FINITE AND INFINITE WAYS: The Ostberger Story by Bob Beaumont

FINITE AND INFINITE WAYS
The Ostberger Story

By Bob Beaumont
Edited and illustrated over a five year period
by
Bob Beaumont & Steven & Pat Burnand
Converted at a later date to web pages by

Josef Karthauser
Copyright © 1971, 1991, 2002 by The

Educational Trust Company
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Table of Contents
Synopsis....................................................................................................................................................................i
The Ways and the Truths .....................................................................................................................................iii
I. The Chapters....................................................................................................................................................... v
1. Einstein and all that .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Introducing the reasons for this book ............................................................................................ 1
1.2. Descartes........................................................................................................................................ 2
1.3. Imaginary Time.............................................................................................................................. 4
2. The elements of new geometry .................................................................................................................. 6
2.1. Rotations ........................................................................................................................................ 6
2.2. Three Dimensions.......................................................................................................................... 6
2.3. Standard Forms ............................................................................................................................ 12
2.4. More Than Two Dimensions ....................................................................................................... 14
3. A story and a theorem .............................................................................................................................. 19
3.1. A Story. ........................................................................................................................................ 19
3.2. And now for a theorem ................................................................................................................ 20
3.3. The first rope trick ....................................................................................................................... 21
4. Orthogonality ........................................................................................................................................... 23
4.1. The rules of Fleming.................................................................................................................... 23
4.2. Deflection of an electron beam .................................................................................................... 25
4.3. Vectors of light............................................................................................................................. 25
4.4. The vectors of the gyro ................................................................................................................ 26
4.5. Other examples ............................................................................................................................ 30
5. More than geometry ................................................................................................................................. 31
5.1. Studying direction........................................................................................................................ 31
5.2. Growing geometry ....................................................................................................................... 34
6. The development of standard forms (rank one vectors) ........................................................................... 38
6.1. Standard forms............................................................................................................................. 38
6.2. The trigonometric forms .............................................................................................................. 38
6.3. The trigonometric standard forms ............................................................................................... 39
6.4. Applying Euclid over Ostberger .................................................................................................. 42
6.5. Amplitudes................................................................................................................................... 44
6.6. Powers of trigonometric functions............................................................................................... 44
6.7. Half angle tangent relations ......................................................................................................... 45
6.8. Algebraic equations ..................................................................................................................... 47
6.9. Parametric equations.................................................................................................................... 47
6.10. Imaginary geometry................................................................................................................... 47
7. Four dimensions are here ......................................................................................................................... 49
7.1. Four dimensions........................................................................................................................... 49
7.2. Observational platform ................................................................................................................ 52
7.3. Quarter points .............................................................................................................................. 52
7.4. Standing in another place............................................................................................................. 55
8. The development of Law Fields (rank two vectors)................................................................................. 59
8.1. Law Fields ................................................................................................................................... 59
8.2. The Newton Law Field ................................................................................................................ 59
8.3. The origin..................................................................................................................................... 61
8.4. The relations ................................................................................................................................ 61
8.5. The magnetic Law Field .............................................................................................................. 61
8.6. The electric Law Field ................................................................................................................. 62
8.7. The general Law Field ................................................................................................................. 63
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8.8. Continuity and discontinuity........................................................................................................ 65
8.9. Matrices ....................................................................................................................................... 65
8.10. The Law Fields of number......................................................................................................... 65
8.11. The Law Fields of thermodynamics .......................................................................................... 68
9. The omnipotent laws ................................................................................................................................ 74
9.1. Opposites ..................................................................................................................................... 74
9.2. Absorption ................................................................................................................................... 74
9.3. Reciprocity................................................................................................................................... 78
9.4. Conversion ................................................................................................................................... 80
10. Law Worlds of the first kind................................................................................................................... 82
10.1. Vector as pictures....................................................................................................................... 82
10.2. Separating direction from magnitude ........................................................................................ 83
10.3. Ordinary space ........................................................................................................................... 83
10.4. The parallel principle................................................................................................................. 83
10.5. Direction only ............................................................................................................................ 84
10.6. Curvatures.................................................................................................................................. 84
10.7. Assembling law fields................................................................................................................ 85
10.8. Minkowski’s worlds................................................................................................................... 86
10.9. The grav-electromagnetic world................................................................................................ 87
10.10. The thermodynamic world....................................................................................................... 90
10.11. The World of number............................................................................................................... 92
10.12. Other Worlds............................................................................................................................ 93
11. Worlds of the second kind ...................................................................................................................... 98
11.1. Worlds of the second kind ......................................................................................................... 98
11.2. Bosons and Fermions................................................................................................................. 98
11.3. GEM World of the second kind ............................................................................................... 102
11.4. The atomic elements ................................................................................................................ 102
11.5. Computer Modelling................................................................................................................ 107
12. Using the process for Sommerfeld’s fine-structure constant................................................................ 108
12.1. The first application ................................................................................................................. 108
12.2. Sommerfeld’s fine-structure constant ...................................................................................... 114
13. New wine into new skins...................................................................................................................... 118
II. The Appendices ............................................................................................................................................. 121
A. The first rope trick ................................................................................................................................. 122
A.1. The note 104b ........................................................................................................................... 122
A.2. Concluding remarks.................................................................................................................. 125
A.3. The 1/4π connection ................................................................................................................ 126
A.4. Another theorem ....................................................................................................................... 127
B. Geometric representations ..................................................................................................................... 129
B.1. Presentation stages .................................................................................................................... 129
B.2. Generation................................................................................................................................. 129
B.3. Orthogonality ............................................................................................................................ 129
B.4. Density ...................................................................................................................................... 129
C. The case of two zeros ............................................................................................................................ 131
C.1. Something that actually happened in a company...................................................................... 131
C.2. Accounting errors...................................................................................................................... 131
D. Uses of the word “Dimension” ............................................................................................................. 132
D.1. Note 137 Summary page........................................................................................................... 132
E. Connectedness and disconnectedness .................................................................................................... 134
F. Newtonian cases of Magnitudes with Directions................................................................................... 137
F.1. Direction Zg : Directional case, Potentials orthogonal to Force ................................................ 137
v
F.2. Direction Zg : Magnitudinal case, Directions parallel to Velocity ............................................. 137
F.3. Momentum: Directional case - the satellite, Momentum orthogonal to direction..................... 137
F.4. Momentum: Magnitudinal case - the rocket, Momentum parallel to direction ......................... 138
F.5. Force: Directional case - the gyro, Force orthogonal to precession/direction ........................... 139
F.6. Force: Magnitudinal case, Force parallel to direction ............................................................... 140
G. Grav-electromagnetic relations ............................................................................................................. 141
H. Spherical surface or sphere.................................................................................................................... 143
I. Linear algebra relations........................................................................................................................... 144
J. Table of delta values ............................................................................................................................... 145
K. The magnitudinal conics ....................................................................................................................... 147
Bibliography............................................................................................................................................... 149
Ostberger notes........................................................................................................................................... 149
Glossary...................................................................................................................................................... 151
Colophon............................................................................................................................................................. 170
vi
List of Tables
8-1. The Work Law Field (firstness) ...................................................................................................................... 69
8-2. The Organisation Field (secondness) ............................................................................................................. 70
8-3. The Reaction Field (thirdness) ....................................................................................................................... 71
9-1. From the notes on social activity .................................................................................................................... 79
G-1. The effects of the rotations (Curls) that take place in the fields .................................................................. 141
G-2. The magnetic, electric and gravitic inverse square laws.............................................................................. 141
G-3. Potential gradents of the three fields............................................................................................................ 142
I-1. Algebraic Structure ....................................................................................................................................... 144
I-2. Comparing Law Fields with Linear Algebra................................................................................................. 144
J-1. Definition of the delta functions.................................................................................................................... 145
J-2. The delta values for q = 1............................................................................................................................. 145
List of Figures
2-1. Cartesian frame of reference............................................................................................................................. 6
2-2. The origin is numerically zero in every direction............................................................................................. 7
2-3. Polar Cartesian.................................................................................................................................................. 7
2-4. The pen stand1................................................................................................................................................... 8
2-5. An example curved geometry........................................................................................................................... 9
2-6. An important basic geometry ........................................................................................................................... 9
2-7. Multiples of trigonometric functions.............................................................................................................. 10
2-8. The first sets of integerp surds6 ......................................................................................................................... 10
6
2-9. Elements of the form a(a + 1).................................................................................................................. 11
2-10. Two straight lines meet at right angles ......................................................................................................... 12
2-11. Two curves meet orthogonally...................................................................................................................... 12
2-12. We can apply directions along line elements................................................................................................ 13
2-13. The shortest path between two orthogonal points is a quarter rotation ........................................................ 13
2-14. Different types of orthogonal elements ........................................................................................................ 14
2-15. There are eight possible orthogonal curvatures of the single line element; four cylindrical and four annular
14
2-18. The front page of a note on sine and cosine addition and subtraction8 ........................................................ 16
2-19. A larger curved geometry ............................................................................................................................. 17
3-1. The Wun-man’s universe ................................................................................................................................ 19
3-2. A rope around the Earth.................................................................................................................................. 21
3-3. A rope around Jupiter ..................................................................................................................................... 21
3-4. one unit of overlap .......................................................................................................................................... 22
4-1. Left hand rule for the motor ........................................................................................................................... 23
4-2. Right hand rule for the generator.................................................................................................................... 23
4-3. The unidirectional representation ................................................................................................................... 24
4-4. The bidirectional representation ..................................................................................................................... 24
4-5. The orthogonal vectors of light ...................................................................................................................... 25
4-6. Using a bicycle wheel as a gyro ..................................................................................................................... 26
4-7. For the left hand holding the spindle; the magnitudinal part of the spin........................................................ 27
4-8. Gravity pulling down creates a torque............................................................................................................ 27
4-9. For the right hand holding the spindle; the directional part of the vectors..................................................... 28
vii
4-10. The orthogonal surface vectors of the gyro .................................................................................................. 28
4-11. The gyro surface produces a Law Field........................................................................................................ 29
5-1. A line minimum element ................................................................................................................................ 31
5-2. A page from Ostberger’s notes on tensor calculus ......................................................................................... 32
5-4. Orthogonal curvatures in a World geometry .................................................................................................. 33
5-5. The interior Euclidean chord theorem ............................................................................................................ 34
5-6. The magnitude powers of p ............................................................................................................................ 35
5-7. The field of an electric dipole ......................................................................................................................... 35
5-8. The field of a pair of parallel wires................................................................................................................. 36
6-1. The directional form; the functions arise as directional ratios ....................................................................... 39
6-2. The magnitudinal form; the functions arise as line length ............................................................................. 39
6-3. The magnitude form of tangent ...................................................................................................................... 39
6-4. The magnitude form of secant ........................................................................................................................ 40
6-5. Magnitudes of circular functions of the outer angle....................................................................................... 40
6-6. Magnitudes of circular functions of the the inner angle................................................................................. 41
6-7. Directions of the magnitudes for the outer angle in the first quadrant ........................................................... 41
6-8. Applying Euclidean theorems to the trigonometric standard forms............................................................... 42
6-11. The inside powers of circular functions belonging to the outer angle.......................................................... 45
6-12. The outside powers of circular functions belonging to the inner angle........................................................ 45
6-13. A copy of the half tangent study from the Ostberger notebook ................................................................... 46
6-14. The normal form........................................................................................................................................... 47
7-1. A World point ................................................................................................................................................. 49
7-2. Cylindrical elements ....................................................................................................................................... 49
7-3. Annular elements............................................................................................................................................ 50
7-4. Measuring the directions of the surface.......................................................................................................... 50
7-5. Numbered octants ........................................................................................................................................... 51
7-6. Rotations associated with the Lorentz tranformation ..................................................................................... 53
7-7. Rotating the World.......................................................................................................................................... 55
7-8. Curves in the planes of “straight” nulls......................................................................................................... 56
7-9. Curves not in orthogonal planes ..................................................................................................................... 56
7-10. Curves in the moving and rotating orthogonal planes .................................................................................. 57
8-1. The generalised Law Field ............................................................................................................................. 59
8-2. The Newton Law Field ................................................................................................................................... 60
8-3. The magnetic Law Field ................................................................................................................................. 61
8-4. The electric Law Field .................................................................................................................................... 62
8-5. The general properties of a Law Field............................................................................................................ 63
8-7. The number operations Law Field (secondness) ............................................................................................ 67
8-8. The interpretation of number Law Field (thirdness) ...................................................................................... 67
8-10. The organisation law field (thermodynamic secondness)............................................................................. 69
8-11. The reation Law Field (thermodynamic thirdness) ...................................................................................... 70
9-1. An absorption matrix ...................................................................................................................................... 74
9-2. An associative matrix with missing elements is still completable ................................................................. 75
9-3. An associative matrix with a quadrant magnitude (determinant) of 10.......................................................... 75
9-4. The absorption bottle5 ..................................................................................................................................... 76
9-5. The absorption identity matrix ....................................................................................................................... 77
9-6. The Law Fields of Matrices............................................................................................................................ 77
9-7. Cardinal and Ordinal numbers........................................................................................................................ 78
10-1. Equal vectors are parallel, and of the same magnitude ................................................................................ 84
10-2. Curving an element....................................................................................................................................... 85
10-7. The extravariant Thermodynamic World...................................................................................................... 91
10-8. The Extravariant Number World .................................................................................................................. 92
10-9. A copy of a page of the notebook showing a sketch of the World of intravariant Number.......................... 93
viii
10-10. The first issue of the three Law Fields of Fluids ........................................................................................ 94
10-11. The first issue of the incomplete Fluidic Law World ................................................................................. 94
11-1. A minimum line element .............................................................................................................................. 98
11-2. Two kinds of particle statistics ..................................................................................................................... 98
11-3. The four fold infinite transformation which births the extravariant World from the intravariant ................ 99
11-4. Assembly of the representations of Fermions and Bosons......................................................................... 100
11-5. The anti-commuting assembly of the intra and extra Grav-electromagnetic Worlds that creates the
representation of atomic elements4............................................................................................................. 102
11-6. The first set of orthogonal anticommuting elements on the intravariant surface........................................ 103
11-7. Counting electrons, the triplet states........................................................................................................... 105
11-8. Counting electrons, the first multiplet state ................................................................................................ 105
11-9. A sketch of a three electron state................................................................................................................ 106
12-1. Finding the new universe............................................................................................................................ 108
12-2. The one unit rope trick................................................................................................................................ 109
12-3. The Planck Trick......................................................................................................................................... 109
12-4. The complete set of Red geometries of the inner product.......................................................................... 110
12-5. The complete set of Blue geometries of the outer product......................................................................... 111
12-7. A magnitude essential to Quantum Mechanics .......................................................................................... 112
12-8. The delta geometry sets are part of the Hydrogen atom solutions (q = 1)14 .............................................. 113
A-1. A rope around the world .............................................................................................................................. 122
A-2. For each meter of circumference ... ............................................................................................................. 122
A-3. A rope around Jupiter .................................................................................................................................. 123
A-4. The largest possible curvature of the rope ................................................................................................... 123
A-5. Curvatures at infinity ................................................................................................................................... 123
A-6. One unit ....................................................................................................................................................... 123
A-7. Half a step to infinity ................................................................................................................................... 124
A-8. One step to infinity....................................................................................................................................... 124
A-9. One extra unit of circumference internally .................................................................................................. 127
A-10. One extra unit of circumference externally ............................................................................................... 127
E-1. Finding the new universe ............................................................................................................................. 135
F-1. A Schwarzchild gravitational field ............................................................................................................... 137
F-2. The satellite operates in the momentum-static plane ................................................................................... 138
F-3. The rocket is an exchange of momentum device ......................................................................................... 139
H-1. Elements of a sphere’s surface..................................................................................................................... 143
H-2. Elements of a spherical surface ................................................................................................................... 143
K-1. Sketches of the conic sections expressed in Magnitudinal and Directional form ....................................... 147
ix
Synopsis
There is a star situated somewhere in the Milky Way which is the mother of our home, the Earth. It is our Sun.
And ultimately it is the Sun’s energy falling upon the surface of this tiny satellite we call Earth, that feeds and
enlivens the life that has been created over the millennia. Life which is agenerate, whose entropy is negative and
with which, our tiny minds venture to see out into the universe, trying, desperately, to understand the order both
below us and above us.
The Sun is remarkable because it too is an agenerate part of nature. From Hydrogen it generates Helium in a
frenzy of fusion. It is as if the hydrogen were coming in through some four dimensional hole in the universe to be
fused into the beginnings of agenerate life in the Milky Way. Forming the lesser Hydrogen into the greater Helium
and expending vast amounts of radiative energy in doing so. This Hydrogen is the beginning of this process and
yet Hydrogen is the least of all the elements we know in the universe. It is an atom with a hole in it where the
neutron is supposed to be. It consists of just one electron and one proton and because of its asymmetric form it
likes to live with a partner which is similar to itself as the diatomic molecule H2 .
But hydrogen also lives within us. During the process of digestion the Krebb cycle extracts energy from conversion
of Adeninine-diphosphate into Adeninine-triphosphate and in doing so leaves a Hydrogen atom to be split into its
component parts, the electron and the proton. Without this process, we die. And without the Sun’s energy, we die.
Both are created out of the least of all elements, the Hydrogen atom.
Then, at the beginning of the twentieth century man formulated theories that began our understanding of the
Universe around us. Riemann, Planck, Einstein, Minkowski, Hilbert, Sommerfeld, Dirac, Heisenberg, Bohr,
Schroedinger, Feynman, Hawkin, Penrose all contributed to the mental pictures of the four dimensional world
we live in. The Hydrogen atom was described and its properties exposed with ever increasing correlation to ex-
perimental evidence. Sommerfeld discovered a constant which was as universal to Hydrogen as the speed of light
is to the universe. A constant that is the basic measure of the scale belonging to the Hydrogen atom. A constant
which is so basic to the universe that we can calculate from it, the velocity of light.
And then came Ostberger.
Ostberger has produced a geometry which provides the natural constant which measures the scale of the Hydrogen
atom. The geometry is a universal shape that exists for our understanding. And that is remarkable. For it says,
that this man has produced with a paper and pencil (although now a computer) the Sommerfeld fine-structure
constant which has hitherto been the subject of theoretical calculation and laboratory experiment throughout the
last century.
He has used the processes of geometry to reason. He calls them simply, “Directions” and says that they can be
studied in just the same way that we do numbers. That an algebra of Directions can be formulated which leads to
even bigger geometries which eventually provides the answers to things like the Hydrogen atom.
He relates all his work to that of the ancient Chinese Taoism as well as to the modern Quantum Mechanics. He
discovers a four dimension geometry and even n-dimensional ones too. He shows that there are at least a pair of
four dimensional geometries for every set that can be created, That one of this pair is stable and the other is not.
And it is all done with “pictures”.
From the beginnings of Euclid, Ostberger creates a library of geometric solutions which eventually build into a
complete picture of the subjects that we study. He culminates with a model for the chemical elements in a deeply
complex but nonetheless visible geometry from which he calculates the most basic of known physical constant,
the Sommerfeld fine-structure constant for Hydrogen. “Its source”, he says, “comes from asking the geometry a
question, when is your yin equal to your yang?” The result is the selection of one number from a table of new
constants he calls the “Delta values”. This selection yields this Universal Constant to an asymptotically endless
accuracy of decimal places.
This book is one man’s attempt to tell the story of the creation of this remarkable theory which took Ostberger
thirty years. It is sometimes difficult to comprehend but the geometries are clearly set down for us all to see. The
i
Synopsis
whole book is backed by the notebook of Telle Ostberger which it is said gives mathematical detail of all that is
included in the book.
Much of it is so simple that it cannot be denied and yet the rest is so enriched that it cannot be fully understood.
We cannot but be surprised by this man’s remarkable discoveries. The world is invaded with directions of all
kinds. We simply have not recognised them as such. But now, the numerical size of an object will take its place
amongst its directional properties. There are many questions and only a few answers but even they are surprising.
The universe is not where we think it is! The stars we see are distributed according to the laws of science and that
includes their respective directions. So when we look at a star we are actually looking around the corner into a
universe which is all curves like Ostberger’s geometries. He says “goodbye” to Descartes
Is homoeopathy the medical of directional phenomena in the body? Is the directional part of atoms what tells
them where their next energy level is? Where are the Directions of money? Can we transport ourselves into an
orthogonal universe?
It may not be an international best seller but then that is not the object of this book. The object is to expose this
man’s work to the world so that a new science may be launched which will benefit all mankind.
This book is only about the Ostberger notes which relate to Mathematics and Physics. There are other books to
follow which relate to Finance and Social Order and other more controversial subjects.
The notebook of Telle Ostberger is voluminous. The author and his helpers have only had time and money enough
to present this book and many of the associated notes which support it. We hope you find it as exciting as we do.
Bob Beaumont, for E.T.C.
ii
The Ways and the Truths
I am mad. I am completely insane, round the bend, over the hill, half a coin and waiting for the yellow coat to
even think about writing a book like this and expect anybody to read it. In fact, any publisher would also be mad
to imagine he could find an audience for such a subject as this. I would even venture to suggest that I might do
better to wait for the next extra terrestial arrivals and hand it to them. For the subject matter is about as cranky as
some people imagine flying saucers to be.
So why the h$#! have I done it?
For many years I have lived with people and served them as customers of a business who are of the opinion that
they have been dropped off on this planet by accident. That their intergalactic bus is about to come back and pick
them up with an apology for making the mistake.
I discovered, a long time ago that there were others waiting in the same queue. I read their work and realised
that they are the would-be saviours of mankind. In Ostberger’s case, he had a new language that could be easily
learned and applied to everyday activities in a way that would enabled every person on the planet to see the whole
picture of the subject before discussing it in detail. Thinking globally and acting locally would become a reality.
It was about to come to life and it was only just around the corner. Lending a hand seemed natural.
This remarkable discovery, that directions can be studied in just the same way that numbers can, is a god-send to
mankind. The Truths may be important but they vie with the Ways. Ostberger has found a few of the Ways.
The Rope Trick of Appendix A is just one example of many directional theorems. The only number involved is
the number 1. Yet we can deduce from this theorem a great deal about our universe and the way we must observe
it. There are no straight lines in our observations of the universe which leads to the idea that we should study
only curvatures for our understanding of it. But do we? Have we told our children that that is what Riemann
(mid 19th century mathematician) said and that that is what Einstein said too? Out of all the mathematicians from
the “Gottingen club” and all the mathematicians from virtually every University, who in this millennium has
understood the message of these old sages? Have they said that we must learn about curvature? Are we guilty of
betraying the next generation?
Then there are the absorption matrices which give a complete picture of our accounting processes. They are so
simple. How could we have missed them? They are fun for children like chequers or chess, yet they are about
learning accounts and understanding the flows of money which will also turn out to be a god-send for mankind,
for they are the flows of many other phenomena too.
How could we miss the simple messages of this book? How could so many communications from Ostberger
(his Notebook 1400 series) fall on so many deaf ears for thirty years? The World geometry appears in no
literature that I could find except one, The School Mathematics Project book Z of the Nuffield Foundation
(http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org) for O level Students. There it is passed over as an example of a surface that
cannot be defined by just two coordinate numbers. And what did Winston Churchill say?
From time to time, throughout history, man has stumbled upon the truth. He has picked himself up and carried on.
I stumbled at the bus stop and I intend waiting because I know that the bus stops here.
Ostberger is saying that our lives are pervaded with magnitudes and their directions, the Truths and the Ways. They
are implicit in all studies not just mathematics and physics. This is the yang and the yin of the Eastern wisdom.
His discovery is that we can as easily study the yin or Directional process as we can the yang or Magnitudinal
process. He has begun the study of the yin process and begun to show its relationship to the yang process. The Di-
rections are studied as geometric forms. In particular orthogonal geometric forms. The Magnitudes are studied as
hieroglyphics, particularly mathematical ones in the form of equations. For every directional form there is a cor-
responding magnitudinal form, if we can find it! They are the left and right hand of the same body of information
that presents itself to us in the natural universe and the social universe that we create amongst ourselves.
iii
The Ways and the Truths
This book is the beginning. It is the shortest path I can find between the simple concepts at the beginning to the
enormous representations at the end. It is with great difficulty that I have found a connective path at all amongst
the voluminous notebook of this man. He is a copious writer and a gigantuan thinker. He applies himself to food,
health, medicine, astrology, engineering, designs, manufacturing, social studies, finance, people, future medicine,
buildings, accounting, disease, music and so on. At sixty he climbs mountains following a heart attack a few years
before, mixes with people half his age, teaches, talks and dances his way through life with peace of mind and
lightness of heart.
He has opened a Pandora’s box of work to be done that will take more years to complete than universities have
staff to cope. The other books, which relate to the Ostberger notes, are not about mathematics or physics. They
are about human activity, a subject which intensely interested this man to the exclusion of his further researches
into the mathematics and other technical studies. We have lost a valuable contributor to this new science simply
because we could not hear.
There are many who can reason the future Ways of physics and chemistry and accounting and engineering, for that is
where this road is leading. They will be able to predict the properties of composite materials, make models of atoms and
walk inside. They will be able to travel the universe for years just as Columbus travelled the ocean. They will be able
to make products the size of the smallest dot and the largest city. They will be able to treat illness and learn longevity
with the skills of the great medical masters who have been buried. But they will not even enter the gate of this beginning
unless they come to the humility of loving each other and the nature that is around them.
I cannot think of a better reason to write a book. I hope you can enjoy its harvest. R.P.B
iv
I. The Chapters
Chapter 1. Einstein and all that
1.1. Introducing the reasons for this book

