structure

nasal cavity

paranasal
sinuses

blood supply
- branches of maxillary artery from external carotid artery
- branches of facial artery from external carotid artery
- branches of ophthalmic artery from internal carotid artery
- drains into pterygoid plexus, facial vein, infraorbital vein, ophthalmic vein

nerve supply
- olfactory nerve (CNI) innervating olfactory epithelium
- trigerminal nerve (CNV) have 3 branches
- V1: ophthalmic branch
- V2: maxillary branch for sensory & secretory function
- V3: maxillary branch not innervating paranasal region
- maxillary branch V2 of trigerminal nerve (CNV)

- branches of maxillary artery from external carotid artery

- branches of ophthalmic artery from internal carotid artery
- drains into pterygoid plexus, facial vein, infraorbital vein, ophthalmic vein
5 muscles regulating movement of soft palate
- pharyngeal plexus
trachea
- inferior thyroid artery from subclavian artery
- recurrent laryngeal nerve
- bronchial artery from thoracic aorta
- vagus nerve
- drains into inferior thyroid vein, brachiocephalic veins
- sympathetic cervical ganglia
chest wall
- 1st 6th ICS: anterior intercostal artery
- anterior rami of 1st 11th spinal (intercostal) nerves
th
th
- 7 9 ICS, diaphragm: musculophrenic artery
(VAN in costal groove: only puncture above ribs)
[1st part of subclavian artery
musculophrenic artery
anterior intercostal artery
superior epigastric artery (rectus abdominus)]
- 1st 2nd ICS: superior intercostal artery from branch of costocervical trunk of subclavian artery
- 3rd 11th ICS: posterior intercostal artery from thoracic aorta
- inferior to 12th rib: subcostal artery and nerve
drainage
- left 1st 2nd ICS: left superior intercostal vein hemiazygos vein azygos vein superior vena cava
- left 3rd 11th ICS: hemiazygos vein azygos vein superior vena cava
- left subcostal vein hemiazygos vein azygos vein superior vena cava
- right posterior intercostal veins azygos vein superior vena cava
- right subcostal vein azygos vein superior vena cava
- anterior intercostal vein internal thoracic vein brachiocephalic vein
pleura
- visceral pleura: bronchial arteries
- cervical, costal, 80% peripheral part of diaphragmatic parietal pleura: intercostal nerve
- mediastinal, 20% central part of diaphragmatic parietal pleura: phrenic nerve (C3 C5)
(sensory function in parietal pleura / motor function in diaphragm)
- visceral pleura: pulmonary plexus
pericardium, - pericardiophrenic artery and vein
mediastinal
(phrenic nerve, pericardiophrenic artery and vein pass anteriorly across hila of the lungs)
pleura
lungs
- bronchi, connective tissue, visceral pleura: bronchial arteries
- bronchial veins drain into right azygos vein / left hemiazygos vein
lymphatics
- superficial plexuses in subpleural region beneath visceral pleura / deep plexuses along bronchi and pulmonary vessels
drain into root of lung pulmonary nodes bronchopulmonary nodes tracheobronchial nodes paratracheal nodes bronchomediastinal trunk
thoracic duct on left side / lymphatic duct on right side subclavian vein
diaphragm
- inferior phrenic artery from aorta
- phrenic nerve (C3 C5)
- musculophrenic artery from 1st part of subclavian vein
inspiration: scalene, serratus anterior, pectoralis major and minor, sternocleidomastoid m. / expiration: quadrates lumborum, psoas major, oblique abdominis, latissimus dorsi m.

