetric matrix, eigenvalues (
) and
(21)
(27)
1 2 3
V v1 , v2 , v3 ......vr
U u1 , u2 , u3 ......ur
(28)
(29)
XV U
(30)
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XV U V T
(31)
Flowchart
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Fig 4.11, 4.12, 4.13 shows the spectra for PPG signal, original
respiratory signal and first three principal components for three
different data sets.
RCC
RXY (0)
RXX (0)
(32)
ORR
Data
1
Data
2
Data
3
Data
4
PC1
AR(
ERR
%)
ER
R
PC2
AR
(%)
14.17
14.00
98.92
13.8
97.32
12.4
89.85
10.38
10.08
97.10
10.0
96.33
9.12
89.41
12.36
12.06
97.57
12.0
97.09
11.2
92.86
15.72
15.01
95.48
15.0
95.39
13.8
87.85
ER
R
PC3
AR(
%)
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RIIV signal was extracted from PPG by a band pass filter, but
the band pass filter characteristics must be adaptive in nature to
allow all possible frequencies corresponding to respiratory
frequencies. An adaptive FIR filter, designed in frequency
sampling method with suitable specifications drawn
automatically from the PSD, efficiently separated heart and
respiratory related signals [35]. A bivariate AR spectral
estimation method demonstrated a high coherence between
respiration and PPG [36]. Several other efforts in that direction
include [37]-[38]. In this paper, we present an EMD based
method for estimation of respiratory activity from the ECG, BP
and PPG signals.
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designated as,
is
, a proto-IMF
(34)
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Ideally,
construction of
described above, which should have made it
symmetric and having all maxima positive and all minima
negative. Yet, in changing the local zero from a rectangular to
a curvilinear coordinate system some inflection points could
become additional extrema. New extrema generated this way
actually reveal the hidden modes missed in the initial
treatment. The sifting process sometimes can recover signals
representing low amplitude riding waves with repeated siftings.
The sifting process serves two purposes: to eliminate riding
waves and to make the wave profiles more symmetric. While
the first condition is absolute necessary for Hilbert transform to
give a meaningful instantaneous frequency, the second
condition is also necessary in case the neighboring wave
amplitudes having too large a disparity. As a result, the sifting
process has to be repeated many times to reduce the extracted
signal an IMF. In the subsequent sifting process,
as the data for the next round of sifting; therefore,
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sifting will not have a valid IMF. In the past, different criteria
have been used, including Cauchy type criterion (Huang et al.
19980), S-number criterion (Huang et al. 2003), fixed-number
criterion (Wu and Huang 2004), and etc.
With any stoppage criterion, the,
hould contain the finest
scale or the shortest period component of the signal. one can,
then, remove
is treated
.
(39)
x(t ) d k (t ) r (t ),
k 1
(35)
After repeated sifting, up to k times, h1k
(36)
If
k 1, 2,......, K .
(40)
(37)
the first IMF component from the data. Here one has a critical
decision to make: when to stop. Too many rounds of sifting
will reduce the IMF to FM page criterion; too few rounds of
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repeat
= EXTRACT-MODE(
n=n+1
until max(
<
return
OR residue is monotone
...
r (t)
Extract-Mode
1
part from
In practice, the above procedure has to be refined by a sifting
process which amounts to first iterating steps 1 to 7 upon the detail
signal dk(t), until this latter can be considered as zero-mean
according to some stopping criterion. Once this is achieved, the
detail is referred to as an IMF, the corresponding residual is
computed and step 9 applies. By construction, the number of
extrema is decreased when going from one residual to the next,
and the whole decomposition is guaranteed to be completed with
a finite number of modes.
Flow Chart
2
3
calculate
if
the
upper
and
by cubical spline of
else
is an IMF go to step 8;
iterate
step
10
if
.mean
to
upon
the
signal
12
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RCC
RXY (0)
RXX (0)
(41)
PXY ( f )
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PX ( f ) PY ( f )
(42)
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ORR
PDR
ERR
AR (%)
041m
14.10
14.04
99.57
055m
15.06
14.87
98.73
240m
15.70
15.66
99.74
254m
15.72
15.72
99.87
CONCLUSIONS
Extraction of surrogate
respiratory activity from
electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure (BP) and
Photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals will potentially
eliminate the use of additional sensor intended to record
respiration. In this report, a novel PCA based algorithm is
presented and applied to extract surrogate respiratory signals
from Photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals. The respiratory
induced intensity variations of PPG signal are described by
coefficients of computed principal components. The derived
respiratory signal using principal component1 was compared
with the recorded respiratory signals available in MIMIC
database and shown a strong correlation.
Figure 5.7 PPG and its IMFs after EMD
Table 5-1Statistical measures for PDR
Record #
PDR
MSC
RCC
041m
0.98
0.55
055m
0.97
0.80
240m
0.99
0.70
254m
0.99
0.70
REFERENCES:
[1].
[2].
PDR: PPG Derived Respiration, MSC: Magnitude Squared Coherence
RCC: Relative Correlation Co-efficient
[3].
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[4].
[5].
[6].
[7].
[8].
[9].
[10].
[11].
[12].
[13].
[14].
[15].
[16].
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