Books that relate mathematics to physics and physics to our universe usually centre their attention on that part of
physics which deals with Einstein’s Relativity. Yet the reality is that the world of Relativity is not more than one
third of the studies of physics and perhaps even one half of that third.
Another world of physics exists in the study of Thermodynamics. This is a world in which we see the volumes
and pressures of substances raised through temperatures by stuff called heat to produce a thing called work. The
state of organisation of the working device or substance is negative entropy and a thing called the absolute or
Kelvin temperature measures the level or degree to which it can achieve organisational efficiency.
There are two cases of absolute temperature measurement. The first comes in working devices that man has
created such as a jet engine, a heat exchanger or a household boiler1. The second comes from the internal affairs
of substances such as gases, liquids and solids2. In the former we find that the higher the temperature the greater
can be the organisational efficiency. In the latter the reverse is the case, the lower the temperature the greater is
the efficiency of the substance. In reality the two processes actually work in opposition to each other. Thus in a
car engine the gases are made to disorganise themselves by exploding which in turn conveys a certain amount
of organisation to the engine in producing work. Such devices are degenerate because they disorganise nature in
exchange for something which a human being eventually discards. Thus a car which is manufactured with a great
deal of human ingenuity, materials and fossil energy disorganises not only man himself but also nature. Nature
inevitably retaliates by reorganising the waste into some new form which is foreign to the environment in which
man first created the car. Thus we may consume all the oxygen by burning it in engines which drive machinery to
cut down the trees which produce the oxygen.
It is only in the twentieth century that some human beings are waking up to this doomsday scenario, and they have
a remarkable ability to sacrifice their life for the ecology. We cannot be degenerate for ever. Yet like all animals
before us we will, no doubt, wait for the storm to be upon us before we consider that we ought to have made a
shelter.
There is another great World of physics which is not pop chart topping. It is the world of Fluidics. In this world we
have the great laws of Stress and Strain and their ratios, Young’s Modulus of Elasticity, The Modulus of Rigidity
and Poison’s Ratio for materials and the laws of structural mechanics described by Mohr’s circle and all the
resulting equations. There is the compressibility of fluids, their motion, their viscosity and all the stream lines and
potentials that gather in the equations of Bernoulli. There are the great tensors of stress and strain and vectors of
potential. This is a world describing the ways in which our universe flows. It is the creations brought about in the
universe through the combinative building up of the two worlds of Thermodynamics and Grav-electromagnetics3
which we see in the great study of physics.
1
A sketch of a very dense geometry which Ostberger says encapsulates the laws of Physics. It’s presented in more
detail in Chapter 10.
This book is about the work of Telle Ostberger who sees the world, not in terms of the magnitudes of things, but
instead in terms of their directions. He has discovered that the directions of space are just as much a reasoning
tool as are the magnitudes. He has cemented his ideas into the language of mathematics and begun to show that
perhaps all mathematics can be approached in this way as well. He argues that it is possible to see the universe
in two ways, not one. We are able to examine the Ways of the universe as well as the Truths4. The ways are
the Directional5 studies that Ostberger has begun and the Truths are the Magnitudinal5 studies that have been the
subject of mathematics since the passing of Euclid.
Ostberger takes the principles of Euclid expands them into a whole new paradigm of mathematical thinking, about
the Directional relationships of things and not just their size.
1.2. Descartes
Ostberger
Space, matter, energy; it is all fully occupied. There are no spaces into which we can insert our notion of Cartesian
coordinates. We may use them to construct our local material environment with vehicles, buildings, possessions and
the like but we may not apply them to nature. She has her own language of curvatures. There are no straight lines and
she does not recognise the concept of distance measured in metres. The curvatures fold over and over transforming
themselves into ever more dense forms of our universe. Only the Laws of nature are straight, as we perceive them, and
2
they do not exist. The Laws are our way of seeing very special exceptions in the world around us. They are an invariant
part of nature that we cannot quite touch in Magnitude but can imagine in Direction!
The yang of Magnitude and the yin of Direction vie with one and other for a place in our imagination. Depending on the
subject one or the other never quite makes it. The synaptic gap is either joined by a yang magnitude or left open by a yin
direction.
In a 3-dimensional world Rene Descartes decided that we should adopt a system of coordinate measurement
consisting of three axes x, y, z at right angles to each other. This became the standard for the next four centuries.
We still teach it in schools to the exclusion of all other possibilities. The human mind has become so entrenched
in its use that change is tantamount to the same heresy that befell Bruno and Galileo.
Every direction in space is occupied by some phenomena which we measure. These phenomena have Directions
which belong to them. They are a part of their make-up and they have relationships as Ostberger shows. When
we observe light we also observe with the Directional aspects which belong to light. It is a curvature as Einstein
showed. Light travels along geodesic curves to our eye. The line of sight from the intergalactic body to Earth is
a curve belonging to the electromagnetic phenomena that we know as light. Its rate of curvature is given by the
Lorentz Transformation.
But change did take place through the work of Bernard Riemann in the middle of the 19th century. He constructed
a mental image of a geometry of four dimensions which he described through the hieroglyphics of mathematics.
His work formed the Tensor Calculus from which Einstein took his Relativity. Mathematicians like Minkowski,
Maxwell, Lorentz and Planck made their name by applying the Riemann work to real living physics. Einstein then
came to his peers and said look I can calculate the motions of the universe from Riemann’s work. He produced
from the curvatures of the calculus three effects:
• The advance of the perihelion of Mercury

• The bending of light around a massive body, our Sun.
• The red shift of light received from interstellar space.
In the first he calculated the fact that mercury’s elliptical orbit does not just go around the Sun in a flat plane but
that the plane of the ellipse rotates as well. His calculation fitted precisely the known facts at the time.
In the second he calculated the bending of light from a star, which had its image line of sight in close proximity
to the Sun. When the Sun was eclipsed by the moon the image light could be observed. He predicted that the star
would be seen just a few minutes earlier than the straight line of sight would predict. His calculation fitted the
observation.
3
In the third he calculated that light from bodies far away in the heavens would be shifted towards the red end of
the electromagnetic spectrum as it travelled towards our planet.
What Ostberger observed was that all these phenomena are Directional effects. His calculations from the curvature
tensors of Riemann’s geometry produced directional results. The Mercury orbit changes its direction in a given
direction according to some rate. The light changes its direction around an object with a dense gravitational
field. Radiation changes its directional frequency through space. However Ostberger saw the third one slightly
differently.
The current wisdom says that the red shift is like a Doppler effect. When a train travels towards us standing at the
level crossing we hear a high pitch. As it passes the pitch drops and as it goes into the horizon it drops further.
The frequency shifts down as the direction of the velocity of the train changes with us as witness. This leads to
an interpretation of space looking like the train. The farther away an object is perceived to be the greater the red
shift and so the greater the velocity of the object away from our witness. This in turn leads to the Hubble constant
which is central to the Big Bang and all that.
Ostberger says, this is not true. It is an interpretation of what we believe to be true. It is like the moon which
goes round the Earth. It rotates once6 for each complete sidereal cycle around the Earth. What he says is that the
geometries in his notebook, which are introduced in this book, show that the red shift is due to the curvature of
the electromagnetic tensor with which we view the intergalactic object.
1.3. Imaginary Time

Steven Hawkins, A Brief History of Time.
Only if we could picture the universe in terms of imaginary time would there be no singularities.
Steven Hawkins, A Brief History of Time.

So may be what we call imaginary time is really more basic, and what we call real is just an idea to help up describe
what we think the universe is like.
Is time real or is it imaginary? That is the question. Whether it is nobler in the mind to be a finite player living in
real time or an infinite player7 living in imaginary time is a question which nature will not answer for us. We must
find the answer for ourselves. Or perhaps it needs no answer and we will learn to live as both by alternating from
one to the other as circumstances demand.
What Einstein did was to say that time was real. He placed the real time into an algebraic equation of his time
which represented four dimensions.
The time component (ict) was made imaginary by attaching the imaginary number i as a coefficient. The time
itself was scaled by the magnitude of the velocity of light8. The concept of time was now connected to that of
motion. (Ostberger connects time to Direction). All this made the time component negative.
If we follow this idea we see that if time were imaginary the last component in the equation would become real
and go positive9. Steven Hawkins10 says,
When I tried to unify gravity with Quantum Mechanics, one had to introduce the idea of ’imaginary’ time. Imaginary
time is indistinguishable from directions in space.
This is also what Ostberger says. “Time”, he says, “does not exist. It is a Direction in space. It is a figment of our
imagination to help us to relate to each other. It does not relate us to the universe by a number.”
Our clocks are a good approximation to the rotation of the Earth, the planetary body that we know the best and one
that we can measure the easiest. What we have done is to take one rotation of the Earth, divide it into 24 bits, then
divide it into 60 smaller bits, then 60 smaller bits for a second time to obtain a unit of measure we call the second.
4
We have measured a Direction in space. The accuracy of this always needs correcting because the rotations of the
Earth are difficult to measure exactly. The Earth not only rotates on its axis but also rotates around the Sun. Its
elliptical orbit moves to and fro and the Sun is moving and so on. An exact 2π revolution is practically impossible
to measure but fortunately the remarkably exact laws of nature permit us to measure the rotations mathematically
using the heavenly bodies. It is the fact that the heavenly bodies, and the rest of the universe, follows these laws
so precisely that titillates our imagination and drives us to scientific exploration. What drove Ostberger to further
explore the Directions of nature is the realisation that they too are precise in their relative juxtaposition as we shall
see in this book.
These Directions are the curvature of space which we can model in the laboratory. Even more than this we can
model them on the computer. They speak to us as rotations. Rotations of all kinds and in all planes of geometry.
They curve and rotate as they pass our eye and on into space. We can measure them by holding them still for an
instant or creating a representation of stillness like a vector, as we shall see.
In this way we can watch the curvatures roll over and over by rotating in the spaces of many dimensions yet
controlled by the four dimensions of Einstein and Riemann. There are no singularities in Ostberger’s geometry.
A singularity in one continuum is found joined by the next. The process generates dimensions from continuum
to dis-continuum and back to continuum again alternating the processes of continuousness with those of dis-
continuousness.
The key to all this is a rotation of one quarter of a circle. This is what Ostberger searched for in the study of
Direction, and his notebook is filled with examples of this11. Orthogonality is the quantum of Direction.
Notes
1. Systems made by man; the machine, as Carse ([Carse87]) calls it. Historically, so far, these are degenerate.
2. Systems made by nature; the garden, as Carse calls it. These are Agenerate.
3. Ostberger used three new words and they are all in this first chapter. Intravariant, Extravariant and Grav-
electromagnetic. See the glossary of terms for full definitions.
4. New testament John Ch. 14 v 6.
5. Ostberger uses the words Direction and Magnitude with a capital letter to talk specifically about magnitudinal
and directional phenomena. Both terms are defined in the glossary.
6. The reader is left to think about this.

7. [Carse87]
8. Our connection to nature is through our senses. One of these is sight which uses the electromagnetic phe-
nomena in a very narrow band of frequencies. This mathematical phenomena scales everything we observe
through the eye, even if it is transformed by other devices, with the large number 3 x 1010 , the velocity of
light in meters per second.
9. In the equation −ict becomes −ic(it) which is +ict.
10. [Hawkin88], chapter 9.
11. In Ostberger’s [note1166] for example, he shows that the Kronecker Delta in Tensor Calculus is no more than
a metric of Direction. It is a quarter of a complete cycle.
5
Chapter 2. The elements of new geometry
2.1. Rotations
One example of rotations in space is the measurement of time. In the last chapter I mentioned the two methods of
visualising time, one real and one imaginary. The former describes time as a magnitude, a number that somehow
exists in the real world. The latter describes time as a Direction in space and this accords with Steven Hawkin’s
description of it later in this chapter. It is a complex rotation in space.
The atomic clock is another example of rotations. This time the rotations are electromagnetic frequencies which
operate at the speed of light. The Caesium clock will produce 299, 979, 200 vibrational rotations whilst the ra-
diation travels one metre. That is because the speed of light c is 299, 979, 200 metres per second. One metre is
therefore 0.000000003335640952 seconds. This accords with Einstein who used the scale factor c in his four
dimensional equation. The directional rotation of the Caesium atom and the direction rotation of the Earth are
connected by the laws of physics through the measurement we call the second. The atomic clock is ticking away
at the rate of the reciprocal of the speed of light (1/c).
We will see later that Ostberger used reciprocal velocity and velocity as contra parts of one of the laws in the
field of Newtonian mechanics. From it he deduces that “every momentum has a contra momentum” and other
Newtonian laws (Chapter 8).
2.2. Three Dimensions

At school we learned about three dimensions through the process originally devised by Descartes in the 17th
century. Three straight line axes were set at right angles and labelled x, y, z. We used them for all our mathematics.
They are extensively used in structural and mechanical engineering, physics, chemistry, surveying, navigation, and
for all our local creative activity on Earth.
Figure 2-1. Cartesian frame of reference
6
The essence of the Cartesian frame of reference is that it is taken to be numerically zero at the origin no matter
which direction we approach it from. The negative direction is a translated axis of x, y, z. There is no reason to
assume that this is right or even useful. We have simply not been given reason to use anything else. But Ostberger
gives us a reason to approach a point in space with values other than zero. After all we are well aware that some
sets of ideas and objects do not contain the number zero. Velocity is one such example. We cannot find a place
in the universe and say this is absolutely stationary. Velocity and reciprocal velocity have the property that they
meet at the number one. A place at which we must identify a normalising number, usually 1. Another example is
temperature and yet another is the set of reciprocal real numbers.
Figure 2-2. The origin is numerically zero in every direction
The scales of the Cartesian frame are generally taken to be equi-spaced and linear. But again we have no reason
to stay with this concept, particularly in the age of computers.
Figure 2-3. Polar Cartesian
7
The boxes that describe the Cartesian space are not always convenient. In navigation, for example, we need a
radar to see objects in a polar frame of reference. But this too is only for our local creative activities. It still has
all zeros at the origin.
Mathematics provides for many different frames of reference for our local use. Spherical, cylindrical, conical,
annular are all different ways of describing the space of our ordinary thinking. It is called Euclidean space.
It is in the Euclidean space that Ostberger begins his journey of examining the directions of the universe. The
theorems of Euclid form a basis on which to create geometries which describe the mathematics which is hidden
in its hieroglyphic language.
First, a simple demonstration. The page opposite shows a pen which is held in a stand by a magnetic ball. The pen
is used as the radius vector representing the polar description of a 3-dimensional Euclidean space1. At (a) the pen
acts as the position vector r1 of any chosen length in the z-x plane and together with the angle θ1 describes a set
of points within the first right angle. At (b) the pen rises in the x-y plane to produce a set of points (r2 , θ2 ) within
the next right angle. At (c) the pen falls forward a right angle to produce a set (r3 , θ3 ). The pen now rests at (d).
Seemingly the same position as at (a).
But this is a different pen to the one we started with at (a). The pen clip has rotated by exactly a right angle. In
mathematics we would refer to this as a new position vector because it is in a space which is at right angles to
the original vector (pen). We can now begin the whole process all over again repeating the four motions of the
pen from (d) but with the clip rotated ninety degrees. We can do this four times, each time rotating the pen ninety
degrees. In the quadrant of the space2 that is before us in the picture there is a four fold set of points.
Figure 2-4. The pen stand1
What is happening here? The angle θ4 is creating a new vector which allows us to rotate the pen with its new
8
position another four times in the space. But θ4 is an internal rotation whereas the other three are external rotations.
Yet they are all rotations and Ostberger’s work is about rotations in space, particularly ones that seem to go to
infinity, so we cannot ignore it.
But there is another question. Where is the r4 that belongs to θ4 ?
The pen stand is not the easiest method of displaying the four components of the space. There are clearly some
problems in measurement. Not the least of which is the fact that we cannot see r4 . We can see θ4 and we can ask
the question “Is θ4 orthogonal to the other three θ’s?” We need also to ask what we mean by “orthogonal” in
respect of the measurements we are making.
The appearance of Rubic’s cube in the seventies was a great help to Ostberger since he could measure orthogonal
rotations using the cube as a measuring instrument. It was clear at the outset that two intersecting lines could be
orthogonal at one point in space but perhaps no other. If a curve had a series of points which were orthogonal to
a series of points on another curve then there was something special about the two curves. But how would they
be measured? One method was to associate the known mathematics with the curves and prove orthogonality by
trigonometric functions. Another method was to use Euclid’s geometric theorems as proof.
Figure 2-5. An example curved geometry
One thing was clear Cartesian-type straight lines had infinities of points in a one to many correspondence when
they were at right angles. There were so many points a quarter of a rotation apart that they represented something
very special indeed. Ostberger eventually concluded that straight lines which were at right angles were so special
that they did not exist! We will look at this in Chapter 4. What did exist were the curvatures which had several
points in one to one correspondence. The circular geometries shown here are particularly tractable and have many
qualities that make them a sensible starting point for the study. These are both geometries in the plane and so
measurement of orthogonality does not present a problem. The Figure 2-5 is very close to the shapes produced
~ is not a straight Cartesian axis and that makes the shape algebraically
by Radical Circles except that the line AA
complicated. However an algebraic description of a shape is very different from using the geometry to represent
a vector. The same shape of a geometry may have many uses in representations (see example in Figure 5-6).
The lower geometry (which Ostberger calls “of the first kind”) is perhaps the most simple form to use but first
we must rid ourselves of our Cartesian frame of thinking. If there are axes then they will form themselves in the
course of constructing the representation. Let’s look at a couple of examples from the Ostberger notebook.
9
Figure 2-6. An important basic geometry
The Figure 2-6 provides a geometry which can have values of the curvatures from some arbitrary small value close
to zero to some arbitrary large value close to infinity. There are no zero curvatures in this geometry. The note in
Appendix A3 says that we cannot have an infinite radial measure or zero curvature. The straight line is proven
not to exist here and it is clear that Ostberger regards the simple theorem of Appendix A as extremely important.
It is, he says, “a geometric incompleteness theorem similar to Godel’s except that it can be seen plainly by the
earliest student.” We see here that an infinity can be represented geometrically by a straight line given that proper
attention is paid to the analysis of the curvatures.
Figure 2-7. Multiples of trigonometric functions
Some of the trigonometric functions are shown in the geometry of Figure 2-7. It uses the geometry of the first kind
in Figure 2-6. We see here that the intervals between successive circles is constant with respect to the origin. This
means that any scale between 1 and nearly zero is possible using the sine function here. This can form a basis for
working with vectors. The amplitude of any sine or cosine function is clearly identified as associated with one of
the circles and can be related to a curvature. All amplitudes are possible4. This becomes a library standard form
together with all the other trigonometric functions5. It can be used to construct further geometries because the
space becomes unique if the nomenclature is followed.
10
Figure 2-8. The first sets of integer surds6
Figure 2-8 is an example of the mixed use of ordinal and cardinal number. Here the line lengths in the geometry
measure the roots of all integers. If the circles are of a continuous nature then it is apparent6 that all real number
roots lie on the horizontal line at unity. By picking out groups of lines from point to point one may find several
kinds of root functions expressed as the length of a line element. In this case a straight line element as this is in
Euclidean 2-space.
p
Figure 2-9. Elements of the form6 a(a + 1)
11
Figure 2-9 is a brief study of the line elements in this geometry of the first kind which relate to a specific formula.
In this case the study paid off because it is used later in modelling the hydrogen atom spin function. Many of
the studies do not pay off. At least for the present. But we never know when a piece of mathematics, in this case
geometric mathematics, will be useful. So we need to build up a library of Standard forms.
2.3. Standard Forms