structure
anterior
abdominal
wall

peritoneum

upper
oesophagus
middle
oesophagus
lower
oesophagus
stomach

pancreas
liver

gallbladder
duodenum
appendix
intestines

arterial blood supply

venous drainage
nerve supply / lymphatics
8 supplies
8 drainages
2 nerve supplies
- superior epigastric a. from internal thoracic a.
- superior epigastric v. to internal thoracic v.
- thoracic intercostal nerves (T7-T12) supply
- inferior epigastric a. from external iliac a.
- inferior epigastric v. to external iliac v.
anterior abdominal wall
- 11th & 12th intercostal a. from thoracic aorta
- 11th & 12th intercostal v. to hemiazygos v., azygos v.
- L1 of lumber nerve supply antero-lateral wall
- lumbar a. from abdominal aorta
- lumbar v.: left to hemiazygos v.; right to azygos v.
- branches into iliohypogastric nerve and
- deep circumflex a. from external iliac a.
- deep circumflex v. to internal iliac v.
ilioinguinal nerve
- superficial external pudendal a. from femoral a.
- superficial external pudendal v. to femoral v.
2 lymphatic drainages
- superficial epigastric a. from femoral a.
- superficial epigastric v. to femoral v.
- acinary node drains region above umbilicus
- superficial circumflex a. from femoral a.
- superficial circumflex v. to femoral v.
- superficial inguinal node drains below umbilicus
sympathetic nervous system (6)
5 mixed plexus of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
- greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T9) from lower thoracic sympathetic trunk
- aortic plexus: on top of abdominal aorta
- lesser splanchnic nerve (T10-T11) from lower thoracic sympathetic trunk
- coeliac plexus: surrounding coeliac artery (T12/L1)
- least splanchnic nerve (T12) from lower thoracic sympathetic trunk
- greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T9), lesser splanchnic nerve (T10-T11)
- lumbar splanchnic nerve (L1-L2) from abdominal sympathetic trunk
- vagus nerve (CNX)
- prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
- superior mesenteric plexus: surround superior mesenteric artery (L1)
- abdominal aortic and periarterial plexuses
- greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T9), lesser splanchnic nerve (T10-T11)
parasympathetic nervous system (4)
- vagus nerve (CNX)
- anterior and posterior vagal trunks (CNX)
- renal plexus: surrounding renal arteries (L2)
- pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
- least splanchnic nerve (T12), vagus nerve (CNX)
- abdominal para-aortic autonomic plexuses and periarterial plexuses
- inferior mesenteric plexus: surround inferior mesenteric artery (L3)
- intrinsic enteric parasympathetic ganglia
- lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2), pelvic splanchnic nerve (S2-S4)
lymphatic drainages
- internal, external and common iliac nodes drain structures from pelvic organs, lower limb and lower abdominal wall
- coeliac, superior and inferior mesenteric nodes drain lower part of oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gut, spleen, kidneys
- all the above nodes terminate at left or right lumber trunk, draining to intestinal trunk cisterna chyli thoracic duct brachiocephalic vein
- inferior thyroid a. from branch of subclavian a.
- inferior thyroid v. to subclavian v.
nerve supply
- oesophageal plexus
lymphatics: inferior deep cervical nodes thoracic duct/right lymphatic duct brachiocephalic v.
- greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T9)
- branches of descending aorta
- azygos v.
- vagus nerve (CNX)
lymphatics: superior & posterior mediastinal nodes thoracic duct/right lymphatic duct brachiocephalic v.
- left gastric a. from coeliac a.
- left gastric v. to portal v.
lymphatics: left gastric nodes coeliac nodes cisterna chyli thoracic duct brachiocephalic v.
- coeliac a. left gastric a.
R gastric a.
nerve supply
common hepatic a.
hepatic a. proper
right gastric a.
L gastric a.
- cardiac plexus
gastroduodenal a.
right gastroepiploic a. L gastroepiploic a.
- greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T9)
superior pancreaticoduodenal a.
- lesser splanchnic nerve (T10-T11)
splenic a.
left gastroepiploic a.
R gastroepipolic a.
- vagus nerve (CNX)
short gastric a.
lymphatics
- lesser curvature supplied by left and right gastric arteries
- venous pattern closely
- gastric nodes coeliac nodes cisterna chyli
- greater curvature supplied by left and right gastroepiploic arteries
resembles that of arteries
thoracic duct brachiocephalic vein
- fundus supplied by short gastric artery
- superior pancreaticoduodenal a. from coeliac a.
- inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. from superior mesenteric a.
- splenic a. from coeliac a.
- vascular bundle enter below liver at porta hepatis through hepatoduodenal ligament of lesser omentum via epiploic foramen
- foregut derivative supplied by coeliac trunk (/30%/20-25%)
- portal vein deliver deoxygenated blood from gut (/70%/75-80%)
- drained by hepatic veins to inferior vena cava to right atrium
- bile flows in small canaliculi from central vein to peripheral bile duct branches
- caudate lobe receives vessels from both bundles of portal triad
- drained by small hepatic veins to inferior vena cava
- cystic a. from hepatic a.
- many of the veins drain back into the liver
- superior pancreaticoduodenal a. from coeliac a.
- inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. from superior mesenteric a.
- appendicular a. from posterior caecal a. of
- appendicular v. to ileocolic v. to superior
- superior mesenteric plexus
ileocolic a. from superior mesenteric a.
mesenteric v.
lymphatics: superior mesenteric nodes
- superior mesenteric a.
- inferior mesenteric a.
- stomach short gastric v., left & right gastroepiploic v., left & right gastric v. superior mesenteric v.
jejunal a.
left colic a.
- midgut derivatives jejunal v., ileal v., ileocolic v., right colic v., middle colic v. superior mesenteric v.
ileal a.
sigmoidal a.
- hindgut derivatives left colic v., sigmoidal v., superior rectal v. inferior mesenteric v. splenic v.
ileocolic a.
superior rectal a.
- splenic v. also drains the spleen
right colic a.
- superior mesenteric v. + splenic v. join portal v. inferior vena cava
middle colic a.

structure
posterior
abdominal
wall
rectum

anal canal
above pectineal line
below pectineal line
pelvis

adrenals

kidney

ureters

urinary
bladder

perineum
prostate

arterial blood supply

venous / lymphatic drainage
nerve supply / lymphatics
- foregut to hindgut, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen preaortic nodes intestinal trunk cysterna chyli
- kidney, suprarenal glands, testes, ovaries, uterus, deep vessels of abdominal wall, common iliac nodes right and left lumbar trunk cysterna chyli
rectal anastomosis [shunt in portal hypertension]
- inferior mesenteric a. superior rectal a.
- internal iliac a. middle rectal a.
- internal pudendal a. inferior rectal a.

lymphatics: preaortic, pararectal, inferior mesenteric nodes intestinal trunk cysterna chyli thoracic duct
- superior rectal v. inferior mesenteric v.
- hypogastric plexus/inferior hypogastric plexus (ANS)
- middle rectal v. internal iliac v.
(sympathetic L1-L2, parasynpathetic S2-S4)
- inferior rectal v. internal iliac v.

- inferior mesenteric a. superior rectal a.

- superior rectal v. inferior mesenteric v.

- pararectal nodes inferior mesenteric nodes
- inferior rectal v. internal iliac v.
- superficial inguinal nodes medial group

- internal pudendal a. inferior rectal a.

- aorta common iliac a.
external iliac a. femoral a.
internal iliac a. 3 posterior branches
iliolumbar a.
lateral sacral a.
superior gluteal a.

- branches of aorta
- aorta inferior phrenic a.
- aorta renal a.
- abdominal aorta renal a. segmental a.
interlobar a. arcuate a. interlobular a.
afferent a. glomerulus efferent a.
peritubular capillaries vasa recta
- branches of aorta
- branches of renal a. & v.
- gonadal a. & v.
- iliac a. & v.
- vesical a. & v.
- internal iliac a. vaginal a.
- internal iliac a. superior and inferior vesical a.

- branches of internal iliac a.

- vesical a.
- middle rectal a.

pelvic diaphragm
urogenital diaphragm + sphincter urethrae (voluntary)

9 anterior branches
umbilical a.

- hypogastric plexus (ANS) sphincter ani internus

(sympathetic L1-L2, parasynpathetic S2-S4)
- pudendal nerve inferior rectal nerve (somatic)
- perineal branch of S4 sphincter ani externus
- hypogastric plexus (ANS) true pelvis
(sympathetic L1-L2, parasynpathetic S2-S4)

umbilical ligament
superior vesical a.

obturator a.
inferior vesical a. a. to vas deferens
middle rectal a.
internal pudendal a. pelvic floor perineum
inferior gluteal a.
uterine a.
vaginal a.
- right suprarenal v. inferior vena cava (IVC)
- left suprarenal v. left renal v. IVC
- lateral aortic node / para-aortic node / lumbar node
- peritubular capillaries interlobular v.
arcuate v. interlobar v. renal v. IVC (L2)
(longer left renal v.)
- lateral aortic node / para-aortic node / lumbar node
- lateral aortic node / para-aortic node / lumbar node

- vesical venous plexus internal iliac v.