Within the library we need to define the nomenclatures that will be used. After all we are in the age of computing
and we do need to have a common language to be able to communicate about these Directional Studies.
Figure 2-10. Two straight lines meet at right angles
The earliest standard form is an examination of two straight lines meeting at right angles. We can imagine that
each point amongst the infinity of points on the blue line can be measured as being orthogonal to every point on
the red line at right angles to it.With an infinity of points on the blue line there is a square of infinite orthogonal
connections in each quadrant. This representation leaves us with a many to one and a one to many relationship of
points. It simply wont do for a geometry in which we want to use orthogonality as a basis.
Figure 2-11. Two curves meet orthogonally
12
On the other hand two curves can meet orthogonally at a point (Figure 2-11). But we still need to discuss in
what sense they meet orthogonally. Two curves of equal curvature meeting orthogonally will have a whole set of
orthogonal points in one to one correspondence. On the other hand if they are unequal curvature such as Figure
2-5 then the meeting point is special. It may not be unique for there may be a pair of points as in Figure 2-11.
Figure 2-12. We can apply directions along line elements
So we can analyse the mathematics of the points in space. We can go further to ask ourselves in what part of the
space the orthogonality manifests itself (Figure 2-12). We can apply directions along the line elements so that
they become unique in the sense of having an inward or outward relationship.
Figure 2-13. The shortest path between two orthogonal points is a quarter rotation
We can establish rules about the juxtaposition of the lines in space and say, for example, that the shortest path
between two orthogonal points is a quarter of a rotation (Figure 2-13) or that the shortest path between two points
which are three quarters of a rotation apart leave an orthogonal space.
We may draw a simple line on the paper and posit that there are at least two directions in the line. If not then
one of the ends must be at infinity. This is analogous to saying that we cannot form a number system with any
less than two characters. The binary system is the minimum that will allow a complete set of magnitudes to be
13
represented. But what do we mean by “complete”7? The two magnitude characters 0 and 1 of the binary system
are to be replaced by two Directions in a line element in the Ostberger geometry.
Figure 2-14. Different types of orthogonal elements
Two directions in a line element is the minimum. We can have more. But the more we have the greater the density
of the representation as we shall see. If we leave out the directions altogether then we can choose any number of
directions to suit the problem.
2.4. More Than Two Dimensions
Figure 2-15. There are eight possible orthogonal curvatures of the single line element; four cylindrical and
four annular
Just as we may embed a vector in mathematics into a one, two, three or n-dimensional space so we may embed a
line likewise. But we may also apply a number of dimensions to the vector itself.
Vectors may be curved and they must have width and thickness. We may compose theorems to these principles.
In all cases a line element must have at least two dimension giving four possible curvatures (Figure 2-15) in the x
14
plane and four in the y plane.

In each of the curvatures we have numerical scales in four senses. Two scales along the line element (forward
and backward) and two scales orthogonal to it (in the radial and the normal). This amounts to saying that the
Magnitudes can be associated with the Directions in four ways. In the first way the magnitude and direction are
0π-apart, in the second way they are π-apart; the orthogonal way is π/2-apart and in the case of the normal they
are 2π apart and this is a theorem of a directional kind.
It turns out that such a theorem is extremely powerful. So is the first rope trick theorem which we will look at in
the next chapter.
Figure 2-16. The old vector rules
In the existing rules the reversal of the direction indicates a contra- magnitude.
Figure 2-17. The new vector rules
In the new rules the reversal of the direction is an accountable mathematical phenomena and it therefore can
support both a magnitude and its contra-.
But what this means for mathematics is that Ostberger is saying that vectors may have reverse magnitudes. For
example a positive one in the forward direction and a negative one in the reverse direction. Both the Direction and
the Magnitude can be reversed.
What Ostberger has discovered is really quite simple. Directions are just as much a tool of reasoning as are the
magnitudes. Mother nature knows this and makes thorough use of the fact. She does not easily yield up her secrets
but Ostberger has discovered that Magnitudes and Directions are separable entities. He has left us with a legacy
which will serve us well in the next millennium. Our modelling techniques can now include pictures. But they
can be pictures of a very precise and analysable nature.
In the philosophies of the east Yin and Yang compose the Tao just as direction and magnitude compose our vector
spaces. But the Tao is not there if the yin or yang is missing. Neither is it there if they are found because when
they are found and placed together there comes another yin or yang to be found which is inside out to the previous
and so the Tao never is. The student of Ostberger’s work will discover this for himself.
The Tao is our attempt to represent and understand the world we have entered. It is how we visualise the world.
Of itself it is not a reality only a model of reality, it is a void sequence of events, a null tensor in space, a vacuum.
We may mark a post, scale a guideline or determine a metric in a tensor with our magnitudes but we are still
missing the Directions that belong to nature.
15
Mathematics is primarily a yang study. A study about the magnitudes of things. About trying to establish a number
that we can attach to something. But Ostberger invites us to commence the yin study of Directions so that we may
establish the directions in life’s rich tapestry.
To quote from his notebook, “for what we have ignored is that the Laws of Nature follow very strict rules of
Direction, her yin, as well as of magnitudes, her yang. The idea that everything in nature is going to be described
by a number that can be extracted from a mathematical equation is as strange to me now as it was when I was a
student. Although mathematical equations contain components of both magnitude and direction the later is easily
lost in the craving for a number; for the Magnitude has components of both direction and number and so does the
Direction.”
Figure 2-18. The front page of a note on sine and cosine addition and subtraction8
Figure 2-18 defines the attributes of a vector of position like the pen. The length of the vector represents the
magnitude. This has terminals (arrows) that yield its directional aspect.
The Direction also has two aspects. One is the magnitude of the direction which we measure in degrees or radians
but can be other measure such as the delta values in the atomic structure9. The other is the direction of the direction
which we measure with geometry such as Euclid and Ostberger. There are four aspects to the vector of Figure
2-18, not two as our presence mathematics currently presumes. This results in the possibilities shown in Figure
2-17.
The Ostberger work sets out to represent all four aspects. By selecting one of the aspects first we may bring our
reasoning to bear on the problem that we wish to represent. We may select the Magnitudinal aspect first in which
case we delve into our existing hieroglyphic mathematics to seek a magnitude solution. It is likely that we will
travel via the eigenvector theory towards our solution. On the other hand we can select the Ostberger process by
looking at our library of directional standard forms and seek a direction solution.
We need to relate the former process to the latter and vice versa. In practice says Ostberger, “We need to follow
the processes which nature herself seems to use. She oscillates between a magnitudinal (yang) process and a
directional (yin) process. First one and then the other. So, when we have come down the mathematical (yang)
path and arrived at impassable terrain we can swap vehicles and continue the journey with our new directional
(yin) vehicle. We can change back again when we find the new terrain which suits our mathematical vehicle. The
process is endless. It seems that our right and left cerebral hemispheres are a gift for this process.”
16
However, it would be impossible to foresee all aspects of a representation before we start and so we have to creep
up on it just as we do in mathematics by using the lesser calculus such as simple differential equations to build up
into a denser one with operator nomenclature.
The Ostberger process is broken into four main stages.
1. A yin representation of direction only. A generalised geometry which is much like a guess.
2. A representation of the stage 1 above, with the yang magnitudes on it. The shape or form which is expected.
3. A representation which includes both the above and the yin of the magnitude. That is the directions that are
attached to the line lengths which, at this stage are not defined in magnitude.
4. A complete representation which includes all the above stages and the yang magnitudes which finalise it. A
set of scale factors relate the whole to our measurement of reality.
Figure 2-19. A larger curved geometry
Each stage is a slow process and none have been formalised in Ostberger’s work. He simply recognises the need
for the stages. The ones that he took to arrive at solutions.
He says, “There is a symbiosis between all Directions and all Magnitudes which seems to say that the one set is
mirrored in the other symmetrically. However, I suspect that the mirror is asymmetric just as we find in physics.”
Notes
1. The simple mathematics is given in [note103].
2. By using the full 360 degree notation of θ and the positive and negative values of r we can describe the whole
spherical space in terms of r and θ.
3. See [note140].
4. Ostberger made notes on imaginary geometries.
5. See Chapter 6 and the [note5xx] series of notes.
17
6. For the mathematics of this please read [note586].

7. The extremely powerful Godel’s Theorem (the incompleteness theorem) will lead us, in later chapters, to a
system of geometric representation which has no singularities, but “time must be a Direction in space” in
such a system.
8. See [note117].
9. Delta values are explained in Chapter 12.
18
Chapter 3. A story and a theorem
3.1. A Story.
This is a story about the poly-men. Its the kind of story that physicists have heard before, so they needn’t listen.
In the land of one-dimension there was a fly fish called a wun-man. He lived in a lily pond with all the other
wun-men. They were all confined to one dimension because they had two heads and because the top half of them
breathed air with lungs and the bottom half breathed water with gills.
Now, all the little wun-men lived a lovely life floating amongst the lily leaves; and that is where they made
their nests. Whenever they went walkabout they always travelled in straight lines on account of them being one
dimensional and having two heads. They would go outward with one head thinking and come backward with
the other head thinking. So when they were at home they simple changed their thinking head and went that way.
Whichever way that was.
As you can imagine the only track of a wun-man that could ever be seen was a straight line emanating from his
home and every body accepted that that was the way it was.
Figure 3-1. The Wun-man’s universe
Also, as you can imagine, the habits of their predators was made very easy. All they had to do was to home in on
the straight lines of the wun-men and consume them to extinction. And we know that that is true because there
are no more wun-men in the world today.
But in their struggle to survive they learned a trick or two. They would leave one of their number at home as a
sentry to measure the directions of the fly fish as they went walkabout. If the wun-men did not return then it was
theorised that there was a hole in that direction or that the poor little chap had dropped off the edge. No wunman
would go that way in the future. The sentry was know as the fly fish angler. But alas the angler was to be their
demise for there came a time when no wun-men would venture out for fear of holes and edges.
But, one day a baby wunman was born with a genetic defect. He only had one head. He was rejected by all the
other wun-men. “How can he survive with only one head?”, they would ask, “he will never be able to get back
home”, they said. “he will always need some-wun with him to show him the way home”, they said.
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So, as he grew up he was never jolly because no wun would join with him and he was jibed and jeered as juveniles
do. But he was a determined little fighter and whatever the other wuns would do he would do too. He soon got the
nick-name of the Wun-too-man. But he never let them get him down and alway kept his spirits up.
As an invalid he had to learn a new way of getting about. He was learning turning. He would turn his head just a
little so that he could see where he had been. He would then do a thing he called “backwards”. It was so exciting
that he developed a burning yearning for learning turning because this was such a great discovery; backwards.
But as he grew older and wiser he discovered a new way of getting about he called “turning”. He didn’t have to
go “backwards” any more he went forwards all the time “turning”; and this was his first discovery.
One day Wun-too went walkabout and was not reported back by the angler. A search party was sent out to try to
find him. But they found nothing and so it was assumed that he was lost forever.
A long time passed and one of the anglers on the other side of the lily leaf reported Wun-too as arriving home.
“That’s impossible” said all the members of the meeting of anglers, if you go out that way you must come back
that way too. So they called upon the young Wun-too to explain how he had managed such a trick.
The timid voice of the little invalid reigned in the silence of the anglers. “Well”, he began, “What I did was to go
out that way and come back this way.”
“What?”, shouted an observing professor in a voice which sounded as if he had a plumb in his mouth, “That’s
impossible; and with only one head its doubly impossible. If you go out that way you must come back that way
and if you go out this way you must come in this way. Otherwise you drop off the edge. That is an established
scientific fact. We have known it for years and no one headed, half-a-wunman is going to change it.”
“But, sir”, began Wun-too like Oliver about to ask for another bowl of soup, “I did it by turning.”
“Turning! What the hell is turning?”, said the professor in his broadcasting voice.
“Erm..., well sir, its like going out in two ways at the same time.”
There was roars of laughter as the little wun-men tried desperately to explain about another dimension. But he
knew. He knew it was true for this was his second discovery. Wun could go out in one direction and arrive back in
another direction and wun could go out in two directions at the same time. There really was a second dimension
in the wun World.
Wun-too was not one to boast but he knew one more than those professors.
The little wunman became known as as a two-man, and he survived.
And the end of this story is well known by all the humans in the world today. You see, the only survivor of the
wun-men was the two-man; and the only survivor of the two-men was the three-man; and the only survivor of the
three-man was the four-man and so on until we human are the last survivors of the hu-minus one-men. And the
one-man was where we began.
It was the wun-men who discovered, through a genetic mutation, that in order to survive an n-dimensional world
we need to know about an n + 1-dimensional world.
The moral of this story is that our survival in this 3-dimensional world depends upon our ability to understand a
4-dimensional world. That is what Ostberger is giving us.
3.2. And now for a theorem

To lighten up the studying of these new ideas Ostberger invented a rope-maker who was all too often involving
himself in problems with ropes which he didn’t understand and so tried to find the answer in mathematics. He
usually failed and so created his own solutions.
I rather think that Ostberger and the rope-maker were more than casual acquaintances. He begins, “At the outset
it is difficult to imagine how we could construct a process of reasoning with geometrical forms which has a sound
20
and logical basis and which passes beyond the work of Euclid. What kinds of axioms could we have? How would
they connect together? Here are two fundamental axioms upon which a great deal of subsequent directional study
depends. They are my notes 140 and others; The Rope-maker.”
3.3. The first rope trick

A rope-maker is contracted to make a rope to circumvent the Earth. The mean radius of the Earth is 6.37 million
metres making the circumference some 40 million metres.
Figure 3-2. A rope around the Earth
The rope-maker was overjoyed with his contract. He contrived a machine to make the rope at great speed and
called upon his friend the ship-maker to freight it round the world.
When the rope was finished and the beginning was returned to the rope-maker’s workshop he butted the two ends
together and celebrated his success. But no sooner had he finished celebrating than he received irate telephone
calls from around the world saying that the rope was far too long.
The rope-maker had a brain wave. He drew the ends of the rope taught and measured the spare rope. It measured
just half a metre. He could not understand how this was possible, so he went to his local university for help in
calculating the problem. “It’s far too trivial for us”, they said, “we don’t get involved in trivia like that”. So the
rope-maker did his own calculations.
What he discovered was quite remarkable. The half metre overlap (Figure 3-4) that laid on his workshop floor
translated into 15 cm of slack in the rope all the way round the Earth! The phone calls were right. There was a lot
of slack in the rope. He could not believe that the half metre of rope that lay on his workshop floor could produce
15 cm of slack everywhere around the world.
The rope-maker was so astounded by his discovery that he contacted his local University again to confirm his
calculations but they just told him to stop bothering them with his trivialities.
The rope-maker wondered if he could make a rope to go round Jupiter. “What a contract”, he thought. “I wonder
if it will have to be as accurate?”
21
Figure 3-3. A rope around Jupiter
He did some more calculations. To his surprise he came up with the same answer as for the Earth rope. The
distance that the rope would stand off from the surface of Jupiter would be 15 cm for each 1 metre of error in the
length of the rope. “How can that be?” he exclaimed. “Does this mean that the stand-off height is a constant no
matter how big the planet! Is it always 15 cm per metre?”
Figure 3-4. one unit of overlap
The rope-maker considered a rope around the Universe. “No matter who puts the extra metre into the rope there
will always be a 15 cm movement at right angles to the rope”, he thought. ) “But suppose the rope were a part of
nature, then what? We would be part of the rope as if we we standing on it. So we might never see the motion of
the rope.”
With nobody to tell about his discovery the rope-maker slipped his notes into the workbench drawer and proceeded
home to bed.
The rope-maker had indeed discovered something quite useful and this is given in Appendix A. You do not have
to be a mathematician to understand the arguments, although you will need some skill to extend the arguments to
cases other than circles. But that is another story.
The first Rope trick is a Directional Theorem, an idea that does not require specific magnitudes to elucidate the
arguments and produce the answers. There is also another rope trick in the appendix and more in the notes.
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Chapter 4. Orthogonality
In this chapter I want to look at the way in which Ostberger slowly arrives at the idea of orthogonality in physics
and then transcribes that idea to the mathematics.
4.1. The rules of Fleming

Clench the fist of your right hand and point your thumb upwards. Now point your first finger away from you and
bring your index finger out so that all three fingers are at right angles. This is your very own personal orthogonal
direction indicator. You were given it at birth and you will now have to use it.
In the study of magnetic fields there is a law called the Biot-Savart law. It was arrived at through meticulous
experimentation and is essential to the calculation of such fields at a point in space. It puts into a formula the
directional relationship between the current in a wire and the field outside it. However, it is not easy to see in the
formula because the vectors involved are often separated.
Fleming showed this rule on the hands. The left hand rule is applied to the motor; a device that uses electric
current as an input to extract motion as an output. If you take the motor apart (one with coils on the rotor) and
place your index finger (representing the current) in line with one of the copper wires and then rotate your wrist
so that your thumb (representing the motion) into the line of motion of the motor then your forefinger will tell
you the direction of the magnetic flux at that point in the motor. Of course, its a silly thing to do, so we do it with
our heads instead.
Figure 4-1. Left hand rule for the motor
So there it is. Fleming’s Left hand Rule for motors. And there it remains. And what is more it will remain for ever
and ever, and ever. It will simply never go away. It is as fixed as the stars or the laws of the heavens that position
the planets to the last decimal part of a millimetre. So Ostberger thought that he had better see if there were any
more of these rules that are fixed, or invariant as the mathematician says.
Fleming also had a Right Hand Rule. This time for generators.
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Figure 4-2. Right hand rule for the generator
What Ostberger did was to say that these properties, represented on different hands, must in someway belong to
each other. After all, a motion is a motion wherever it is. It is part of an idea that we call velocity. If we place
our hands back to back with the first knuckle touching we can align these three properties into the set of axes in
Figure 4-3. His interpretation of this was of three fluxes flowing in an energy field1.
Figure 4-3. The unidirectional representation
Ostberger goes a step further. He uses a bidirectional representation as in Figure 4-4. In this we see that the motor
is represented by a net vector pointing outward in the diagonal of the box shown and the generator is represented
by a net vector pointing inward in the box2. The two processes are:
Inward A process of putting motion in to get current out using a magnetic field as a converter is a
generator.
Outward A process of putting current in to get motion out using a magnetic field as a converter is a
motor.
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Figure 4-4. The bidirectional representation
Both processes are degenerate in that they consume energy. So the direction of the energy flow does not, here,
tell us about any process that might generate energy as nature does. This concerned Ostberger and he made notes
which suggest that he despaired that he might not be able to see the agenerate processes of nature in the new
process. But we will see later that he succeeded in showing the remarkable processes which are agenerate in
nature and ourselves.
4.2. Deflection of an electron beam

In a cathode ray or television tube electrons are produced in the gun at high voltage and they motion towards the
phosphorescent screen. They are deflected on their way by two fields. One is electric and the other is magnetic.
These three vectors are mutually orthogonal just like in Fleming’s rules. What is important is that they reliably
follow these rules. But what are the rules and how do they manifest themselves in geometry?
4.3. Vectors of light

The vectors of light are a little more difficult to imagine. We have special equipment to see them.
Light is seen as a wave travelling through space and yet the space that it travels through must be occupied.
Ostberger treats the light as one of the occupants along with all the other orthogonal, phenomena that can be
identified at every point of the space.
The wave travels in a sinusoidal manner, but what is it that we are measuring that oscillates so? Ostberger con-
cludes that the directions belonging to the vectors of light are the surface vectors which are wrapped around the
magnitude vectors show in Figure 4-5.
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Figure 4-5. The orthogonal vectors of light
We can identify three vectors E the Electric intensity (force), B the Magnetic Flux density and v the velocity of
propagation. These are vectors of a magnitude character and we can ascribe a number to them according to the
particular manifestation of the light. They are related precisely by Figure 4-5. The three vectors are orthogonal
in space and we can identify them with a right hand rule just as we do Flemings rules. Again the preciseness
of this relationship is never in question. Our experimental measurements indicate that they remain consistently
orthogonal, in the manner of Figure 4-5 throughout the universe.
Ostberger asked himself, “Is this velocity the same kind of velocity that we have seen in the electric motor and
generator?” He also asked himself how these vectors could remain orthogonal in a space of curvatures. It took a
journey of many years to find the answers.
It was on this journey that he identified the surface vector of Figure 4-5 as belonging to a group of tensors which
are purely directional in character. He later named them Electric Direction and Magnetic Direction. They were the
Directional component parts of the vectors E and B. These Directional vector components manifest themselves
as Potentials in physics. The connection between the two is by far the most remarkable discovery that Ostberger
made. Two great four dimensional geometries containing the same complete set of vector elements appear to
be inside out to each other. In fact they are orthogonal as we will see in later chapters. Ostberger called them
intravariant and extravariant.
4.4. The vectors of the gyro

This example of orthogonality is very much down to earth. The Earth is a gyro body and it obeys the mathematics
of the universe. Or is it that the mathematics obey the rules of the universe3? The Tao says that both coalesce.
Get yourself a bicycle wheel. Hold the spindle on both sides with clenched fists. Use two thumbs on the spokes
to spin the wheel and there you can feel the forces of nature in the gyro.
26
Figure 4-6. Using a bicycle wheel as a gyro
With the wheel spinning at speed let go of your right fist and allow the spindle to rest on the fingers of your left
hand. The wheel does not fall to the floor. What does it do? It rotates.
Looking down in the Direction of the gravitational acceleration it rotates clockwise. It will rotate clockwise for
everybody in the world. This is called the precession and it follows a very strict set of orthogonal rules.
To work this out you need your best brains in gear. So those readers who have gear box trouble should look at the
pictures and pass on to the next chapter.
Figure 4-7. For the left hand holding the spindle; the magnitudinal part of the spin.
It is easiest to look at the spin of the wheel first. Hold your right hand out with your orthogonal indicating digits
in position. Point your forefinger along the spindle of the wheel and follow the rotation of the spin with a right
handed screw motion. Construct an axial vector with a ring around it in the direction of the screw motion (Figure
4-7). This is the spin component with its velocity around the ring.
27
Figure 4-8. Gravity pulling down creates a torque
Next we find the torque component with its force around the ring. Look at the wheel end on (Figure 4-8). With
only one fist holding the wheel the acceleration due to gravity is trying to turn the wheel downward. Use your
right hand to work out which way gravity is trying to turn the wheel. If your hand is the same as mine you will
find Figure 4-7 and Figure 4-9 to be correct.
Figure 4-9. For the right hand holding the spindle; the directional part of the vectors.
Finally we use our right hand to determine the rotation of the precession. To get the same answer as me you will
have to point your forefinger up in the air. The right handed screw turns the way of the procession as we have
observed (Figure 4-9).
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Figure 4-10. The orthogonal surface vectors of the gyro
We can now assemble these findings on to a single surface, the Figure 4-10. Here we can identify three axial
vectors in the representation each with its orthogonal phenomena connected thus,
1. The axis of the Precession with its associated surface Direction.