- vesical venous plexus prostatic venous plexus
- vesical venous plexus internal iliac v.
- external and internal iliac nodes
- vesical v.
- middle rectal v. prostatic v. plexus internal iliac v.
- internal iliac nodes

- sympathetic: preganglionic fibres of greater

splanchnic nerves (T5-T9)
- sympathetic:
- parasympathetic:

renal sympathetic plexus

least splanchnic nerve (T12)
vagus nerve (CNX)

- renal plexus
pain due to ureteral stone
- testicular plexus
refer to loin, scrotum, penis,
- hypogastric plexus labia majora

- hypogastric plexus/inferior hypogastric plexus (ANS)

(sympathetic L1-L2, parasynpathetic S2-S4)
detrussor muscle
sphincter vesicae (involuntary)
- hypogastric plexus/inferior hypogastric plexus (ANS)
- hypogastric plexus/inferior hypogastric plexus (ANS)

- S4-S5
- branches of pudendal nerve
- perineal branch of pudendal nerve

structure
male
genitalia

female
genitalia

uterus

oviducts
ovaries
vagina

breast

MSS Block
H&N

infratemporal

fossa

arterial blood supply

branches of internal pudendal a.
- deep artery of penis corpus cavernosum
- dorsal artery of penis corpus cavernosum, skin,
- dorsal artery of penis superficial layer
- inferior rectal a. lower of anal canal
- artery to bulb bulb, corpus spongiosum,
- artery to bulb bulbourethral gland
- perineal a. superficial perineal muscle & scrotum
- urethral a. spongy urethra
branches of internal pudendal a.
- posterior labial a. (~ posterior scrotal a. in )
- deep artery of clitoris
- branches of vaginal a.
- dorsal artery of clitoris
- from internal iliac a.
- artery to bulb of vestibule lower of vagina
- perineal a.
- urethral a.
- internal iliac a. uterine a.

- ovarian & uterine a.

- abdominal aorta ovarian a.
- internal iliac a. uterine a. ovarian, tubal branches
vaginal branches of
- uterine a.
- middle rectal a.
- internal iliac a.
- internal pudendal a.
branches of
- lateral thoracic a. & v. - axillary a. & v.
- thoracoacromial a. & v. - internal thoracic a. & v.
- intercostal a. & v.

venous / lymphatic drainage

- internal pudendal v. internal iliac v.
- deep dorsal vein of penis prostatic plexus
- superficial dorsal vein of penis femoral v.
- scrotum medial group of superficial inguinal nodes
- superficial structures of penis inguinal nodes
- deep structures of penis internal iliac nodes
- deep structures of penis deep inguinal nodes
- internal pudendal v. internal iliac v.
- deep dorsal vein of clitoris vesical venous plexus
- superficial inguinal nodes

- uterine venous plexus internal iliac v.

- external and internal iliac nodes
- sacral nodes
- ovarian & uterine v.
- left ovarian v. left renal v. inferior vena cava
- right ovarian vein inferior vena cava
- upper & middle part internal & external iliac nodes
- lower part internal iliac & superficial inguinal nodes

nerve supply / lymphatics

branches of pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
- inferior rectal nerve sphincter ani externa, lower
- inferior rectal nerve anal canal, perianal skin
- perineal nerve
- muscular branch striated ms. of perineum
- posterior scrotal branch posterior scrotal skin
- iloinguinal nerve

- genitofemoral nerve anterior scrotal skin

- dorsal nerve of penis
branches of pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
- inferior rectal nerve sphincter ani externa
- perineal nerve all striated muscles in superficial
- perineal nerve perineal pouch
- dorsal nerve of clitoris

- hypogastric plexus/inferior hypogastric plexus (ANS)

- hypogastric plexus/inferior hypogastric plexus (ANS)

- hypogastric plexus/inferior hypogastric plexus (ANS)
uterovaginal plexus upper part
pudenal nerve lower part