2. The Spin with its associated surface Velocity.
3. The Torque with its associated surface Force.
This is a second stage diagram of the type mentioned at the end of Chapter 2. There are no magnitudes and so
further work must take place to make a stage 3 representation. But the directions will remain in their relative
juxtaposition. In fact, we will see later that the three surface vectors form what Ostberger called a Law field
(Figure 4-10). The reason why this is special will be discussed in Chapter 8.
All these vectors are well known. But, perhaps it is not so well understood that the Precession produces a Direction
surface vector. What kind of phenomena is this and to what group of phenomena does it belong?
Figure 4-11. The gyro surface produces a Law Field
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The Law Field helps us to group the phenomena as we will see in Chapter 8. Thus all forces of a Newtonian kind
can be aggregated on to the Law Field by mappings. So they are a group of phenomena. So also are the group
of Newtonian velocities4. The third group is a group of Potentials which is here associated with the direction
component of the whole field. It is called Direction as a general term because, as we shall see, there are many of
these. It is a class with the term flux perhaps.
The precession is associated with this Gravitic Potential. What Ostberger showed was that this Potential belongs
to the group of Newtonian Potentials. And that is the reason the bicycle wheel did not fall off our finger.
That the gyro produces its own Direction field is a strange concept at first. But we can soon become accustomed
to the idea as we work out our misconceptions in terms of these directional phenomena.
4.5. Other examples

There are other examples both in thermodynamics and fluid studies where orthogonality is the key to separating
the phenomena that we understand. The flow and stream functions in fluids, the gradients and contours on maps,
the isobars and pressure gradients in weather charts, the lines and forces around a magnet, the flux and potentials
around an electric charge, the vectors in a transformer, the force and potential in a Schwartzchild solution, the
velocity, direction and force on a satellite and so on.
There are even similar groupings in the mathematics itself. And, if that were not sufficient there are similar groups
to our social activity too, such as accounting.
Notes
1. In Chapter 10 these three fluxes will appear on the surface of a World geometry.
2. Now we see the relationship to the clip on the pen in Figure 2-4.
3. This is an example of intra- and extravariance.
4. See Figure 8-2.
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Chapter 5. More than geometry
5.1. Studying direction

In studying directions I have come to realise that they are very real and tangible entities that enter into the structure
of our world. Nature is possessed of directional elements everywhere. We have now a great need to study them.
They are the yin counterpart of our yang studies which seek to deliver a number as a solution.
In directional studies we might have expected that the only solutions that we can deliver are directional ones. This
is not so. Numerical answers can be found amongst the geometry of curvatures that are just as precise as the ones
we find by formula, but these two concepts are not in competition. They need to be in cooperation, for sometimes
it is better to use the Direction process and other times it is easier to use the hieroglyphic process. They are both
a part of Mathematics.
In the final result we are looking for the truth and a way of expressing the truth. Both processes speak in their
special way to the truth of the final result.
The approach of the two processes is opposite in character. In our mathematics we seek a numerical solution and
often try a directional sketch to achieve the result. The mathematics often hunts the directional eigen-vector as a
path to the solution.
In the Ostberger process we seek a directional solution and then apply the numerical scales to achieve a result.
The two processes together must inevitably bring the best result.
In most circumstances we begin the directional process with a generalisation. But we need not fear that we cannot
whittle it down to a specific entity if we have already used the generalisation successfully. If one generalisation
works then we may test it again to see how many times it does work. After a while we gain sufficient confidence
in the process to be able to accept the generalisation.The trick is to get the generalisation right first time to avoid
extensive researching of mistaken direction. The examples of orthogonal phenomena in the last chapter were
intended to show this process at work. We can go further. If we can relate the generalisation to a known piece of
mathematics such as tensor calculus and see that it fits then we can gain confidence at the start.
Figure 5-1. A line minimum element
How many dimensions must a line have for us to be able to see it? Let’s look at a one dimensional line A in Figure
5-1. It is not there because we need to have another dimension to see it. The line must have a small part of a
second dimension if we are to see it at all. So Figure 5-1 B is a 2-dimensional line displayed for us to discuss
one of the dimensions. If we now curve the line we are producing effects in 2-dimensions. This is the minimum
display that we may expect nature to show us. If we take away one of the dimensions we cannot observe anything.
We need two dimensions to see one.
The line element is the basis of string theory. Indeed Ostberger makes notes about string theory and comments
thus, “If string theory were to take account of both of the two most important theorems in Quantum Mechanics it
would accord with my own discoveries precisely. String theory has ignored the orthogonality theorem.”
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So Ostberger built up geometries on the basis of curvatures starting with examples like those in Chapter 2 and
moving on to more condensed forms of geometry which we will see in Chapter 10. It took thirty years in all.
The most important geometry is the World geometry and this I will look at here very briefly.
By the time Ostberger had reached the stage of drawing these pictures he had realised that the affixes and suffixes
which are conventionally attached to the character of tensor calculus were, in fact, the Directions i, j and k, of this
geometry. In a note on the subject1 he identified all the permutations of tensor calculus as products of this space.
The picture at the top in Figure 5-2 is one of the many diagrams he drew for that note. Interestingly he identified
the Einstein tensor as a triangle moving with the transforming geometry.
What is particularly interesting is that he identifies the Ricci and Weyl tensors as associated with Magnitudes and
Directions respectively and hangs his potentials on the Weyl tensors.
Figure 5-2. A page from Ostberger’s notes on tensor calculus
Look at Figure 5-3. It is a world geometry with co- and contravariant regions. They are identified by the nomen-
clature of tensor calculus2. Visualise the geometry as a pair of balloons with a hole interfacing the pair. There is a
32
whole set of variations of the space. The two balloons are identified as the covariant and contravariant components
in the space.
Figure 5-3. Permutation of a world geometry in tensor calculus
Note that b and c are vectorial rotations. A Euclidean rotation would retain the same colours at b and c.
Imagine that we have selected a metric (scale) for the space by determining the size of the hole forming the
interface3. The two balloons are identified as the covariant and contravariant components in the space. Firstly,
imagine that the covariant balloon is fixed in size and the contravariant balloon can expand into the contravariant
space whilst keeping the ij junctions and all the others orthogonal. That is one possibility. Now suppose we have
a whole set of the j circles spreading over the covariant surface. (See Ostberger’s sketch in the bottom left hand
corner of Figure 5-2). That is another possibility. Each of the circles can range over the surface as did the first one.
Now suppose we change the metric to a new hole size. The whole process can be repeated. Now suppose we
reverse all the permutation of the process and range the covariant circles over the contravariant ones.
We can further repeat the whole again game whilst keeping one of the ij junctions stationary and then the other.
Then we can include the direction k as part of the geometry or we can leave it off. The permutations are enormous
since every element can range from unity to near infinity in each of the directions.
Then there are the permutations that derive from rotating the whole system and forming the metric in the i and j
directions in turn (the small pictures in Figure 5-3).
The picture gets bigger because we can hang all three permutations in the Figure 5-3 on to a single World geom-
etry. A sketched example is shown in Figure 5-4.
And the picture gets bigger still because we can use each of the orthogonal states of this geometry to represent
a group of phenomena. This is what Ostberger did with his process of Law Fields which we will look at in
subsequent chapters. The result was geometric representations so large that it becomes difficult to handle the
solutions they contain, in much the same way as in the Schrodinger equation.
33
Figure 5-4. Orthogonal curvatures in a World geometry
But the picture did not stop there. An even bigger picture was obtained by Ostberger. He looked into the geometry
of Figure 5-4 and imagined that he could stand inside the covariant components which encircled him, the ones
that are outside the World. He imagined that all the surface components of the World (and there are two further
sets that I have not mentioned here) were expanded to infinity and collapsed around him. The result was a new
World geometry containing the same complete set of phenomenological elements.
One can only see this when all the line elements are occupied on the World geometry. This is in Chapter 10.
The new World is clearly different. The first he called intravariant and the second he called extravariant. The
former addressed the problems of classical physics and the latter those of Quantum Mechanics. The extravariant
World was of discontinuous character and the intravariant World of continuous character. They required different
mathematical treatment. We will look at this later.
5.2. Growing geometry

Every geometry can be used many times for different kinds of representation. Take as an example the simplest
kind of geometry in Figure 5-5. It is Euclidean and undirected. It is the simplest form of one of the theorems we
learn at school.
Figure 5-5. The interior Euclidean chord theorem
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Now apply this to some geometries which are constructed in Figure 5-6. These geometries are also Euclidian. They
are not even bidirectional, yet to describe them with algebra would require a considerable degree of mathematical
skill for there are many circles in them arranged in a special displaced order. So, algebra is not the first choice for
this process. Let’s look at the geometry.
Figure 5-6. The magnitude powers of p
The two sets of circles are to show how different magnitudes are obtained from exactly the same geometric form
simply by changing the choice of scalar in each set.
How did he arrive at these magnitudes? Consider the Euclid’s theorem of Figure 5-5, the internal chord theorem.
It simply says that the opposing product of two crossing chords inside a circle are equal. If two of the chords are
equal then the square root of the other chord product results in one of the equal chords.
By applying that to the sets of circles you will see that the magnitudes are as shown. But, what is interesting is the
effect obtained by exchanging the values of p and unity. Each value of pn in the geometry of Figure 5-6’s right
hand side is measured from the centre line and clearly p0 is unity. Comparing the two geometries, one is for the
values of p less than one and the other side for values of p greater than one. The same shape suffices for both.
That is the demonstration.
Note that these line lengths cannot be summed without separating them because the lengths are superimposed.
This is a geometry of the second stage as mentioned at the end of Chapter 2.
35
Figure 5-7. The field of an electric dipole
There is another kind of geometry which is well known, the field an electric dipole (Figure 5-7). This time the
geometry is of a vector character. The dotted lines are equipotential lines and the others are the strength of the
electric field. the former is the direction component of some kind of vector which represents the electric field.
(What kind of vector is this?) If the dashed lines are interchanged with the plain lines we have another vector of
this kind representing the field of a pair of parallel wires with currents flowing (Figure 5-8). This is the kind of
geometry that has its Directions orthogonal to its Magnitudes. Not forgetting that the Magnitudes have directions
(here a set of circles with constant angular arcs) and the Directions have magnitudes (here a set of circular shapes
with the pole at the limit point).
Figure 5-8. The field of a pair of parallel wires
There is another kind of geometry in which the magnitudes are elements that oppose the directions. In Quantum
Mechanical language they anti-commute. But there are no examples of these that can easily be given here. Suffice
36
to say that the study of the hydrogen atom displays such a geometry. In Chapter 12 the geometry which produces
Ostberger’s delta values is also one such geometry.
In Appendix B the structure of geometric analysis is given; for geometry is as much subject to the rules of
Ostberger’s work as is any other subject. It is self analytic. In Chapter 10 the structure of subjects is based on the
principle of the Law Field which brings together the biggest possible concepts into a geometric form. The straight
line becomes so special that it represents the Laws. The point is no longer; instead the micro-world takes its place.
There are no points in a space of curvatures, only worlds of the smallest order and size.
Our study of Directions began with Euclid’s geometries. There the lines are not directed. They have no arrows
which point a way and there is no difference between forward and backward. The theorems of our school days
describe these undirected line elements. From here we move on into the study of position vectors. These are
directed line elements. These position vectors have transformations which operate on the vectors, making them
enlarge, rotate, translate reflect and distort. These form a group as do the vectors themselves.
“The mathematician Klein described Geometry as the complete set of all transformations over all vectors. I now
add another set to this, the Interpretive set4. In all I would describe these directed elements as "of the first kind"
making Euclid’s undirected geometry elements of the zeroth kind. The analogy with the magnitudinal study of
vectors would appear to be complete. The "scalars" are vectors of a zeroth kind. The vectors of force, motion and
momentum are those of the second kind5.”
Curved vectors of the second kind are not commonly used in mathematics. Indeed their existence is scarcely
admitted yet they are quite valuable tools. Vectors having multiple heads and tails are certainly new and not
yet related to tensors as Ostberger has done. These are the vectors of the third kind. These four kinds form a
mathematical group.
It is interesting that Ostberger has produced a subject of study that is self analysing. He says,
TAO
This, in brief, is some of the work of my notebook. I have:
• Extended Klein’s concept of geometry as consisting of the group of all transformations over the group of all geometries
to include a further group, the group of all Interpretations. The Interpretive group is over the Transformation group
and the Transformation group is over the Definition or Formative group
• Exchanged planes and straight lines for curves and curved surfaces making the former a very special case of the
latter.
• Extended 3-dimensional geometry to 4-dimensional.
• Incorporated the principle of orthogonality to all directional study.
• Added the principle of conversion from intravariance to extravariance.
Notes
1. [Note1254]
2. [Note1250]
3. For the mathematical these are g ij , gij and gji and their inverses.
4. See Chapter 9 and [note220].
5. See Appendix B.
37
Chapter 6. The development of standard
forms (rank one vectors)
6.1. Standard forms

One of the tools that is particularly useful is the library of Standards Forms1. Many equations can be represented
in geometric form, many solutions can be geometricized, so it is helpful to create a library into which all the useful
and sometimes useless geometries can be organised for future use.
In engineering every process has a set of tools which can be called upon when a new job comes along. There are
tools at every level of the company. The international corporation regards countries and governments as tools, the
conglomerate regard sites and buildings as tools, the company regards computers and milling machines as tools
and the operator regards keyboards and setting clamps as tools. Tools operate at every level.
TAO
In the process of building up these geometries I have established a small library of geometric standard forms. I would
like to show you some of these to give you some idea of how they assemble together into ever denser representations.
These standard forms did not appear miraculously. They are the result of many painstaking weeks and sometimes months
on a mathematical subject far removed from that which was relevant to the standard form. I have done no more than
scratch the surface of a very large and unending subject.
To begin let us take one example and expose it as far as space and simplicity will allow.
6.2. The trigonometric forms

There are many equations that result in trigonometric functions as solutions. We need to represent sine, cosine,
tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant in a geometric form which will be tractable for representing solutions of
equations. Also we need to be able to show in the geometry for each function,
• the amplitude
• the frequency
• the power
• the angle
• the multiple angle
We need to be able to add, subtract, multiple and divide all these aspects of the representations.
Now, the set of Ostberger notes that describe all of these2 occupies a space about the size of this book. Yet I
am going to try to describe part of all these in a few pages. When I have finished there will be the cry. “Well,
that’s obvious. That doesn’t take much doing,” and that is the point of the whole process. It contracts our learning
methods into simple forms. Yet the time spent discovering these simple forms is immense and will only be
understood by the student when he tries for himself.
Building up the library of standard forms in Directional Study is the left-handed process which mirrors the process
of establishing formula and theorems in mathematics today. The Directional process has the advantage that it
38
Chapter 6. The development of standard forms (rank one vectors)
lends itself easily to presentation on the computer screen and can be used by a greater number of students for their
applications.
6.3. The trigonometric standard forms

We teach that the ratio of the sides of a right triangle are constant for each given angle and that these ratios have
names like sine, cosine, tangent and so on (Figure 6-1). This is what Ostberger calls the Directional form.
Figure 6-1. The directional form; the functions arise as directional ratios
We may also establish these same ideas in a Magnitudinal form. Consider Figure 6-2. Here a triangle is bound
by a circle of unit diameter. The angle at the circumference is always a right angle and the sine and cosine are
always as shown. All the principle values of these two elementary functions are contained in the motion of the
first half circumference. (But note that the angle θ has only rotated a quarter of a cycle.) Here I will only show the
first quadrant of the functions but in the notes are the complete set together with a computer animation of all the
functions3.
Figure 6-2. The magnitudinal form; the functions arise as line length
These two representations are yin and yang. Neither can claim exclusivity. They are compliments of each other and
serve useful purpose for different applications. The fact seems to be that this property of pairing Directional forms
with Magnitudinal ones continues indefinitely. It has to be researched on every occasion. When a representation
is discovered there will be the yin or yang counterpart somewhere. It is not always obvious or easy to find.
39
Figure 6-3. The magnitude form of tangent
In Figure 6-3 the tangent functions are added. In Figure 6-4 the secant is added. The line lengths shown are always
the magnitude of these two function when measuring the angle θ as shown.
Figure 6-4. The magnitude form of secant
We may continue in this way until we have produced the combined geometry shown in Figure 6-5. Here a rotating
half vector is to be seen carrying with it all the elements in the picture as the point P traverses through the first
half circumference. The angle θ traverses 90 degrees.
Figure 6-5. Magnitudes of circular functions of the outer angle
40
What is to be understood here is that each line element representing a function is accurately the correct length.
The limitation is the accuracy of the process used to construct the representation. The Direction of the function is
also correct with respect to the angle at O1 in Figure 6-5 or O0 in Figure 6-6. The nomenclature must be followed
with precision.
Figure 6-6. Magnitudes of circular functions of the the inner angle
What is the difference between the Figure 6-5 and Figure 6-6? At first sight there seems little difference except
that the angle of measurement has been changed from θ0 at O0 to θ1 at O1 (see Figure 6-7). What the student
will find, upon careful study, is that the Figure 6-5 is a discontinuous geometry whilst Figure 6-6 is a continuous
geometry. They can be assembled together in many different ways.
Figure 6-7. Directions of the magnitudes for the outer angle in the first quadrant
Figure 6-6 is mathematically wrong. It is not easy to spot, but it is. It is wrong to the extent that one might change
the x’s for y’s in an algebraic equation and expect to see the same graphical shape and solutions. This is an
example of the preciseness with which we must view this process. It cannot be assumed that a geometry can exist
41
simply because we have drawn it. It may not be consistent or necessary or sufficient. Only when the geometry has
all its stages (Appendix B) defined can we accept a given geometric configuration. In this case we need to define
the final stage, the stage of applying Directions to the magnitudes i.e. the line lengths. Figure 6-7 is the final stage
of production for the Trigonometric geometry. It makes it mathematically unique because all four aspects shown
in Figure 2-18 have been defined. The convention here is that one unit of amplitude is defined upward which
means that in the bidirectional space of the representation minus one unit is downward in the same space.
6.4. Applying Euclid over Ostberger

We may increase the depth of our understanding of the trignometric standard form (TSF) by applying Euclidean
theorems to it. This is an example of using a lower density4 geometry and applying it to an higher one. The lower
density, the theorems, are undirected and unspecified in magnitude. The higher density, our TSF, is directed and
specified. We can apply one over the other. Look at the figures in Figure 6-8. Here are just five examples of the
use of Euclidean theorems to extract more information from the TSF.
Figure 6-8. Applying Euclidean theorems to the trigonometric standard forms
42
We have:
Figure 6-8a. An amplitude A applied to the TSF of the outer angle. The student would see that this has the
effect of scaling all functions relating to the initial scalar. This represents a big mathematical
move. Were the amplitude applied to the TSF of the inner angle then this is simply a variable
amplitude in a geometry of continuity. It is the fact the the outer angle TSF is a discontinuous
geometry that makes A have such a big effect. In Figure 2-7 of Chapter 2, for example, A
would have the effect of changing every amplitude in the set. It is like the difference between
a multiplier and an operator in mathematics.
Figure 6-8b. Pythagoras’ theorem applied gives a well known relation. Compare with Figure 6-8e where
the external chord theorem is applied to give another relation.
Figure 6-8c. Applying Pythagoras yields this common relationship which can be seen to be satisfied for
all angles including those greater than π giving the negative magnitudes in Figure 6-8d.
Simply reversing the triangle in Figure 6-8c does not satisfy the conditions set. It would have
the effect of changing the convention used. That is unacceptable. The formula at Figure 6-8d
is currently considered to be trivial. Here it is shown to impart different directions to the
representation. It belongs to a different region of the circle.
Figure 6-9. A proof of the reciprocal relationship between tangent and cotangent
The interior Euclidean chord theorem shows that, cot t. tan t = 12 , which proves the reciprocal relationship
between them.
Two more examples before leaving this chapter. In Figure 6-9 I have assembled two copies of the unit TSF, one
above the other. The cot function belongs to the upper one and the tan function the lower one for a given angle.
Because the large triangle containing sec and cosec is a right triangle the tan and cotan functions are contained by
the large circle. We may apply the internal chord theorem to yield the fact that there is a reciprocity between tan
and cot. An obvious fact in a new context.
43
Figure 6-10. A simple proof of the reciprocal relationship between cosine and secant
The Euclidean chord theorem shows that, a cos t.a sec t = a2 , which says that there is a reciprocal relationship
12
between cosine and secant, cos t = sec t , which provides a simple proof of a well known relationship from earlier
study of Euclid.
In Figure 6-10 the external chord theorem is used to find a similar relationship between cos and sec. Here we can
apply the external chord theorem twice, once in each of the circles.
These examples are mentioned here because some geometry requires a representation in which the forward and
backward directions are the reciprocal of each other. Here are two reciprocal representations which may be useful
in the future.
It is currently common practice in mathematics to assume that the forward direction is positive and the backward
is negative and that they do not overlap. This was Descartes creation. I now see that this has, unwittingly, been a
great hindrance to mathematics. In this chapter I have seeded the idea that other possibilities exist, not the least is
the idea that positive and negative may be represented as opposing and overlapping.
6.5. Amplitudes
It should be quite evident that combining Figure 2-7 with the TSF of the outer angle will provide representations
of all discrete increases in amplitude. The same with the inner angle will provide all the continuous increases in
amplitude5.
The geometric standard forms for frequency6 and multiple angles7 are particularly interesting because the geom-
etry creates a unit circle rolling through the space of the multiple angle. Its meaning is elusive.
6.6. Powers of trigonometric functions

It is essential to realise that any power of sine or cosine is less than unity and that each successive power is less,
in magnitude, than its predecessor. I am not going to examine the whole of these notes here nor parade through
44
the discovery process. I reproduce one of the resultant library forms for the powers of sine and cosine in Figure
6-11. This is reproduced from the Ostberger notebook.
Figure 6-11. The inside powers of circular functions belonging to the outer angle
By extending the process of discovery here to the outside region of the bounding circle we find the secant and
cosecant powers in Figure 6-128.
Figure 6-12. The outside powers of circular functions belonging to the inner angle
45
6.7. Half angle tangent relations

These relations are well known in A-level mathematics but Ostberger extends them. The page in Figure 6-13 is
a copy from Ostberger’s notes9 which geometrise the half angle tangent relations and extends them to interesting
and potentially useful geometries. The geometry shows that there are directional and magnitudinal cases of these
relations and connects a unique and infinite series of them. The mathematics and geometries are some 40 pages
in all.
Figure 6-13. A copy of the half tangent study from the Ostberger notebook
46
6.8. Algebraic equations

From the earliest days of algebra processes had to be developed for finding the roots of equations. The methods
of factoring, finding solution formulae and trial and error are all a part of the history. That it is possible to use a
geometric method may not be new but such a process has not been accepted as enhancing the understanding of
the algebra process. What does seem to be useful is that the geometric process using lines in space can lead more
easily to bigger concepts. Thus, if we solve quadratics10 and cubics11 with a Directional process then it might be
possible to solve quadrics and other higher powered polynomials12.
6.9. Parametric equations

The representation of parametric equations lends itself easily to the direction process. Figure 6-14 is the normal
form x cos α + y sin α = p for the Cartesian equation 3x + 4y = 7. It is a specific case of the more general
form described in [note90] (14 pages). It is particularly useful in the learning process because it relates, in a
proper pictorial way, the relationship of a Cartesian inner space to its outer space. It is, however linear and
therefore of little value in handling the curvatures of later chapters here. The circle is the same circle of the
unit TSF. To relate this mathematically the student will see that the parametric equation must be the negative
case −x cos α − y sin α = −p. The reason for this is the labelling of the point O0 , which is essential for the
measurement of the angle α as shown, makes the sine and cosine negative and in the second quadrant.
Figure 6-14. The normal form
47
6.10. Imaginary geometry

√
Because the square of the imaginary quantity −1 produces a negative magnitude we need to examine just
how geometries with imaginary values actually work. The Pythagorean hypotenuse is not necessarily the longest
length. Ostberger has made a study of these13. They are essential to the study of hydrogen.
Next we need to look at the much bigger ideas which lead Ostberger to use reasoning as the basis for constructing
pictures which are mathematical representations. Eventually we will arrive at two demonstrations of the process
and theory. One is the calculation of the Sommerfeld fine-structure constant and an associated set of constants.
The other is the modelling of the hydrogen atom14.
Notes
1. We need to bear in mind that this book has been created because there has been no way of expressing Os-
tberger’s work through the conventional journals. Geometric operating is not acceptable in these journals.
Indeed it would not even be possible to get the pictures published because they are not conventional mathe-
matics. The resistance to new work is prevalent in all professions during the twentieth century and no mech-
anism has been set up to allow new work to entry the wisdom of mankind. Such wisdom is still the domain
and privilege of the high priests.
2. The trigonometric notes are found in notes 110-120, 501-540 and 1200-1221.
3. This animation is interesting because the vectors cover the region enclosed by the circle twice, yet the angle
theta is covered only once through 360 degrees. It is a Riemann two-sheet.
4. See Appendix B.
5. [Note504]
6. [Note112].
7. See [note512], [note513] and [note514].
8. These two geometries are the culmination of five months work.
9. See [note1206], [note1207] and [note1210].
10. See [note98].
11. See [note96].
12. Ostberger predicted that all polynomial solutions lie in a single bidirectional plane although there is no evi-
dence that he proved this.
13. [Note1230]
14. The Hydrogen atom is presented in a separate book. It examines the process of arriving at the model through
the Schroedinger equation and compares an almost identical model arrived at through Dirac’s equations of
vectors.
48
Chapter 7. Four dimensions are here
If it were not for the fact that a four dimensional geometric representation was possible I do not believe that
Ostberger would have continued his studies. This is now introduced so that the student may also be motivated.
7.1. Four dimensions

There are several uses of the word “dimension” in mathematics and so it is essential to iron out their meaning.
Appendix D does this. In this chapter we are looking at the dimensions of the Einsteinian kind.
Of course the wun-man was right, unless we can discover and understand the four dimensions of our universe
we will always live in disharmony. It seems that we must understand a fourth dimension to be able to live stably
in a third dimension. It is fortunate that we have a geometric picture that allows us to do this and that Ostberger
describes it and applies it as proof of its properties.
Mathematics is a specialist’s task and I am not going to enter into the detail here. I explain the directional aspect
with just sufficient mathematics so as not to discourage a wider audience1.
Let’s look at the surface only of a spherical geometry like the one shown in Figure 5-4. We may colour the
elements red, green and blue.
Figure 7-1. A World point
The line elements in this sketch have no thickness and so cannot easily be said to be orthogonal. To describe this
surface we will need three coordinate numbers. It cannot be done with two as can a spherical surface.
The sphere as a volumetric object can be described with three coordinate numbers.
The Figure 7-1 needs four coordinate numbers to describe, uniquely all the possible points. The question is “are
they orthogonal coordinates?”.
49
Figure 7-2. Cylindrical elements
Look more closely at the junction of the line elements, Figure 7-2. The three coloured elements meet at a point2
on the surface. If they are cylindrical elements they look like Figure 7-2. If they are annular elements they look
like Figure 7-3. In each case there are two small sets of orthogonal coordinates formed by the meeting. One set is
formed by the normals to the elements and the other by the bi-normals.
Figure 7-3. Annular elements
If we were to remove the elements with their thicknesses we would not be able to identify the difference between
the annular and cylindrical sets. But with the coloured elements present we can see that in Figure 7-2 the thickness
of the elements are in the direction of the bi-normal whereas in Figure 7-3 it is in the direction of the normal.
50
Figure 7-4. Measuring the directions of the surface
Let us take a trip over the surface with an orthogonal indicator, Figure 7-4. A little practice and the student soon
discovers that the surface is rather strange. for one might expect that the indicator would rotate about its own axis
as it is cast around the surface. In fact, what happens is that the red, green and blue directions of the indicator
remain in the same direction all the time. Wherever we go over the surface the indicator faces the same way. Try
it and see.
So what are we measuring and how do we know where we are on the surface?
Let’s go back to the pen stand note of Chapter 2. There we saw that there were four possible spaces in the one
quadrant. Each plane was defined by a 90 degree orientation of the pen until the pen was back home after twelve
moves through twelve planes. But actually there are 24 moves because the pen can have an opposite direction i.e.
the clip could be pointing in or out. So there are eight 3-dimensional spaces in the quadrant, four inward and four
outward. These spaces are the quadrants of the world. There are eight quadrants on the world which correspond to
the eight spaces of the pen stand. The permutation of the directions is 4 x 3 x 2 = 24 which is 3 ways on each of
8 quadrants. The three ways are toward each pole of the world from the W0 point. The W0 point is that one which
subtends equi-angular measure from each of the great circle planes i.e. in the centroid of the forward quadrant.
But how do we know that we have moved around the world surface? Our coordinate indicator hasn’t moved at
all. It still lies in a fixed position as if constrained in a field like a compass3. The answer lies in supplying the
surface elements of the world with some directional information. This will then produce a result that resembles
the parametric representation of Figure 6-14 but in three lots of two dimensions known as the Hessian form4. The
way of identifying each of the eight quadrants is by rotating the world surface and observing the indicator change
its spacial orientation. The juxtaposition of the three colours red, blue and green are different in each quadrant
when the rotation is made (for example Figure 7-5). These eight quadrants correspond to the eight quadrants of
the pen stand. Four with the outward pointing pen and four with the inward pointing pen.
51
Figure 7-5. Numbered octants
There are several ways of defining the magnitudes and directions belonging to the world surface. Each has its uses
but some are special5.
The curvatures here are described by the Gaussian curvatures6. The three coloured elements have curvature which
are tangible and which would have centres of radius somewhere along the straight line pole elements. However,
according to the rope-maker, we are not allowed straight lines in the geometry, so the pole elements must be
curved. These will turn out to represent the geodesic nulls of tensor calculus and the null identities associated
with vectors7.
But, where is the fourth dimension?
The surface of the world includes the representation of the fourth component which appeared in the pen stand, the
rotation of the pen. In the world surface we can also see a magnitudinal component of the fourth element. Look at
the Figure 7-4. Consider the motion of the world as it enlarges; and there is only one, non trivial, transformation
of this geometry, enlargement. As the enlargement takes place the orthogonal indicator at the W0 point would
remain in the same juxtaposition if the pole elements were straight (inset in Figure 7-4). However they are not.
They are curved. The orthogonal indicator rotates with the curvature of these polar elements. It is an internal
rotation of the orthogonal indicator at the W0 point.
There is another rotation taking place as the enlargement proceeds. This is to be seen in the Ostberger sketch in
the lower left of Figure 5-2. As the world expands the tangent and the normal to the surface rotates albeit that
the plane of rotation is a geodesic plane8 and not one of the planes of the coloured elements. This is an external
rotation.
So what is the total rotation of the world geometry in this fourth dimension? Ostberger says that in proceeding
from the first (unit) circular element to the last curved element before infinity the rotation is almost π/2. It consists
of almost π/4 for the internal rotation and almost π/4 for the external rotation. Is it orthogonal?
7.2. Observational platform

The reality of our universe is that we see three dimensions in the locality in which we are. So we see the three axes
of the orthogonal indicator in Figure 7-4 as our measuring tool. We easily miss the fact that the other rotations
are taking place at all. The practical, mathematical method of making these observations is to imagine that we are
standing on the line elements and make the calculations from our external view of ourselves standing on the lines.
52
7.3. Quarter points

There are certain places in the geometries that seem to give better answers than others. The quarter points are
those that are 45 degrees from the measuring elements. The most important quarter point is the W0 point as this
underlies the basis of the measurement of the whole space9. Consider Figure 7-6. If this is representing a vector
space then the upper geometry relates to a stationary observer watching the quarter points moving out into space.
The two observers are standing, one at the centre of his own little world, the limit point labelled “our observer
view-point B”, and the other at the infinite element on the same axis, generally called the z axis.
If this is representing a vector space then the upper geometry relates to a stationary observer watching the quarter
points moving out into space as we move at constant speed. They track a straight line as in Figure 7-6. If, however,
the observer-point is moving (which is an accelerating observer) the quarter points rotate and the track is a curved
line. Asymptotically they rotate almost π/4 throughout their journey. It is for this reason that Ostberger says,
The Lorentz transformations need to be reinterpreted.

There are several effects of the Lorentz transformations10. One is the Fitzgerald contraction. When an object, which
includes a human being, travels into space at ever greater speeds his physical character changes. The old interpretation
says that he contracts in the direction of his travel.
53
Figure 7-6. Rotations associated with the Lorentz tranformation
The new interpretation says that he does not; his physicality does not change. What does change is the measurement
of our observation. We record correctly that we see a contraction of the parallel length because we see through our
eyeball into our head that he is moving out of our local observational region where everything is measured equally in all
directions.
What the journeying human being is doing is to join in with one of nature’s laws, the law of velocities11, for velocity is a
part of nature. We have no copyright on it. It belongs to nature. If we join in with her we must accept her rules and travel
on a curve into space. Her rules say that the traveller appears to contract. That is only an observation not a reality. It is
54
an observation and therefore imaginary, not real.

The journeying human being observes us the same. He sees a contraction because velocities are relative and he does not
know which of us is moving or stationary. Neither do we.
Another effect of the Lorentz transformations is the slowing of clocks. The new interpretation says that two clocks sepa-
rated by a velocity do not change their time, but we must take account of the fact that we will observe and measure the
other clock as being slower by the amount of the Lorentz ratio.
Another effect is the change of wavelength of light that approaches us from the universe. The lengthening of the wave-
length means that we observe light to be shifted towards the red end of the spectrum. The old interpretation of this is that
a Doppler effect is taking place and that the further away we observe the more red shift there is and therefore the faster
the objects are travelling. This leads to the Hubble constant which says that our universe is expanding at a phenomenal
rate. That we are on the surface of a spotted balloon and the farther out we see the bigger the balloon. The bigger the
balloon the faster the separation of the spots on its surface.
This interpretation would be fine if we observe the universe in straight lines from our earthly home and ignore relativity.
But relativity formerly identifies the Lorentz Transformation with a rotation in Minkowski space i.e. the space of my world
geometry. The form of representation is independent of the particular directions in which the chosen set of orthogonal
axes happens to point, so the Minkowski representation ensures that the equations of relativistic mechanics is independent
of those in which the Lorentz observer is involved. All equations moving with constant relative velocity thus use equations
of the same form to describe the optical and mechanical phenomena that they measure.
We certainly observe the correct results in our universe. However we have omitted to take account of the four dimensional
Minkowski world rotation that I have described. This rotation is real.12 It is a part of nature and we cannot observe our
universe as if we belonged to a world outside of it. We belong to this universe and so the rotation must be taken into
account. The red shift is a measure of this rotation. As we view our universe we are looking round a corner. The greater
the red shift the more we see round the corner. At the speed of light we see almost 90 degrees round13.
Looking out on our universe in radially straight lines is analogous to observing the Earth as if it were flat. Those days
soon passed once the new worlds were discovered.
Of course, there is more than one corner to peer round. I am wondering whether the types of constellations that we
observe are related to the different curvatures of our observations?14
7.4. Standing in another place

Perhaps the only really important discovery that Ostberger made was that there are a pair of four dimensional
(Minkowski) worlds.
55
Figure 7-7. Rotating the World
We need to study carefully how the directions of the world behave. Look at the surface in Figure 7-7. As we move
over the surface in a counter clockwise direction (a) at the N-pole becomes a clockwise direction (b) at the back-N
pole. On the other hand a rotation of the world π radians leaves the directions counter clockwise (c). Identifying
the types of rotations is important. All these rotations have no affect upon the World. The N and back-N identifiers
determine the direction of the surface and not the Cartesian rotation that we have done.
Figure 7-8. Curves in the planes of “straight” nulls
To understand the transformation that takes us from intravariant to extravariant (which we will see again later in
the Law Worlds) we need to stand at a position somewhere outside the world surface. What we see is the external
elements which are orthogonal to the surface extending out into the space around the World (Figure 7-8). But
do these curves belong to a common surface? If they are the curves belonging to Figure 7-9 then they are not
in common because they are parallel to the sames planes from which they eminate. However, if they are curves
belonging to Figure 7-10 they are part of a common surface because they are orthogonal to the planes from which
they eminate. The circles in the illustrations attempt to show this. These curves come from a geometry in which
the pole elements are curved. The three external curved elements now rotate as the World enlarges (see Figure 5-2
showing a section through the enlarging World.)
56
Figure 7-9. Curves not in orthogonal planes
Figure 7-10. Curves in the moving and rotating orthogonal planes
It was this new surface that surprised Ostberger. He notes, “I must be standing in a new world. A world in which
all of the imaginary region that envelopes the outside of the one I am looking at15 will pass over my head as the
world enlarges. If I can find a way to stand on the outside of this new world I will see a world with an imaginary
region inside which is enveloped by a real region outside.16”
He did not work out that these two world were orthogonal for many years. He simply thought that they were inside
out to each other.
It is difficult to show this transformation on a single piece of paper. There are six pages in the notes.
Notes
1. [Note1120], [note1121] and [note1122], amongst others, contain the mathematics of the geometry.
2. With the discovery of the extravariant geometry that assembles back on to its counterpart the intravariant
geometry (in Chapter 10) the need for points in a curvature space completely disappears.
57
3. I have written it this way to show this as an example of extravariance. We do not see the world existing because
our indicator shows no change at all when passed over the surface, yet we may sense its presence. But when
shown in this form it is clear that the world exists and possesses the 3 dimensional properties mentioned.
4. The Hessian form is [note409].
5. [Note250]
6. [Note1021]
7. For example Div Div u is identically zero.
8. The geodesic plane is the one that would pass through the centre of the world if it had one. It does not have
a centre in the conventional sense because the pole elements are curves. In fact it will pass through a limit
point. On the other hand when the pole elements are straight there are great circles passing through a centre.
The World then has six conic geometries.
9. This accords with mathematics.
10. [Note1110] and [note1111].
11. Velocity is one of the elements of a Law Field. See Chapter 10.
12. It is real in an intravariant space and imaginary in an extravariant space.
13. See Appendix E.
14. Ostberger makes notes of this. He reverses the roles of the intra and extra worlds in a geometry of the second
kind with a view to investigating its relation to this statement.
15. He later called this intravariant.
16. He later called this extravariant.
58
Chapter 8. The development of Law Fields
(rank two vectors)
8.1. Law Fields

TAO
I did not invent the Law Field. It grew out of the studies I was making in 1969.
It is difficult to know how to introduce a subject which is as new as this one. I have decided to present the Law
Fields just as Ostberger constructed them and then show how they work.
There are two ways of seeing the process. One is the up-view, which is to show by mathematical reasoning that
the Law Field diagram works and the other is the down-view, which is to show that the results produced are
successful. In the sensible space available I will do some of both.
Let’s look at two Law Fields. The first the Newton Law Field (LF) in Figure 8-2. The second the general case in
Figure 8-1 which will serve as the pattern for further examples.
Figure 8-1. The generalised Law Field
You need to recall that straight lines were extremely special. They are so special that they do not exist in the
representation of magnitudes. Only the directional component of a vector can be represented by the straight line1.
Even then, the straight line is so special that it represents the exception to the rule. It turns out that the exception
is the rule!
8.2. The Newton Law Field

Consider Newton’s first Law, “Every body continues in its state of rest or motion unless a force is applied to
change it.”
59
Chapter 8. The development of Law Fields (rank two vectors)
So, a body continues in a straight line when there is no force field, it says. That is the law; a straight line2. And that
is how Ostberger represented it. It later turned out that this same straight line was in fact the gravitational potential3
of physics. He labelled it Direction Zg because that is what the line representing gravitational potential really is.
It is the part of the LF which is most Directional in character. In order to obtain a magnitude one must measure the
radius or the curvature4 (which is the reciprocal of the radius). But measuring along the line of the potential yields
nothing. It is this nothingness that makes the phenomena a candidate for being described by the idea of absorption
(Figure 8-2). Absorption takes the total representation of both the positive and negative directions and says that
they must always be zero. This is described later in Chapter 9 in several different ways including a matrix method.
Figure 8-2. The Newton Law Field
It remains useful to refer to this law element as either the Direction belonging to the Newton or gravitational Field,
or the Potential of it.
The next element has the property of reciprocity or Inversion. It took Ostberger many years to realise that recip-
rocal velocity was an admissible idea. He admits that he included it in the first instance because all the other Law
Fields contained the same pattern and not because he deduced it. But later he was able to show that it is the correct
deduction.
We must bear in mind that there seems to be two kinds of velocity. One belonging to the World of Fluidics and
this one. Here the velocity creates a thing we call momentum and that gives us the clue to the reciprocal nature of
velocity. In the World of Fluidics the velocity is internal and may have a different property5 to this one. This one
implies that, “to every momentum there is a contra-momentum6”.
This is really a re-statement of the law of conservation. In this case a conservation of momentum.
The real evidence for a reciprocal velocity lies in the depths of the atomic structure where it begins to appear as a
contra for the energy in the Neutron. If engineers and designers really understood this law we would not have the
wasteful engine designs of today7.
60
The third element of the Field is evident from the Newton’s third law, “to every force there is an equal and
opposite reaction”.
Newton forces are quite real. They can be measured and quantified by the real effects upon our bodies and our
instruments. But what about the reactions?
A man stands on the floor. His reaction is in the floor but what he feels is the force in his body, it presses hard
upon the soles of his feet. We cannot get at the reaction and say “here it is”. Its measurement is an assumption
from the measurement of the force. The reaction is imaginary.
The reaction is imaginary and so is the whole top half of the Law Field.
8.3. The origin

Unlike a Cartesian representation, this one has different numbers approaching the origin from different directions.
1. The Directions arrive at the origin in the two numbers zero plus and zero minus.
2. The Velocity arrives at the numbers one and its inverse.
3. The Force arrives at the origin in a singularity. A real singularity and an imaginary one each the reflection of
the other.
The Law Field has the special characteristic that the numbers 0, 1 and a singularity (near infinity) arrive orthogo-
nally at the origin. And that is very special indeed.
8.4. The relations

At the simplest level we may observe that, if there were a large (compared to the electron) mass in the field then,
1. A rate of change of a direction with respect to time leads to a velocity.