- lateral quadrant anterior axillary, pectoral nodes

central nodes apical nodes subclavian trunk
- medial quadrant internal thoracic nodes
- some posterior intercostal nodes subclavian trunk
thoracic duct / right lymphatic duct

refer to IHD L46; MSS L10, L18; MSS Anat Prac

cervical spinal nerves C1-C4 (C5)
- dorsal rami - greater occipital nerve (C2)
- ventral rami - cervical plexus (C1-C4 + T1 sympathetic)
- motor branches
- nerve twigs to longus capitis, longus cervicis prevertebral muscles
- nerve to geniohyoid, thyrohyoid (C1)
- ansa cervicalis (C2-C3): nerve to sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid
[spinal cord injury above C4:
- phrenic nerve to diaphragm (C3-C5, mainly C4)
permanent artificial respiration]
- sensory branches - lesser occipital nerve (C2-C3)
- greater auricular nerve (C2-C3)
- transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3)
- supraclavicular nerve (C3-C4)
mandibular nerve (V3) deep to lateral pterygoid ms. nerve to medial pterygoid nerve to tensor veli palatini
nerve to medial pterygoid
nerve to tensor tympani
meningeal branch
anterior trunk
branches to muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid)
buccal nerve
posterior trunk
auticulotemporal nerve
lingual nerve
chorda tympani
inferior alveolar nerve nerve to mylohyoid

H&N arteries

- common carotid a.
external
superior thyroid a. [anteriorly]
carotid a.
ascending pharyngeal a. [medially]
lingual a. [anteriorly]

superior laryngeal a.

face and scalp

deep infratemporal face

cranial cavity, eye, nasal cavity

H&N veins &

lymphatics

nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, palate, oral cavity

neck: including maxillary a. from external carotid a.

neck: including vertebral a. from subclavian a.

tongue

suprahyoid a.

dorsal lingual a.

deep lingual a.

sublingual a.

facial a. [anteriorly]
ascending palatine a.

tonsillar a.

superior labial a.

inferior labial a.

lateral nasal a.

angular a. [terminal]

occipital a. [posteriorly]

posterior auricular a. [posteriorly]

superficial temporal a. [terminal]
transverse facial a.

maxillary a. [terminal]
*posterior: neck of mandible
lateral: on top of the ms. *anterior: terminal

[in relation to lateral pterygoid]
deep auricular a.
masseteric a.
sphenopalatine a.

anterior tympanic a.
deep temporal a.
infraorbital a.

* note the foramina
middle meningeal a.
pterygoid a.
posterior superior alveolar a.

inferior alveolar a. mental a. buccal a.
greater/descending palatine a.

accessory meningeal a.
[supply mastication ms.]
lesser palatine a.

internal carotid a. (ICA)
ophthalmic a.
[ocular branches]

[orbital branches]
[no branches in the neck]
central a. of retina
anterior and posterior ethmoidal a.

anterior ciliary a.
dorsal nasal a.
zygomaticofacial a.

posterior ciliary a.
supratrochlear a. zygomaticotemporal a.

supraorbital a.
lacrimal a.

anterior cerebral a.

middle cerebral a.

- subclavian a. [in relation to anterior scalene]

medial
vertebral a. [2 join]
basilar a.
posterior cerebral a. posterior communicating a. ICA ant. cerebral a. ant. communicating a.

internal thoracic a.

[circle of Willis]
thyrocervical trunk
suprascapular a.

transverse cervical a.

inferior thyroid a.
inferior laryngeal a.

pharyngeal branch

ascending cervical a.

posterior
costocervical trunk
deep cervical a.

lateral
dorsal scapular a.
- vertebral vein [deep neck structures]
- dural venous sinuses emissary vein diploic vein [intracranial drainage and infection] internal jugular vein
[superior, inferior sagittal; straight; confluence; transverse; sigmoid; sphenoparietal; superior, inferior petrosal; basilar; cavenous]
- supraorbital vein + angular vein superior ophthalmic vein superior orbital fissure cavernous sinus
- muscles and posterior part of eye inferior ophthalmic vein
superior ophthalmic vein superior orbital fissure cavernous sinus
superior orbital fissure cavernous sinus
inferior orbital fissure pterygoid venous plexus
- angular vein (+ supraorbital vein + supratrochlear vein) facial vein
internal jugular vein directly; or
+ retromandibular vein common facial vein internal jugular vein brachiocephalic vein
- superficial temporal vein + maxillary vein retromandibular vein
anterior branch + facial vein common facial vein
posterior branch + postauricular vein external jugular vein [superficial face, scalp, neck]
- suprascapular vein, transverse cervical vein, anterior jugular vein (or subclavian vein) external jugular vein
- small veins from base of skull vertebral vein brachiocephalic/subclavian vein
- vertebrae internal and external vertebral venous plexuses segmental veins azygos vein [metastases: internal vertebral venous plexus intracranial dural sinuses]
- facial vein
- brain: CSF drainage in ventricular system (no lymphatics)
- maxillary arterial regions
all drain
ophthalmic vein
- superficial node: occipital, retroauricular, preauricular & parotid, buccal, facial
- inferior ophthalmic vein inferior orbital fissure to pterinfraorbital foramen infraorbital vein
- superficial cervical node: submental, submandibular, external & anterior jugular
- deep facial vein (anterior)
ygoid
deep facial vein pterygoid plexus
along external jugular vein
- retromandibular vein maxillary vein plexus
emissary vein cavernous sinus
- deep cervical node: along internal jugular vein, divide into / by omohyoid
- upper cervical node: jugulodigastric node
- superficial node superficial cervical node deep cervical node
- lower cervical node: jugulo-omohyoid node
thoracic duct (left) / right lymphatic duct subclavian vein