2. A rate of change of a velocity with respect to time leads to a force.
It is as if the first is necessary to generate the second and the second is necessary to generate the third. They seem
to be contained in each other in a generic order like the parts of a car that build into sub-assemblies.
There also seems to be two cases of each of the laws. One magnitudinal in character and the other Directional
(see Appendix F).
I need to remind the reader that there are no Magnitudes in the Law Field. It has no size. Neither will there be
magnitudes in he Law Worlds later. It is not until we begin to use the process that we need to apply the magnitudes
in a formal way. There are also no rates of change. Even enlargements are not easily depicted, at present.
Let’s look at two more Law Fields belonging to the World of Grav-electromagnetics (GEM).
8.5. The magnetic Law Field

There is a general pattern to these Law Fields which will become self evident as we progress. In the magnetic
LF8 there is an intensity of magnetic origin which we designate H which exhibits a force Fm (Figure 8-3). There
is also a magnetic potential which has the same absorption properties as the potential in the gravitic LF. There is
also a flux, we designate B, which has properties which are isomorphic to velocity in the gravitic LF. There is also
a potential, one of a magnetic kind.
61
Figure 8-3. The magnetic Law Field
This Field is on a different level to the gravitic one. It is a field of firstness9. The Newton Field is one of thirdness.
8.6. The electric Law Field

The field of secondness is the electric Law Field. It is shown in Figure 8-4. All its properties are well established
in the literature.
Figure 8-4. The electric Law Field
62
This is a field of action. We cannot grasp the secondness fields. They are the operators; the players in the game.
The transformers, relators, movers, actors; they are the doers in the set. The magnetic LF is the script of the play,
the formulation or specification, that sets the scenes and derives the plots within which the drama will take place.
The Newton field is like the audience who interpret the play and upon whom the judgement of the performance
will rest.
Like all the other fields they have rates of change and enlargements which are not shown in the LF diagram but
can be worked in the form of the Law World where the curvatures become evident.
We will assemble these Law Fields into Law Worlds in Chapter 10. In the meantime let’s look at the general Law
Field of Figure 8-5.
8.7. The general Law Field

Remember that in these studies the Directions of the things that we study are just as important as the size or
Magnitude. This is the case in reality. For example, suppose my friend and I were going to London and we want
to chance a bet on who would get there first. We might assess each other’s transport and consider its performance.
We might also consider the chance of failure or the skill in handling the transport. The one thing we are unlikely
to do though, in our present way of living, is to consider the map reading skills of each other. We would assume
that we both knew the directions. But what if we did not know the direction or we did not have a map or a map
did not exist? Would our assessments of each other’s transport be of any value? If one of us did not know the
direction to London then the bet has a high probability of being won by the other person. The direction becomes
the the salient parameter in our assessment of each other.
Now, in nature there are directions, albeit of a different kind the to the London one, but we do not know where
they all are. Indeed it is doubtful whether any of them are recognised as directional phenomena at all, and yet it is
clear from our betting game that the Directions of nature may be more important than her magnitudes. So too for
the directions of our social activity, perhaps.
The Law Field acts as a guiding tool. Ostberger demonstrates its use in many examples, the most significant of
which are the representations of the Hydrogen10 and Helium atoms. It brings together in a single diagram three
essential principles. Each principle is represented by a line element orthogonally. Each has a contra-principle
represented bi-orthogonally (opposite).
63
Figure 8-5. The general properties of a Law Field
The origin of the LF has six magnitudes depending upon the direction of approach. Along the Absorption11 axis
the origin is approached in 0+ or 0- (Figure 8-5c). Along the Reciprocity or Inversion axis the origin is approached
in 1 or 1/1 (=1) and along the Conversion or Real/Imaginary axis the origin is approached in a real or imaginary
singular point12.
I will explain these in Chapter 9. It is to be understood that these axis principles are very much the starters, the
prologue to the drama. We must find a more exact basis on which to tease out a solution to a problem or to make
a representation. Thus in Quantum Mechanics we find the Unitary transformations 13 which fit the LF and which
can then form a basis for a geometric representation. But we still have a long way to go, even from there.
The Nomenclature X, Y, Z in Figure 8-5a is not to be confused with the Cartesian representation which does not
64
appear in the geometries at all except to make the connection between the current mathematics and the Ostberger
process. When mathematics, in the sense of present-day equational mathematics, is used with the geometries then
the Law Field diagram has to be transformed (rotated for example) in the space of the room to permit the ordinary
Euclidian space to be related to the Law Space. In doing so, it becomes apparent that some of the Law space
cannot be measured (represented) because we have run out of dimension (Einsteinian). Another way to see this is
to understand that the Law World fully occupies the space of 4 dimensions. There is no room for any more line
elements.
Any attempt to occupy the space with any other dimension such as a Euclidean line element extinguishes the
availability of some other element in the geometry. This makes it unavailable to sight or size. Measurement
cannot be made. This is Heisenberg’s principle.
8.8. Continuity and discontinuity

Many of the phenomena we see around us are divided into Continuity and Discontinuity. We humans are examples
of this because internally we are continuous whereas externally we are discontinuous. Our organ, cell, lymphatic,
skeletal, muscular, motor, nerve and mental systems work together as a whole. They are part of an holistic process;
all work together for the well-being of the organism, none are privileged. Externally, on the other hand we are
separate bodies, we live separate lives with laws of discreteness14.
Continuity and Discontinuity vie with one and the other in life15. So also in the geometry as we shall see in
the later chapters of this book where extravariant Worlds anti-commute with intravariant ones. Here in the LF
(Figure 8-5b) one axis is always continuous and another discontinuous. There is a third which is the real and the
imaginary of which we are all consciously aware. There is another which is seen in the 4th dimension: the process
of Condensation which converts the imaginary from outside to inside and begins a new process of discovery.
8.9. Matrices
With the discovery and use of the Absorbing matrices Ostberger puts the remaining kinds of matrix into the LF
form.
In mathematics the most commonly used matrix is the reciprocal or inversion kind. These are used for solving
multiples of linear equations, for example. The absorbing matrices are new and are explained in Chapter 9 and
[note100]. The Conversion matrices are few; they contain both real and imaginary elements in the same matrix.
On Condensation Matrices Ostberger writes, “I cannot see how these will work particularly as we are not at ease
with the singularities of mathematics. However I am hopeful that the geometry will help.”
Let us look at a few more Law Fields.
8.10. The Law Fields of number

These are the Numbers that make the things we call Magnitudes, the sizes of things, the bigness or smallness, the
amplitude or the length. These are the concepts with which we measure our universe, that lend uniqueness to the
curvatures of space whether that be a Gibb’s ensemble in thermodynamics or a Loan space in Finance.
This kind of Number is called Ordinal. They describe the magnitudes16. There is another kind of number called
Cardinal. They tell us, not about the bigness of things, but about their state of order. They are labels.
65
Figure 8-6. The number Law Field (firstness)
1. Integer number are wholesome. They cannot be broken down into parts. In a binary system there are only
two. Integers have no reciprocals.
2. The rational number set has a pair of zero at its origin. One belonging to the positive rationals and the other
to the negative rationals.
3. The point at the origin is no point at all. It turns out to be a world of number.
4. The set of irrational numbers is special because there is a contra set which are reciprocal. They are contin-
uous in their nature. Our decimal point expresses the nature of this reciprocity.
5. Imaginary numbers are all prefixed with the square root of minus unity. Although they are imaginary they
are none the less essential in solving real problems.
Cardinal numbers describe the possibility of a face turning up on a dice (1 in 6 or 1/6th) or of picking a spade
from a pack of cards (13/52nds). They label the cars on a race track and specify their winning order but they say
nothing about their size. These cardinal numbers belong to the extravariant number World17.
I am not going to describe these here. The notes give a description and definition of the fields. No doubt they will
cause discussion and maybe dissension but that is what Ostberger is about; causing debate and discourse. What
we have here are the sets of number that are well recorded in the literature.
• N, the set positive integers

• Z, the set of integers
• Q-, the set of negative rational numbers
• Q+, the set of positive rational numbers
• R , the set of real numbers
• C, the set of complex numbers
66
• I, the identity 0, 1 and a singularity

• S, the set of irrational numbers
If this Law Field is correct then the sets Z, N and S have no zero and a singularity is a form of Identity.
The LF of secondness is about the operations that we can do with numbers. Although it has the same isomorphic
patterns as the first Field it is very different in so far as it cannot be contained, just like the Electric Law Field.
Figure 8-7. The number operations Law Field (secondness)
In one of his early notes Ostberger exposes his concern at educating children into believing that all operations
commute, that AxB = B xA except in higher mathematics; when in fact the case is completely the reverse. Only
when we are using pure numbers does the commutative law work. In all other cases AxB is not the same as
B xA. Thus 3 bags of four apples is not 4 bags of three apples. The bags may be as important as the apples. Yet
we are teaching children to think solely of the magnitudes and launching them into a yang world without a yin
perspective. There will come a generation that will despise their parents foe hiding such facts.
The fact is that the purity of number is so special that it is common to all homosapiens on the planet.
67
Figure 8-8. The interpretation of number Law Field (thirdness)
The third LF is Figure 8-8. This is the field with which we interpret number. Thus we lay them out in indicial
order using the addition operator in a base of 10, 2,345 is 2x103 + 3x102 + 4x101 + 5x100 .
We could use any base. For computing we us a binary system with base 2. At school we learn about bases, number
rings and clock numbers. These appear on the Law World which we will see in Chapter 10.
The Imaginary halves of these three Law Fields are worth mentioning. In the first field there is a whole region
of the complex numbers. In the second field the imaginary region belongs to the operators which are themselves
imaginary such as is used in the study of electric currents where j is the usual symbol. In the third Field there is a
question mark. What are the imaginary bases of number?
8.11. The Law Fields of thermodynamics

I can remember spending many hours as a student plotting engine diagrams. I later saw these in practice in the
aircraft industry where the performance of turbines and jets were displayed on three dimensional diagrams. I
wondered what the connection was between the Pressure-Volume diagram and the Temperature-Entropy diagram.
I was delighted to find the connection in the Law World of Thermodynamics.
The fact that the P-V and S-T diagrams lived in orthogonal planes, were on different levels18 and had curvatures
helped me to understand why so many thermodynamic devices deviate from the theory as the parameters of
volume, pressure, frequency and temperature become extreme. The distortions are an inevitable part of the natural
curvatures belonging to this World.
I am now going to show in a couple of pages the essence of Ostberger’s work in Thermodynamics which took
him ten years and more to discover. Discovery that is far from finished. Indeed it has only just begun.
TAO
At first I thought I had discovered something very final, something that would remain at the foundations of future educa-
tion and science. But I soon realised that I had only scratched the surface, that there was so much to do and build that
68
I despaired that I would ever get it down on paper. Only with the advent of the computers did my happiest realisations
come to fruition. At last I could manipulate the geometries on a computer to match the visions that were in my head.
This is the order of the Thermodynamic World. It is a differential World.
Figure 8-9. The work law field (thermodynamic firstness)
• The absorption principle for volumes I explained earlier in this book. Volumes do not move discretely; they
move in a differential manner. These are sometimes referred to as internal and external volumes.
• I do not understand the three kinds of temperature. They appear on the Law World as fluxes belonging to three
different generations.
• Dalton talked of pressure probabilities. The react to the real pressures in a statistical way.
• The fourth field her is Enthalpy.
Table 8-1. The Work Law Field (firstness)
Volumes remaining and consumed Absorption

Pressures real and probable Conversion
Temperature 1 of the first kind and its reciprocal Inversion
69
Figure 8-10. The organisation law field (thermodynamic secondness)
Table 8-2. The Organisation Field (secondness)
Entropy internal and external Absorption

Internal energy U and its statistical counterpart? Conversion
Absolute (Kelvin) Temperature of the second kind and its reciprocal Inversion
70
Figure 8-11. The reation Law Field (thermodynamic thirdness)
Table 8-3. The Reaction Field (thirdness)
Mass fraction participating and remaining Absorption

Chemical Potential and its likely reaction Conversion
Temperature of the third kind and its reciprocal Inversion
TAO
There were several aspects of the World that surprised me and it therefore took several years for me to settle on the facts
as I had found them. Not the least was the fact that there were three different temperatures on three generic levels. They
are each orthogonal and have a reciprocal which accords with Onsager’s “Reciprocity Theorem”. The pressure element
accords with Dalton’s principles of probability pressures in so far as there is seemingly always a real pressure which
reacts with an imaginary one in any containing volume.
What I find interesting is that we may be able to refer to temperature as Thermodynamic Direction and pressure as the
potential to work.
There are many questions to ask about these Law Fields and that is Ostberger’s intention; that question should
be asked and the subjects discussed. He saw his work as a foundation for discussion in the search for order, not
as a fete a compli. The ultimate test is the application of the process. For that reason he chose to represent the
Hydrogen atom. But even in that he says, “... this is not proof that the Law Worlds are all in order. Only time and
more applications will cement the foundations of this building.”
Here in the Fields of Thermodynamics we see that the elements which possess the property of Conversion are
perhaps all of the character of potentials. That is if we regard Pressure and Internal Energy as a potential. This
suggests that the World of Fluidics may have elements of a potential character as possessing the property of
Inversion; since in the GEM World potential had the property of Absorption.
Here we see three elements of temperature which are Directional in character and possess the property of Inver-
71
sion. In the GEM World we saw three elements of Potential which were Absorptive in character. This suggests
that the World of Fluidics may have three elements of a directional kind which have Conversion as a property.
And that seems to be so19.
Once having seen so many corresponding patterns in these geometries one begins to say that perhaps we should
try to use them as a basis for our mental state of order regardless of whether they are perfect or not. Indeed we
need to ask even more serious questions about our approach to the universe. The end of the twentieth century
has seen the meeting of ideas about life from the East and the West. This seems to be characterised by either an
intravariant or extravariant view of life.
In the intravariant view we see our ourselves as the masters and owners of nature, controlling new developments
and forging a new kind of nature. It is a predominantly yang view. “We control nature for societal reasons”,
says Carse, “The control of nature advances our ability to predict the outcome of natural processes... Indeed,
prediction is the most highly developed skill of the Master Player, for without it control of an opponent is all
the more difficult. It follows that our domination of nature is meant to achieve not certain natural outcomes, but
certain societal outcomes.”
In the extravariant view we see ourselves as a part of the universe and belonging to it; as servants of the universe
helping to improve its lot as well as our own. This view is predominantly yin and aims to decrease the entropy
(disorganisation) of the planet.
Infinite players understand that the vigour of a culture has to do with the variety of its sources, the differences
within itself. The unique and surprising are not suppressed in some persons for the strength of others. The genius
in you stimulates the genius in me20.
Notes
1. See Appendix A.
2. There are no straight lines in space because there are always forces.
3. We understand Potential in terms of the effect it has on the Newton Force. The gradient of the gravitational
potential is the gravitation force (see Appendix F).
4. The measurement of this element is not simply through its single curvature as a law line. The law line appears
to us in all three dimensions. The proper measure is vector function and Gaussian curvature by the vector
gradient (see Appendix F).
5. The notes relating to the World of Fluidics are not well developed, but it is clear that a velocity associated with
fluids exists and that it has an independent nature to the gravitational kind. The former is internal whilst the
latter is external. That is to say that the velocity that we associate with gravity makes the whole mass move
and thereby imparts momentum, but the fluid velocity makes the particles move, or perhaps interchange,
and thereby imparts no additional momentum to the mass as a whole. In a flowing river both velocities are
evident. (Could it be that we can account for the slowing of e-m radiation by the existence of these two kinds
of velocity?)
6. There are copious notes about the application of this Law. The engineering designer will think very differ-
ently when this Law is borne in mind. It makes the current reciprocating engine into an antique device. It
also makes the current rail transportation seem primitive. In the [note9xx] series notes several Carnot cycle
engines and Sterling engines are suggested which use this principle. The Sterling engines also make use the
Thermodynamic ’lasing’ principle which appear in the theory.
7. The [note9xx] series notes describe designs which make use of the contra-momentum principle.
8. [Note1702]
9. Other than the Taoists I found only one philosopher whose work accords with these concepts. Charles Saun-
ders Pierce (1939-1914) was a mathematician. He wrote an essay entitled “The Architecture of Theories”.
72
It was published in “The Monist” in January 1891. Pierce introduced the ideas of firstness, secondness and
thirdness and described them as “principles of logic”. From this he developed a metaphysics of evolution.
Today, there are plenty of sites on the Web discussing his ideas. He defines the terms as follows: “First is the
conception of being or existing independent of anything else. Second is the conception of being relative to, the
conception of reaction with, something else. Third is the conception of mediation whereby a first and second
are brought into mediation.”
10. The representation of the hydrogen atom is explained in a separate document of some 60 pages. The Som-
merfeld fine-structure constant is derived from a special geometry in [note665] and [note666] and shown,
summarised, in Chapter 12. The Delta values which seem to be useful in scaling the atomic elements are
given in Appendix J.
11. These principles are discussed and quantified in Chapter 9.
12. Shown in the Figure 8-5 as + or - infinity, the different types of singularity are the subject of a note XXXX
which one? XXX.
13. For example, A = A-1, where A is a square matrix.
14. Accounting is a process of discreteness. The law endeavours to resolve civil dispute with discrete Acts and
Rules of procedure. The [note20xx] series of notes are about the use of the Law Fields in social activities. It
has become evident to many people that we are not an animal that lives easily alone. Like necrosis in the body
cells something of us dies when we live alone. When we live together we feel a greater warmth and security
which leads us to greater harmony and creativity.
15. XXX cite these properly XXX “To have or to Be”, Eric Fromm. “Finite and Infinite games”, James P. Carse.
16. Intravariant World of Number. note nos XXX 233-238.
17. See Chapter 10, also [note257] and [note258].
18. Generic levels, meaning firstness, secondness and thirdness.
19. The notes on Fluidics are [note1750], etc. The World of Fluidics is given in Chapter 10.
20. [Carse87]
73
Chapter 9. The omnipotent laws
In this chapter I am going to briefly examine the magnitudinal aspects of the Law Fields. We will look at their
relationship to well established mathematical procedures. The first example is not well established. It is new.
TAO
It comes from my personal experience in accounting. I realised that I was able to express the whole edifice of finance in
terms of a new and simple kind of matrix which I called “Absorption matrices”. They are easily missed by academics
who have not spent years applying their subject in a real commercial environment.
9.1. Opposites
There were certain geometries which Ostberger studied that disappeared when assembled. They could disappear
by virtue of having opposing directions or by there opposite magnitudes, but the fact remained that they mathe-
matically disappeared. This was primarily due to the fact that the representations had both positive and negative
attributes in the same space. They overlapped in opposite directions. A conventional Cartesian graphical repre-
sentation would not disappear.
So what does one do with a geometry that has disappeared? Or, at least parts of it?
I have not the space here to demonstrate this process geometrically1 but it can be understood from what follows.
It gives us a special insight in the the workings of nature. We wonder how it is that we can take some energy out
of space and leave even more behind. Well, that is exactly what the geometry does. When a part is taken away the
part that was previously absorbed re-appears.
I doubt that there is a philosopher who has not made good use of the concept of opposites; sages and prophets too. There
are so many examples and so many philosophers, sages and prophets that I would scarcely have the pages to write them.
In Taoism opposites merge to form the Tao. In Buddhism too the Koans are given to the students by the masters to
help them understand the two opposing concepts thoroughly. The more the student uses his experience to merge the two
concepts the more he understands a world in which opposites play a common part. Opposite ideas can be merged into
nothing forming the structure of nothingness.
This is my experience too. Not only does the physics of nothingness (the void or vacuum) have a structure
which is not yet revealed but the reverse process applies to our social activities and we can form structure out
of nothingness. A simple example is the rise of Local Exchange Trading Systems2 in which money is created
from nothing. Before the system begins there are no Brights in Brighton or Trugs in Lewes. But a year later there
are thousands of monetary units being used by the people.
9.2. Absorption
What Ostberger did was to incorporate the principle of opposites into the geometry. But first he expressed it in the
form of new matrices3. He called these Absorption matrices and the spaces absorption spaces. It was these spaces
that he found were disappearing.
Let us look briefly at these matrices.
74
Figure 9-1. An absorption matrix
Figure 9-1 is a simple absorption matrix. It has the property that every line horizontally and vertically aggregates
to zero. It is a zero matrix. Its Identity is zero. We do not have to add or subtract the numbers, we merely have to
take them as a complete set which is empty. These could be entries in an account. So that the top line could read,
Debit 4 to insurance account

Debit 6 to stock account
Debit 2 to freight charges account
Credit 12 supplier suspense account
which is precisely the accounting process. If accountants were to use these matrices they would have to handle
ones with hundreds or thousands of rows and columns. But that does not make the process any the less under-
standable.
Figure 9-2. An associative matrix with missing elements is still completable
What is interesting is the fact that a large number of the elements (numbers) of the matrix can be left out without
destroying its structure. Figure 9-2 is the matrix of Figure 9-1 yet it can be determined completely. Notice also
that the magnitude in each quadrant is the determinant in the corner, 38. This is true of any absorption matrix.
Even if the elements of the matrix are mixed signs and the two lines are drawn orthogonally at any point, the four
quadrant magnitudes are equal. Figure 9-3 is an example in which the quadrant magnitude or determinant is 10.
But the elements of the matrix are the same. The commercial applications of this are explained elsewhere4.
75
Figure 9-3. An associative matrix with a quadrant magnitude (determinant) of 10
These seemingly trivial matrices are extremely useful. An academic person who has not lived in the world of
commerce would have missed the point of them entirely. Indeed because they are empty sets they do not appear
on the mathematical scene at all. Ostberger called these “Matrices of the first kind”. The matrices of the second
kind are the reciprocal matrices5 which we use to solve groups of simultaneous equations.
The Absorption matrix could also be used to express Archimedian volumes in which the first line of Figure 9-1
means could express the bathing of babies,
4 volumes is the first baby

6 volumes is the second baby
2 volumes is the third baby
12 volumes is the displacement from the bath
We may have thrown the baby out with the bath water.
Figure 9-4. The absorption bottle5
The Archimedian principle is quite fundamental to our learning process yet we are stumbling over this truth and
passing on. The displacement of water in a jar (Figure 9-4) is the exact counterpart of double entry accounting. If
the air is treated as credits and the water as debits then the movement of the surface gives the balance. For each
volume of air that is changed so the same volume of water is changed in reverse. Except for compression (which
is the next level system up) the air and water contra-exchange. We cannot get water in without taking air out.
There is nothing more mystical to double entry accounting than this.
It is my deepest concern that we should teach our children the truth as we find it and to explain to them that it is “as we
find it” and no more. If, however, we find a truth and do not teach it then woe will betide that generation.
76
In accounting the basic tenet is that, “No credit exists without its corresponding debit”, and this is something
that the physicist must learn for it applies equally to the directions of space and all of those phenomena that are
Directional in character. Again, “when a man walks from the East he also walks to the West”.
This is the basis character of physical direction. Each metre West is the same metre East. They overlap, as the
rope-maker found.
When the student taoist was ask to consider the sound of one hand clapping he was asked to discover these simple
facts so that they may become the foundation of his understanding. We do well to heed his experience.
Figure 9-5. The absorption identity matrix
The identity for the absorption matrix is given in Figure 9-5. It is understandable that we have not found it before.
It simply isn’t there. What is there is the realisation that there are two zeros, not one. Zero plus and zero minus
are very real entities. They appear in directional studies quite frequently. They also appear in computer systems
and accounting. What happens is this. As a magnitude dies to 0+ its Direction changes from plus to minus and
the magnitude is born again at 0− . The pole or zero point of a magnitude is an indication that the direction is
changing abruptly. Zero plus and zero minus are oppositely directed.
Absorption is a very special property and occurs in many different guises. One interesting guise is Entropy. En-
tropy appears in the World of thermodynamics in Chapter 10. It is the state if disorganisation of the thermodynamic
system. Its counterpart is negative Entropy, Si− , which is the state of organisation of the system. It is clear that
in any organisable system the boundary between organisation and disorganisation moves in an absorptive way. A
change towards organisation is the same change away from disorganisation, it double enters. But it does so in a
differential manner and so such a matrix needs to be expressed as dSe+ with dSi− .
Another guise is the volume V , with which we measure space in thermodynamics. We may divide any thermo-
dynamic system into two parts. The Volume Occupied and the Volume Remaining. These are absorptive and are
expressed in terms of dV + with dV − .
In physics the Ostberger Worlds show three kinds of Direction; Magnetic Direction, Electric Direction and Gravi-
tational Direction. All possess the property of absorption, yet they are all of a different character because they are
on different levels. It turns out that they are the potentials of our mathematics.
In accounting the two zeros that occur in the system are of paramount importance. In Appendix C is an actual
experience in which the outcome of a discordant exchange between two companies over a tool that was missing
was finally resolved by the signs of the zeros in the accounts.
In Taoism opposite concepts merge to form one of the states of Tao. In Buddhism the Koans are given by the
masters to help the student understand the two concepts that are born out of nothing. “Listen to the sound of one
hand clapping”, says the Master, “Feel the space in the pool when the foot is withdrawn”. These are the teachings
of wisdom. Teaching the student to see two sides to every event, just as the accountant must and, in the future, the
physicist must too.
Absorption does not just apply to the nuts and bolts of a system, it also applies to the operators as well. It
applies to our actions, our organisation, the transformations in geometry, the operators in Quantum Mechanics,
the transactions in accounting, the operations in number theory; it applies to all operations of secondness.
77
Figure 9-6. The Law Fields of Matrices
There may be four Kinds of matrices.
1. Absorption Matrices. New but simple and useful matrices with meaning to their rows and columns as de-
scribed here and further in the notes3.
2. Reciprocal matrices. The ones we use to solve linear simultaneous equations and which form groups theory
at university. They are well established in the literature.
3. Conversion matrices. The upper triangle is imaginary whilst the lower is real. The Pauli matrix is one exam-
ple.
4. Condensation matrices. A new kind of matrix which encompasses normalisations. There are no notes of
these. They are speculative.
If this is the case then they form a Law Field. There are other matrices of a lesser kind which are disordered. Then
these are the groups of Ordered matrices.
9.3. Reciprocity
The second Direction of the Law Field is divided into two parts by the number one. In fields of greater complexity
this can be divided again by the process of renormalisation.
In primary school I learned about the two ways of using numbers. I could not possibly understand such a philo-
sophically deep idea as I had no experience on which to hang my understanding. There are cardinal numbers and
ordinal numbers. Cardinal numbers label things. They provide a means of putting things into a state of order. This
leads to the ideas of probability, chance and statistics.
78
Figure 9-7. Cardinal and Ordinal numbers
Ordinal numbers, on the other hand are those that give magnitude or size to things. These two aspects of number
are not to be found in a single World of number. The cardinal numbers belong to an extravariant World whereas
the ordinal numbers belong to an intravariant World. Such a big idea could not possibly be conceived by my
inexperienced mind at primary school. Yet it is not long before we can appreciate the difference of these ideas and
use them from the Law Worlds.
In mathematics a single cardinal number is used to identify a group; the identity of the group. to find this identity
we say that it must have a reciprocal. Even more than this we say that every element of the group must have the
same identity. Thus the rational numbers ab such as 32 , 34 , 45 and 67 have reciprocals such as 32 , 43 , 54 and 76 and the
identity to the group is the number 1.
What we probably fail to observe is that the number 1, in this instance, is not an ordinal number but a cardinal
number. The cardinal number 1 identifies the group and allows it to be almost infinite in both the number of
members and their magnitude, both of which are ordinal numbers. This is explained by the application of a World
geometry of the second kind6 to Number theory.
A group of people also must have an identity. It is part of our nature to seek identity. People do not join the ranks of
the aimless. We are all different and we all seek different identities. We are members of the golf club, the physics
Institute, the liberal party or Greenpeace. And each of these has aims and objectives and vector themselves toward
them. It is these aims, which are incorporated into the constitution of the group, that determines the eigenvector
of society7. That’s where we are going.
Table 9-1. From the notes on social activity
Every agreement requires two persons.

The exception is that a person may choose to make an agreement with his god, or not.
One of the fields of human activity that uses the reciprocal relation is that of Agreements. Every day of our life we
make these things we call Agreements, but do we stop to think objectively about them? What are they? How do
they occur? Do the different types of agreements fall into any kind of pattern? The more we ask, the more there is
to know.
The law deals with agreements and breaks them down into their natural groups. It deals with the making and
breaking of agreements. It deals with how they should operate and how they should be interpreted. What we allow
and what we forbid is a part of the eigen-vectored journey of the human race8.
The principle of Reciprocity litters the technical literature. There is “Onsager’s reciprocity” which describes the
temperature process in Thermodynamics. In the Law Fields this is interpreted as the special property that we can
attach to Thermodynamic Direction which we call Temperature. There are three different types of temperature at
three generic levels9.
79
There is also: Electrical network reciprocity, various mathematical reciprocity Theorems, the reciprocity region for
neutron energy, the law of reciprocity in photography, reciprocity in acoustics, the Maxwell and Betti reciprocity
theorem, linear and rotational reciprocity in mechanical systems and so on.
There is Reciprocity of all kinds. It is one of the mental processes that we use to lend order to the world around
us. It must also be in our heads.
9.4. Conversion
Without imagination neither we nor any other part of nature would exist. Even the smallest part of nature that
we understand, the hydrogen atom, has its imaginary parts and the mathematics of Quantum Mechanics which
describes it is itself imaginary. Indeed, in mathematics there is probably as many theorems about the imaginary
as there are about the real.
There are many amongst we humans for whom the idea of something imaginary has no meaning and does not
form a part of life. Yet again there are more for whom the imaginary is a God outside of themselves and cannot
be reached except in death. But there are a rising few who have a god inside of their being which forms an equal
part of their lives in reality. They are the converted.
There is, perhaps, nothing more real in life than a person who gather up his wares and travels to market. It is an
activity that has gone on for thousands of years and looks set to continue for another thousand. Such people are
the salt of the earth. Yet these people must live a part of their lives in the imaginary world of planning. They must
plan what they will take to market. The greengrocer must assess what he thinks he can sell according to what the
weather might be or what the people might want or what the telly might advertise. What is going on in his mind
is a planning operation that is imaginary. There is nothing real until his stall is laid out and his sales begin.
A larger company does the same planning operation. It is the annual Sales forecast and budget operation. The
whole company is involved in planning the future. Everybody is guessing what might happen next year. It is all
pie in the sky.
Every business spends a great deal of money preparing for the future and when it is all done the accountant
will translate it into a Sales and Profit Forecast10. The accountant will not call the forecast money imaginary;
instead he will call it notional money and as the year passes he will offer a tracking system that compares the
notional forecast with the actual performance in his variance accounting. But it is all imaginary and the process
is conversion.
We have seen that one of the best known examples of conversion is in the third law of Newton, “to every force
there is an equal and opposite reaction”. The force is real and the reaction imaginary.
Another example of conversion occurs in the field of Investment. The decision to invest in a new venture is
accompanied by risk. Risk is purely notional yet it is considered essential to spend considerable amounts of real
money assessing the risk of a project. Risk analysis is a very serious study and demands a person of considerable
experience, education and acumen. It is a part of our social fabric.
On the Law Field risk is represented by a single line. This does not imply that the subject is simple but rather that
the geometry is complex. The element of Risk is the eigen-line which draws together all the resultant risk vectors
that could be assembled into the space which is the whole of the imaginary half of the diagram.
Notes
1. Ostberger considered that nature contracted herself by this process. In the World of the second kind this is
exactly what happens.
2. LET-Systems, new money. Michael Linton and Angus Soutar realised that money could exchange hands with-
out the use of banks. Individuals trade their skills by writing their own personal cheques in a local currency
80
(Truggs in Lewes, England, and Brights in Brighton, England). An account is kept of the income and expen-
diture of individuals. The system has reached most parts of the planet.
3. [Note100] describes these matrices and their properties. They are shown to be the basis of accounting and
used for a complete accounting system in the book entitled XXX“The Information System belonging to the
Manufacturing and Distribution Sector of an Economy”.
4. See the book entitled “The Information System belonging to the Manufacturing and Distribution Sector of an
Economy”.
5. See [note124]
6. An example of a World geometry of the second kind is given in Chapter 11. The intravariant ordinal numbers
are the structural framework for three orientations of extravariant cardinal number. This means that the group
can be identified by any cardinal number, its statistical operator or interpretation.
7. The [note20xx] series notes are about Social order. The [note23xx] series notes are about order in Finance.
They show that both of these subjects follow the patterns of the Law Worlds.
8. XXX
9. A comparison of the Temperature Law World with the Agreement Law World gives an excellent insight into
the understanding of these three generic levels.
10. The [note23xx] series notes are about finance. The Law Fields of finance are isomorphic to those shown in this
book. The book XXX “Systems in the Manufacturing and Distribution Sector” also shows the isomorphism
between finance, internal data systems and mathematics.
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Chapter 10. Law Worlds of the first kind
10.1. Vector as pictures

It is now time to look at the constructions that Ostberger called World geometries after Minkowski1. But first a
word from Ostberger.
I decided to give up my job and go write about these pictures. I sold the house, gave up my digs, travelled back to West
Sussex and began studying geometry from a caravan. I simply felt the need to spill out all the pictures that were inside of
me. And I did. There seemed to be endless amounts of geometric study to do and never enough time to do them. The ball
really began to move fast when the ideas of curvatures took over my studies. I had suddenly abandoned the strictures
of my imprisoned education and launched myself into a new world. From then on I could see that I would never have
enough time or money to complete the gigantic task of studying all the Directional properties of all the mathematics that
had ever been done in history. Many tasks would have to be left undone, many gaps would have to be filled in by other
workers in the field. I began to aim for the mathematics of the Hydrogen atom because that was the best known and most
exact application of mathematics. Riemann and Einstein would be companions on the way and Dirac would be the man
I had to emulate directionally.
There is a poignant statement by P.A.M. Dirac2 which captured my imagination: “In the case of atomic phenomena no
picture can be expected to exist in the usual sense of the word picture, by which is meant a model functioning essentially
along classical lines. One may, however, extend the word picture to include any way of looking at the fundamental laws
which makes their self-consistency obvious.”
A picture is exactly what I was aiming for. It would not be an ordinary picture, it would be a vector picture. I was going
to prove Dirac wrong about the Directions (his picture) and right about his Magnitudes (his mathematics).
The vector picture was likely to contain some new ways of looking at things which I had not been taught and which
nobody else had either. For I had already learned that vectors can produce some funny looking effects on paper that do
not always follow our instincts. For example it was not my instinct to believe that a single point on space could have
three separate numbers attached to it or that the point would turn out to be no point at all but a kind of inside out World
that I was creating at the time. My Cartesian training had firmly implanted the idea that one point in space had one
value.
Yet there was something left from my A-level days that haunted me. One question that had never been answered. When
we represent a vector in mathematics we draw a line, put a point for the beginning and an arrow for the ending and label
the length as a representation of its magnitude. Then, when we want a negative vector we simply turn the vector round to
face the other way. My question was, “why was a negative vector always facing the other way?” Why could I not have
a vector whose magnitude changed from positive to negative. Why was it always the direction of the vector that had to
change?
I resolved to accept that I was right and that vectors could have negative magnitudes as well as positive ones. This
presented me with a headache that I would rather had left behind. The solutions of mathematics were doubled. I was
further resolved to continue.
My headache would be compounded by the fact that I had accepted curvatures as the basis of my geometry giving an
even greater scope for sailing into uncharted waters. The pain was even worse with the realisation that the pen stand
said that there were four times as many points in a Euclidean space as I had been led to believe. But my resolve was
unattenuated.
Now in Quantum Mechanics of the type that Dirac constructed the Vectors are not just the stage hands they are the whole
cast. There are a few hands off-stage that help with the scenery but otherwise the play is written for the vector.
The cast are the magnitudes and what they say are the directions. Both are a party to the play. The importance of this is
that vectors have both magnitude and directions. There are no vectors without both. Dirac calculated the probabilities,
produced some excellent numerical results and even showed that a negative electron must exist. But, where, I ask, are
the Directions? Dirac has a cast of players but no script.
We have magnitudes but no directions. Where have they all gone? Do they just disappear leaving the cast frozen on the
stage? Or is it that the magnitudes come out to see us, leaving the directions in some kind of hiding place?
82
If Quantum Mechanics was a vector study then both the numbers which issued from the probability equations and their
respective Directions were available for me to find. So I set out to find them.
10.2. Separating direction from magnitude

The whole theory says that we can separate Directions from Magnitudes. That we can study each separately
before combining them in a final solution. The yin process is working with Directions. The yang process is
working with the Magnitudes. Each contains a part of the other in the working process. Thus an equation will
contain some elements which represent the directions and the Direction geometry will contain some scales and
numbers representing the magnitude.The two will coalesce in the solution.
The basis of the Directional process is that we seek orthogonality3 in space. In particular we seek orthogonality of
points in space in the dimensions defined by the pen stand and later the World geometry. They are not always easy
to find when a geometry is compounded into a new space. We must get used to orthogonal conditions appearing
unexpectedly. It becomes very easy to make assumptions about the amount of a rotation in space; as history
has proven. Historically we have ignored the internal rotational of a line element and thereby passed over the
opportunity that Ostberger has revealed.
10.3. Ordinary space

The space of a Law World is not that of ordinary space. The Law World is embedded in ordinary space. So, the
best way to visualise it, in the beginning, is to imagine that the World can be rotated in the room in which it sits
as a model. The rotation in the room is then the ordinary Euclidian space. But, we need to remember that the
room-space is also 4 dimensional in the same sense as the World model. That is to say that the pen stand applies
to the room-space as well.
Vectorially we would say the the World is a set of vector spaces over the Euclidean space. It is a Hilbert Space.
The reader will have gathered that the word “Direction” is used when speaking about the Law World space and
the word “direction” when speaking about the Euclidean space.
Consider an example of the mixture of these spaces. In the normal course of mathematics we would refer to the
velocity of a car as, say, 17 Kph. We then represent this on paper to a scale of 0.5 cm per Kph. There are two
magnitudes and two directions here:
• The velocity of 17 is a Law World Magnitude.

• The velocity is undefined in Direction. It simply is not present.
• The direction of the scale is relative and on the paper.
• The magnitude of the scale is 0.5.
We have not actually expressed a Direction to the velocity. When we do, we automatically relate it to the other
Directions of the Universe which are part of the natural Law. It becomes a part of the physics around us. Its effects
on other phenomena, such as the generation of a De Brogli wavelength, becomes evident.
10.4. The parallel principle

When we represent a vector in a vector space any parallel vector having exactly the same magnitude is a repre-
sentation of the same vector. The vectors must be unique to the representation.
83
If we look at the world geometry we see that one set of curved vectors passing over the surface provides all the
magnitudes from the greatest definable curvature at the pole to a fixed value at the great circle of the same colour
in the same plane. In the enlargements there are an infinity (less the last) of possible fixed values belonging to
the great circles. It is therefore possible to fit the curvature of this space with all the values of numbers from 0
through ∞ to ∞ − 1, but they need to be of the same class of continuous number. The other coloured surfaces
are then available to define the other classes of number; the discontinuous and the complex. There is only one
World geometry in a purely directional space and all possible curvatures are present somewhere. This is the
property of the Riemann unit Spherical surface. Enlargement is the only operation available to us. Rotation is
not available because it must be along one of the curves already defined and therefore simply produces a parallel
vector. Translation also produces a parallel vector because it too must be along one of the geodesic pole elements
which is already defined. Thus it follows that if we can describe an atom using a geometric representation then
any identical atom is described by the same representation.
Figure 10-1. Equal vectors are parallel, and of the same magnitude
10.5. Direction only

In a social environment which teaches a predominantly yang view of life it will be difficult for most people to
spring their magnitudinal jails and see the World geometry in terms of its Direction alone. Particularly in the
Western hemisphere where we are taught to believe that size is what matters. It is not so. In what follows there
are no magnitudes unless they specify themselves or we apply them in searching for solutions. They specify
themselves by producing natural numbers. The relation of 2π in a circle is one example. It is a purely geometric
constant and entirely universal. So is e, the natural constant of growth. So too is the rope-maker’s constant4, the
reciprocal of 2π and the Sommerfeld fine-structure constant for Hydrogen α, as we will see in Chapter 12.
The world geometries are constructions of Direction only. There are no magnitudes. Only when we begin to
formulate a solution do we begin to see the numbers that specify the magnitudes appear in the shapes. Some
elementary examples were given in earlier chapters, e.g. Figure 5-6.
The Law World geometries are no more an answer than the Schroedinger or Bernoulli equation. They provide the
tool with which to approach an answer. A tool which lends guidance to an otherwise desperate situation. The true
understanding comes from their application. It is hard work despite its visual presence.
10.6. Curvatures
Nature is as much about shape and form as it is about number and size. This is particularly evident in biology
where function and form are often visually separable. She does not produce a single tree that is so big that it over
shadows all the other plants. She knows that her diversity would be compromised in this way. She allows the
84
growth to be tapered by some rule which permits other plants to grow. If a flowering plant were too tall it would
not be pollinated by the bee who could not reach its height.
At the lowest level of our understanding of nature we measure the phenomena of our universe in terms of curva-
tures. These are her shapes and her shape is beautiful.
The magnitudes of these curvatures are the essence of relativity which is born out of the Tensor mathematics
created by Riemann.
10.7. Assembling law fields

There is an excellent analogy of the way we currently use geometry in mathematics which relates it to the Ost-
berger process.
Our current use of geometry is like laying out the components of a motor car in a long line. Each component is
something different and not recognisable as belonging to any particular car. There are a few, expert individuals
who can relate the component to the the Volkswagen that it really is. The students and the rest of us simply learn
the bits as we pass along the education trail.
The engineer, however, is the great organiser of society. He has constructed a generic system of the parts so that
they can be easily related to the car as a whole or in parts. Starting with the saleable product he identifies precisely
every generation of every family of parts which go to make up the car. With the advent of computers he now also
reverses the process and constructs the “Where used next level up” data which every buyer of spare parts for his
car can see on the stockist’s computer. Every change of component by date and model is now tracked and made
available to the trade. The car, to the engineer, is a simple family of connected generations.
Ostberger is creating a generic family of geometries for use in mathematics. The geometries are connected. They
are just like the engineer’s “Where used next level up” generic map of the car.
Figure 10-2. Curving an element
TAO
It became evident from the laws which associate electricity and magnetism that these Fields would assemble in some
way. My early attempts were centred around a block-like construction that was Cartesian (see Figure 10-2). But I later
realised that the elements of these constructions should be curved.
85
Figure 10-3. Early sketch joining the Law Fields
Notes:
1. Lenz’s law says that the flux change opposes the electro-motive force.
2. Neuman’s law says that the magnitude of the flux change is proportional to B. The constant k is the product
of the number of turns in the circuit and its area.
3. The static terms E.D and H.D are zero. Energy is dynamic.
In Figure 10-3 the key feature was that a changing magnetic flux B produced an electromotive force e which
always opposed it. So, in some way the element E of electric force would oppose the flux B. But E had to be
an operator on B because E is in the secondness field. Which it is. This seemed to work and gave a space for
the Poynting vector H xD and a volume for the energy dω. But the block-like construction did not measure every
point in space of the pen stand.
10.8. Minkowski’s worlds