structure
face

arterial blood supply

- external facial a.
inferior labial
- carotid a.
superior labial
- (main)
lateral nasal
angular
superficial
transverse facial
temporal a.
maxillary a. infraorbital a.
buccal a.
mental a.
- internal ophthalmic a. supraorbital a.
- carotid a.
supratrochlear a.
zygomaticotemporal a.
zygomaticofacial a.
- with extensive anastomoses

scalp

nasal cavity

venous / lymphatic drainage

- supraorbital + supratrochlear v. angular v.
+ tributaries + infraorbital v. facial v.
internal jugular v. (IJV) directly; or
retromandibular v. common facial v. IJV
intracranial venous connections of facial v.
- superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
- veins passing into infraorbital foramen
- veins passing into deeper regions of face
- deep facial vein
- pterygoid plexus
- intracranial cavernous sinus directly
- indirectly via emissary veins
danger area of face: area drained by
- ophthalmic vein
- infraorbital vein connect with cavernous sinus
- deep facial vein

- superficial temporal + maxillary v.

retromandibular v.
ant. br. + facial v. common facial v.
post. br. + post. auricular v. ext. jugular v.
lymphatics
- submental nodes
superficial superior
- submandubular nodes
cervical deep
- preauricular/parotid nodes nodes
cervical
- emissary vein communicates between connective
- tissue layer and dural sinuses

nerve supply
trigeminal nerve (V)
- ophthalmic n. (V1) supraorbital n.
- [sensory]
supratrochlear n.
infratrochlear n.
lacrimal n.
external nasal n.
- maxillary n. (V2)
zygomaticotemporal n.
- [sensory]
zygomaticofacial n.
infraorbital n.
- mandibular n. (V3) auriculotemporal n.
- [sensorimotor]
buccal n.
mental n.
(parasympathetic CNVII secretomotor via
ganglionic branch from pterygopalatine ganglion)
facial nerve (VII)
- [motor]

temporal br.
zygomatic br.
buccal br.
mandibular (marginal) br.
cervical br.

- internal ophthalmic a. supratrochlear a.

anterior to vertex-ear-chin line
- carotid a.
supraorbital a.
- trigeminal nerve supratrochlear n. (V1)
- external carotid a. superficial temporal a.
supraorbital n. (V1)
posterior auricular a.
lymphatics
zygomaticotemporal n. (V2)
occipital a.
- anterior to vertex preauricular nodes
auriculotemporal n. (V3)
- anastomoses in highly vascularised connected tissue
parotid nodes
anterior to vertex-ear-chin line
danger zone of the scalp
- posterior to vertex mastoid nodes
- cervical spinal n. greater auricular n. (C2-C3)
- laceration of scalp cause profuse bleeding
occipital nodes
lesser occipital n. (C2)
- connective tissues pull arteries open
greater occipital n. (C2)
- loose layer communicate with emissary veins
3rd occipital n. (C3)
- external carotid a. maxillary a.
- pterygoid plexus
- olfactory nerve (I)
sphenopalatine foramen sphenopalatine a. - facial vein
- ophthalmic nerve (V1) sensory via pterygo- external carotid a. facial a.
alar
- infraorbital vein
- maxillary nerve (V2)
palatine ganglion
nasal
- ophthalmic vein
- internal carotid a. ophthalmic a. anterior
ethmoid
posterior
maxillary meningeal br.
pterygo- orbital br.
inferior orbital fissure orbit
nerve
zygomatic br. zygomaticotemporal n.
facial skin
palatine
palatine n.
greater n.
palate/tonsil/
branches
lacrimal nerve
ganglion
lesser n.
nasal cavity
zygomaticofacial n.
facial skin
nasal br.
nasal cavity
ganglionic br. pterygopalatine ganglion
sensory/parasym.
pharyngeal br.
nasopharynx roof
alveolar n.
posterior, middle, anterior br. gum/cheek/teeth/
nasopalatine br. incisive fossa
maxillary sinus

structure
ear,
external acoustic meatus
tympanic
cavity

arterial blood supply

- external carotid a. (small arteries from branches)

venous / lymphatic drainage

- superficial cervical lymph nodes
[along jugular vein]
lymphatics:

nerve supply
- auriculotemporal nerve (V3)
- small branches from facial nerve (VII) for
- small branches from vagus nerve (X) sensory
tympanic plexus
- glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) via tympanic branch
- facial nerve (VII)
- pterygoid venous plexus
- vestibular nerve of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

- upper deep cervical nodes

- parotid nodes
- pterygoid venous plexus
- preauricular nodes
auditory tube - maxillary a. middle meningeal a.
- ascending pharyngeal a.
cochlea and vestibular apparatus
- cochlear nerve of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
oral cavity
general sensation
- maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (V2)
- mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (V3) roof: greater palatine, nasopalatine nerves
cheek: buccal nerve
floor: lingual nerve [submandibular and sublingual regions]
hard palate
- maxillary a. greater palatine a.
- pterygopalatine ganglion
(oral cavity)
[greater palatine foramen: between palatine and maxilla, for greater palatine a. and anterior palatine nerve]
anterior palatine nerve [up to incisive canal]
[lesser palatine foramina: perforate palatine bone, for middle and posterior palatine nerves]
nasopalatine nerve [beyond incisive canal]
soft palate
- pharyngeal plexus [all muscles of soft palate: levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, musculus uvulae]
(oropharynx)
[pharyngeal plexus lateral to middle pharyngeal constrictor receives contribution from IX sensory, X, XI motor from cranial root via X, C1 sympathetic]
- mandibular nerve (V3) nerve to medial pterygoid [tensor veli palatini]
teeth
- maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (V2) superior alveolar nerves [upper]
- mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (V3) inferior alveolar nerves [lower]
tongue
- external carotid a. lingual a.
- lingual nerve (V3) [sensation of anterior ]
- hypoglossal nerve (XII)
- chorda tympani [taste, secretomotor of anterior ]
[all tongue muscles: intrinsic superior and inferior
- ranine veins facial vein internal jugular vein
- glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) [posterior ]
longitudinal, transverse, vertical; extrinsic genioglos- lingual vein internal jugular vein
- pharyngeal plexus [palatoglossus]
sus, hyoglossuc, styloglossus except palatoglossus]
submandibular and sublingual glands
- chorda tympani submandibular ganglion [secretomotor]
parotid gland
- parasympathetic lesser petrosal nerve
otic ganglion auriculotemporal nerve
pharynx
- external carotid a. ascending pharyngeal a.
- maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (V2) [nasopharyngeal mucosal sensory]
- branches of facial and maxillary arteries
- glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) [oropharyngeal sensory]
- vagus nerve (X) internal laryngeal branch [laryngopharyngeal sensory]
- pharyngeal venous plexus internal jugular vein
- pharyngeal plexus [muscles of soft palate and pharynx except
[communicate with pterygoid venous plexus]
- tensor veli palatini: mandibular (V3)
- retropharyngeal node upper deep cervical jugulodigastric node
- stylopharyngeus: glossopharyngeal (IX)
- directly to upper deep cervical jugulodiagastric node internal jugular vein
- cricopharyngeus: recurrent laryngeal (X)]
palatine tonsil - ascending pharyngeal a. tonsillar branch
- facial a. tonsillar branch
- upper deep cervical jugulodigastric node
larynx
nerve supply to extrinsic muscles of larynx
- vagus nerve (X) thorax recurrent laryngeal nerve
- elevators:
geniohyoid (C1); mylohyoid (V3); diagastric (V3/VII); stylohyoid (VII); stylopharyngeus (IX);
[all intrinsic muscles except cricothyroid]
salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus (pharyngeal plexus)
- vagus nerve (X) superior laryngeal nerve
- depressors: sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid [ansa cervicalis C(1)2-3]; thyrohyoid (C1)
external laryngeal nerve [cricothyroid]
(supraglottic) - external carotid a. superior thyroid a.
- superior laryngeal vein internal jugular vein
- vagus nerve (X) superior laryngeal nerve
superior laryngeal a.
- superior deep cervical nodes
internal laryngeal nerve [sensory]
(infraglottic) - subclavian a. thyrocervical trunk
- inferior laryngeal vein internal jugular vein
- vagus nerve (X) thorax recurrent laryngeal nerve
inferior thyroid a. inferior laryngeal a.
- inferior deep cervical nodes
[sensory]

structure
eyeball

extraorbital
muscles

arterial blood supply

- internal carotid a. ophthalmic a.
- note central artery of the retina
- superior ophthalmic veins
[superior orbital fissure] cavernous dural sinus
- inferior ophthalmic veins
[inferior orbital fissure] [pterygopalatine fossa]
[infratemporal fossa] pterygoid venous plexus

lacrimal
nerve
cavernous sinus
oculomotor n. (III)
trochlear n. (IV)
ophthalmic n. (V1)

maxillary n. (V2)

superior branch
inferior branch
lacrimal n. (V1)
frontal n. (V1)

[superior orbital fissure]

[superior orbital fissure]
[superior orbital fissure]
[superior orbital fissure]
[superior orbital fissure]

nasociliary n. (V1)

[superior orbital fissure]

[foramen rotundum] [pterygopalatine fossa] [inferior orbital fissure]

abducent n. (VI)
pterygoid plexus [infratemporal fossa]
pituitary

thyroid and
parathyroid

venous / lymphatic drainage

nerve supply
- oculomotor nerve (III) [ciliary muscle, constrictor/sphincter pupillae]
- trigeminal nerve (V) ophthalmic nerve (V1) nasociliary nerve short ciliary nerve [cornea, sclera]
- trigeminal nerve (V) ophthalmic nerve (V1) nasociliary nerve long ciliary nerve [corneal sensory]
- T1 sympathetic [dilator pupillae; blood vessels in eyeball via short ciliary nerve from ciliary ganglion]
- parasympathetic ciliary ganglion short ciliary nerve [ciliary body, sphincter pupillae, uveal tract glands]
- facial nerve (VII) [orbicularis oculi]
- oculomotor nerve (III) superior branch [posterior striated levator palpebral superioris; superior rectus
inferior branch [medial rectus, inferior rectus; inferior oblique]
- T1 sympathetic [anterior smooth levator palpebral superioris]
- trochlear nerve (IV) [superior oblique]
- abducent nerve (VI) [lateral rectus]
- CNVII parasympathetic greater petrosal nerve pterygopalatine ganglion maxillary nerve (V2)
zygomaticotemporal nerve communicating branch lacrimal nerve from V1

[superior orbital fissure]

cavernous dural sinus [superior orbital fissure]
[pterygopalatine fossa] [inferior orbital fissure]

- internal carotid a.
right and left superior hypophyseal a.
median eminence
neural stalk
primary capillary plexus
- internal carotid a.
right and left inferior hypophyseal a.
neurohypophysis
neural stalk
- external carotid a. superior thyroid a.
- subclavian a. inferior thyroid a.

posterior striated levator palpebral superioris, superior rectus

medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique
superior oblique
upper lateral eyelid skin lacrimal gland
medial supratrochlear n.
lateral supratrochlear n. forehead
infratrochlear n.
medial angle of eye
long ciliary n.
corneal sensory
short ciliary n.
corneal, scleral sensory
infraorbital n. (V2)

zygomatic n. (V2)
[infraorbital foramen]
lateral rectus
(superior ophthalmic vein)
(inferior ophthalmic vein)

Hypophyseal portal system

- primary capillary plexus
rejoin secondary capillary venous plexus
rejoin (supply adenohypophysis)
- all drain into cavernous sinuses
- superior thyroid vein internal jugular vein
- middle thyroid vein internal jugular vein
- inferior thyroid vein internal jugular vein /
brachiocephalic vein