The next development was the Law World. This starts with a generalisation that we can apply a curvature to one
86
or more of the elements of the Law Field (Figure 10-2). These are the worlds of which Minkowski1, the great
teacher at the turn of the century, was talking about in his lectures.
10.9. The grav-electromagnetic world

Figure 10-4 is the Grav-electromagnetic Law World. The dotted lines show the imaginary regions and the surface
of the world contains three elements of what Ostberger called fluxes. In this way he referred to velocity as the flux
of the gravitational field. These are all the elements that obey the general reciprocity principle. External to this are
all the elements that obey the general absorption principle. The interior of the World is an all real region in which
the Forces reign.
Figure 10-4. The intravariant Gravelectromagnetic World
• In the intravariant World the whole of the exterior region is imaginary which is indicated by the use of broken
lines throught the notes. The interior region is wholly real.
• The directions of the elements are crutial to the correct relationship of all the elements.
• This diagram is illustrative only. The external elements are not shown in their correct orthogonal orientation.
87
This is an approximation since the external elements should themselves be curved, but it is probably as much as
one could put on to a piece of paper without causing confusion. The notes are more definitive in places.
At this point I remind the reader that there is no scale to this diagram. It could be the size of a galaxy or the size
of an atom. We do not know. We have not specified.
The World occupies the whole space. There is no room for any more elements. In particular there is no room for a
Euclidean space. That can only be found by transforming the World in the space of the room in which it occupies.
If we look at the Worlds in terms of their phenomenological form we see three Fluxes, three Directions and three
Forces. That is about as simple as it comes. These are ranked by their generic level,
The firstness Field Magnetic Laws

The secondness Field Electric Laws
The thirdness Field Gravitic Laws
and each of these fields had
Firstness a Direction possessing the property of Absorption

Secondness a Flux possessing the property of Reciprocity (Inversion)
Thirdness a Force possessing the property of Conversion
and that is the general pattern for every Law Field and Law World. There is a fourth field in each of the spaces
which, in general, follows the pattern of Condensation.
The intravariant World is a World of continuity and therefore the line elements pass over the surfaces in the
manner of spirals.
The shape of the worlds may be of at least two types. In one type the scales change the shape of the surfaces; a
yin process. In the other type the scales produce rings in the surface which belie the scale that is applied, the yang
process. The two types seem to interplay.
The exterior region is imaginary. This endows the World with instability. It is divergent and would, if left alone,
expand into oblivion. But it seems that nature provides a stabilising influence on this World through the properties
of the extravariant World.
If all the elements of the intravariant world are transformed through an infinity (a singularity) the result is the
extravariant World. The two worlds contain the same elements precisely. Compare Figure 10-4 and Figure 10-5.
88
Figure 10-5. The extravariant Gravelectromagnetic World
• The exterior region is in real space.

• The interior region is in imaginary space.
• This diagram is illustrative only because the external elements are not shown in their correct orthogonal ori-
entation.
How much of a rotation in space is required to make this transformation? The answer is almost π/2 of all the
elements5, which is rather remarkable since the imaginary region has swapped from being external to being inter-
nal which we would normally consider to be a π transformation. Yet, looking at the two worlds we see that the
surface elements of the intravariant World (Figure 10-4) have become the external elements of the extravariant
one (Figure 10-5).
What is important is that all the elements are in exactly the same juxtaposition with respect to each other.
89
This apparent anomaly is similar to the apparent anomaly in the electron that says that a spin up electron is 2π
apart from the spin down electron. Yet its spin vector direction suggests that it is only π apart. The exact geometric
measurement of this is given in the notes6.
In the World of the second kind the extravariant World is assembled back on to the intravariant World. The vectors
of the surface of the intravariant World are then anti-commuting with those of the extravariant World. The results
of this are explained in Chapter 12. There are six ways of making this assembly.
The extravariant World exhibits the properties of stability7. It tends to condense its structure as it develops.
What is surprising is that there are two worlds not one. We imagine that a four dimensional world exists as an
expression of the omnipotent ending of our understanding. This is not so. Another World emanates from the first
to start a new four dimensional process. Yet the new process is constructed of the old World elements.
TAO
It was a great surprise to me that there was a four dimension geometry and it took me many years to overcome that
surprise and start to work in earnest as if it were so. But even more of a surprise came the fact that there was another
four dimensional geometry which could be constructed from exactly the same line elements as the first and yet be very
different in character. But the really remarkable thing was that the latter was derived from the first because that meant
that such a process could be continued indefinitely.
Four is suffice but it births itself twice.
10.10. The thermodynamic world

There is another World that follows the same patterns as the Grav-electromagnetic World. The three Law Fields
of the previous chapter come together to form this world. The first is the Work LF, the second is the Organisation
LF and the third is the Reaction LF.
90
Figure 10-6. The intravariant Thermodynamic World
1. In the intravariant World the whole of the exterior region is imaginary which is indicated by the use of
broken lines throughout the notes. The interior region is wholly real.
2. The directions of the elements are crucial to the correct relationship of all the elements. Looking into a
different octant produces a different directional relationship.
3. This diagram is illustrative only because the external elements are not shown in their correct orthogonal
orientation.
The really interesting comparison is between this and our own social activities. We set to work on a project or
a business, we organise the business and then we react with others who have done the same. This forms bigger
work groups which need organisational effort and then a bigger interaction takes place. The process goes on until
we have large conglomerates that are irredeemably inefficient. That is the unstable way of the intravariant World.
91
Figure 10-7. The extravariant Thermodynamic World
In nature, however there is an extravariant process taking place. This is the World of Figure 10-7. Like the other
extra-worlds it is a recipe for stability and when combined into a geometry of the second kind 8 it acts as nature’s
stabiliser. Eventually the whole structure of thermodynamics becomes stable by virtue of it dominating the Laws.
There are several interesting predictions in the field of Sterling engines and conductance which are extracted from
the thermodynamic World.9 But this is not the place for them.
TAO
There were several aspects of this World that surprised me and it therefore took several years for me to settle on the
facts as I had found them. Not the least was the idea that there were three different generic levels of temperature; or
temperature-like phenomena. They are each orthogonal to each other and have a reciprocity in accord with Onsager’s
Reciprocity Theorem. I cannot predict what this infers in reality but that is what the theory says! The pressure element
accords with Dalton’s principle of probability pressure in so far as there is seemingly always a real pressure which reacts
with an imaginary one in any contained volume.
10.11. The World of number

The Law Fields of Chapter 9 come together to form this World. The copy of the notebook, Figure 10-9, shows the
intravariant number World as Ostberger drew it in 1969. The orientation is described by numbering the octants of
the World as if it were an ordinary sphere. This is clearly important because every orientation of the World gives
a new and different set of directions in the geometry.
92
Figure 10-8. The Extravariant Number World
There are no notes about the development of the world of number into a geometry of the second kind.
Figure 10-9. A copy of a page of the notebook showing a sketch of the World of intravariant Number
10.12. Other Worlds

There are other Worlds which are shown in the notebook.
• [Note1750]: The Fluid World

• [Note1001]: The Fields of Engineering System Dynamics
• [Note23xx] series: The World of Finance.
• [Note2333]: The World of Commercial Operations.
93
• [Note1030]: The mathematics in Minkowski’s World.

The Fluidic World is incomplete, but is important because it completes the set of three Worlds of physics which
are depicted as a sketch in Figure 10-12.
Figure 10-10. The first issue of the three Law Fields of Fluids
Although much of the fictional discussion about our physical universe is centred around the Grav-electromagnetic
Worlds we see here that the other two Worlds are of equal stature in the Universe. The Fluidic World of the second
kind, which stands in the place of thirdness in the physics Universe, which is shown at the top of this sketch gives
rise to the three states of matter. It represents them in the microscopic form. The size is absent.
Amongst this Fluidic World is Mohr’s Circles and its three dimensional extension. In those are the formula for
the bending moments and shear stresses of physically loaded structures. The Mohr circle occupies just one of the
eighteen planes in the Fluidic sketch.
94
Figure 10-11. The first issue of the incomplete Fluidic Law World
Yes, there is a great deal more work to do in the detail structure of these geometries. But just how much work can
one man do in one lifetime and still survive on the planet? I believe Ostberger has given us a very big leap forward
and it is something to grasp and apply to our life on this planet. The fact that he has been able to show that our
financial dealings have an isomorphic pattern to the world of GEM is of great value to the whole of humanity.
TAO
I did not set out to discover the laws of physics. They arrived at my door like with the messenger. I had no reason not to
receive them and display the process as I discovered it. The messenger was not announced, he did not say “I have come
from God” or “I have brought you the keys to the kingdom”. Nor did he say that he knew the contents of what he was
carrying. He didn’t know and neither did I. There was, however something interior to my being that gave me impetus
and caused me to believe that this was a job that I had to do. I was later to discover what that something was. I had no
idea that it would take so long and cost so much. Yet I felt quite comfortable doing work which, maybe, no one else was
doing or even would understand.
95
Figure 10-12. Sketch of the Universe of Physics
Each of the three worlds in the sketch are what Ostberger called “of the second kind”. Each of these contains six
worlds of the first kind. Each world of the first kind contains six law fields. Each Law Field has seven degrees of
freedom; the last of which is half in the next. Additional degrees of freedom appear as the geometries grow. A
World of the first kind has twenty two degrees of freedom, the last two of which have one half of their freedom
in the next world. In all, one World of the second kind has more than sixty degrees of freedom. This sketch
would have more than one hundred and eighty degrees of freedom. Every degree of freedom is orthogonal to
every other. A degree of freedom is one dimension of the Magnitudinal kind. Every group of line elements, Law
Fields, World and 2nd World is in four dimensions of the Directional kind.
The Worlds of the Second kind are assembled twice in different orders. The ones in the sketch, here, are extravari-
ant worlds mounted on to intravariant backgrounds. They can equally be assembled in reverse. One of the notes
suggests that the intravariant world when mounted on the extravariant world is representative of the macroscopic
Universe. The one that we find invitingly curious.
Notes
1. Hermann Minkowski (1864-1909), the Russian born Swiss-German number theorist, algebraist, analyst and
geometer who developed the thory of four-dimensional space-time that laid the mathematical foundation for
relativity theory.
2. See [Dirac70].
3. The half quantum of Direction is π/4. It would seem that, as with the Magnitude half quantum, it has a
96
valuable place in the theory.

4. The constant 2/π is a magnitudinal constant. It is the chance of a XXX? certain stick landing between two
parallel lines. Also π/2 is a directional constant. It is the quantum of direction.
5. See [note1170], [note1171], [note1172] and [note1173].
6. This is explained in [note1823] in terms of measuring the rotations that are needed across a 3-dimensional
surface to get from an up-state to a down-state of the world. The up state electron lives on one side of a World
geometry of the second kind and the down state electron lives on the other (Figure 11-5). They are different
electrons.
7. Stability is where Ostberger began. He examined the Nyquist Diagrams of engineering stability and was
amazed that stability depended purely on the direction of rotation of a locus on a diagram. The reader should
be aware that when the World pictures are applied to subjects which are not “below” us but “above” us such
as the Galactic Universe then the role of stability seems to reverse between intra and extra Worlds. The same
seems to apply between subjects which are “within us” such as emotions and psychology and those outside
of us such as Social Justice and Finance. This is a particularly big concept.
8. See [note1713], [note1714], [note1715] and [note1716].
9. See the [note9xx] series notes.
97
Chapter 11. Worlds of the second kind
11.1. Worlds of the second kind

The Ostberger story is now becoming more difficult to write into a book that sufficient people will want to read
that makes its progress self initiating. The difficulty lies in presenting images on paper that are multi-dimensional.
Nevertheless, with a few modifications, I will write it in the way that Ostberger created it.
The modifications are in the way the curvatures are shown on the page. They are not shown exterior to the
World surface as curves but rather as straight lines with near zero curvature. This would be satisfactory for the
applications to the first atomic elements where the curvatures are thus. But even Helium will require a small
amount of curvature for its representation.
Figure 11-1. A minimum line element
The real difficulty lies in the fact that journals and publications of most kinds are not accustomed to printing the
geometric forms that this process demands. Mathematical journals simply don’t do it. They certainly could not
conceive of depicting the geometry to be the leading part of an article that contained a mathematical text. The text
would be regarded as the leading part. Also, the line elements should show their thicknesses in each of two planes
so that their orthogonality can be ascertained but it is unrealistic to believe that such a picture could be read from
the page. Such detail must be left in the text of the notes. But a computer can display such a picture. I hope that
there is sufficient here to convince the reader of the usefulness of the process and that one, at least, will want to
examine the Hydrogen atom mathematics and its geometry.
11.2. Bosons and Fermions

There are two kinds of statistics which are especially relevant to particle physics. One is attributed to Bose and
Einstein and called the Bose Einstein statistics and the other to Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac and called the Fermi-
Dirac statistics. They are shown in Figure 11-2. The only difference between the two is that one includes the first
particle (Fermi-Dirac) and the other excludes the first particle.
Figure 11-2. Two kinds of particle statistics
98
We may think that such a small consideration does not bear relevance to the kind of systems that the statistics
describe, that the first particle is so small that it does not warrant our attention. This is not the case.
In human systems we see the effects of inclusive rules and exclusive rules. When certain members of society
are excluded from the consequences of their actions by virtue of their wealth or their legal standing or their club
membership then the whole society becomes unstable. Just as it does in the physics systems of Bose Einstein. The
Bosonic particles are unstable when not in the presence of the Fermi particles.
Figure 11-3. The four fold infinite transformation which births the extravariant World from the intravari-
ant
On the other hand if all members of a society are included and bear the consequences of their actions, both legally
and financially, then the society soon becomes stable. These are the Fermi people.
The reality of life is that both Boson people and Fermi people1 do exist. However if one understands the way in
which Fermi particles coalesce in physics we may be able to stabilise society in the same way that nature does in
the atomic structure. But that is another story. For now it is sufficient to understand that there are Boson particles
which have whole number spins such as 1, 2, 3 and there are Fermi particles which have half number spins such as
1 3 5
2 , 2 and 2 . These correlate precisely with the two Worlds geometries (Figure 11-3). The intravariant is boson-like
and the extravariant is Fermi-like.
The transformation that takes the Boson World to the Fermi World is shown in Figure 11-4 for the case of Grav-
electromagnetic World. Or, at least the results are shown. The transformation itself is virtually impossible to show
99
on paper. Each great circle element has to be expanded to its infinite case and then contracted into the extravariant
geometry. It is suffice to say here that all the line elements in the intravariant World are the same as those in the
extravariant World and they are all in the same orthogonal relationship.
TAO
One set is rotated with respect to the other. The rotation makes the imaginary region of the World geometry transfer from
the outside to the inside.
It was a great surprise to me that a 4-dimensional geometry could be rotated at all. It can be seen in [note1127] that
in the passage of enlargement to infinity a rotation takes place during the first half of the transformation from 0π to the
π/4. The continued passage from infinity to the smallest case of the rope trick is a further quarter rotation from π/4 to
π/2. I call these two Worlds intravariant and extravariant because these would be the correct mathematical terms. Both
geometries contain identically the same elements. They are orthogonal to each other.
It turns out, from working with the two geometries, that the intravariant one is continuous and unstable whilst the
extravariant one is discontinuous and stable in nature.
Most important, in my opinion, is the fact that these two are orthogonal for this enables us to continue the orthogonality
principle further into the Worlds of the second kind. Indeed, it suggests that the intra to extra transformation enables any
representation to be continued indefinitely. And that is rather remarkable because it implies that there is no centre to the
geometries either at the beginning or at the end. The Alpha and Omega of the universe is imbued in ourselves and the
nature that surrounds us. Which way round we see it is instilled in the very nature of our soul.
100
Figure 11-4. Assembly of the representations of Fermions and Bosons.
Ostberger found this transformation in the seventies. It was many years before he realised that the two Worlds
could assemble together under certain conditions. He had already worked on some geometry which, because
of its absorptive properties, disappeared when assembled. He attempted several combinations of assembly that
culminated in the “World geometry of the second kind”. Figure 11-4 shows how he conceived the assembly. The
extra-World was reduced to its minimum state and then assembled on to the intra-World so that the corresponding
elements (of the same colour) were in opposition to each other. The external elements of the extra-World met
the surface elements of the intra-World in opposing directions. This opposition or anti-commutation led to the
reciprocal elements producing a unity at the surface2. Unlike the absorptive opposition of elements that produced
annihilation. The result was Figure 11-5, the Grav-electromagnetic World of the second kind. There are six ways
to assemble the two Worlds. These are labelled E, P and N with their contras back-E, back-P and back-N3.
This diagram is the last of a series of developments in the notes. As time passed and more work was done so the
101
elements on this World were changed to correct errors that had inevitably been made from being in the forefront
of the research.
11.3. GEM World of the second kind
Figure 11-5. The anti-commuting assembly of the intra and extra Grav-electromagnetic Worlds that cre-
ates the representation of atomic elements4
A description of the geometry in Figure 11-5.

First the nomenclature.
Ostberger often took plenty of time to develop a nomenclature that would be useful many years into the future.
Here the subscripts are intravariant and the superscripts are extravariant. The zeros indicate a reference element
which generally seems to be unmeasurable. The plus and minus signs are here the forward or backward directions
and not the sign of the magnitude.
The suffix m is magnetic, e is electric and g gravitic. The Z are the potentials. The B, D and V are the so
called fluxes of the three Fields. The number affixes count the elements of the system. Thus B +1 is the forward
element of the extravariant magnetic field. B+0 is the reference element of the intravariant surface. To generalise
the surface elements the Greek ξ, ψ and ζ are used for the magnetic, electric and gravitic fields respectively in
upper and lower case.
102
11.4. The atomic elements

This book is not the place to describe the attributes of this geometry that makes it wholly suitable for the descrip-
tion of atomic phenomena. The notes are for that. What follows must suffice for my reader.
There are six positions of the extra-Worlds. As the nomenclature implies they are the representations of the
Electron, the Proton and the Neutron. Remember this is a vector geometry and it has no magnitudes only orthog-
onalities.
1. Each E, P and N is part of a pair which also includes an opposite spin partner.
2. The spin of the electron is the half-vector that sits diametrically across the gravitic extra-element (green)
labelled Z g .
3. The charge on the electron is carried by the half-vector which sits diametrically across the element labelled
Z e . It has a spin direction opposite to the Proton but in the same plane.
4. The Z m in the electron is the element that creates the Zeeman effect.
5. The Z g is the element that counts the electrons in terms of its gravitational effects. Its length, the circum-
ferential length, determines the number of the electrons present. This is unlike our conventional view of the
counting process. We are accustomed to counting things as separated parts but here we count both in series
and parallel the rings that are on the surface. Adding the rings in series makes a larger surface. Adding them
in parallel creates rings providing that the conditions allow them to be accommodated on the extravariant 4-D
surface. The pairing-particle must also be counted contemporaneously. In the case of electrons this means
that the down spin electron which is at the “back” location must be counted too. This process is shown in the
notes to account precisely for the singlet and triplet cases in the H atom. It also has the correct attributes to
account for the multiplets which arise in heavier atoms.
6. At P the Z e counts the protons in terms of its electrical (charge) effects. It is accompanied by an axial vector
which measures the charge.
7. Any two coincident line elements creates an observable “particle”.
8. The plane of the first element, e.g. D+1 , lies out of the plane of the zeroth element. This is because the
orthogonality conditions demand it. We may speak of “the first element plane”. This first element is also
skew to the second plane. It passes over E, inside back-P, under back-E and outside P. The other two first
plane elements take a similar path. In this way all three maintain their orthogonality to each other and to the
rest of the elements. This is made more clear in the Figure 11-6 where the three planes of the first tilting
element are each clarified
9. Every junction on the geometry has three mutually orthogonal elements and is orthogonal to every other
junction with the same. There are at least 36 such junctions making at least 108 orthogonal relations.
10. The intra- elements which face on to the extra-surface seem to be “silent”. That is, they lend virtually no
attribute to the particle. Thus the electron has Z g silent. We may interpret this to be that the electron is
virtually unaffected by gravitational potential.
11. The neutron has Z e silent. It has no charge. It is unaffected by an electric field. In the proton Z m is silent
and so the proton should have no intrinsic spin magnetic moment.
12. The intravariant region is termed “orbital” in the literature and the extravaraint region is termed “spin”.
13. The Bosonic spins are of three types. They are axial vectors that measure across the intravariant interior. The
ISO spin, for example, is the intravariant axial vector of the N-P plane.
14. The Helium nucleus or alpha particle turns out to be the complete set of four fermi particles in the N-P plane.
15. The E-state electron is a 2π rotation from the back-E-state electron when the rotations are measured correctly
103
Figure 11-6. The first set of orthogonal anticommuting elements on the intravariant surface
A vector model of the Hydrogen atom which complies with the directions of this geometry is the subject of another
book on the subject (available from the Ostberger website). The magnitudes which are extracted are consistent
with current theory.
It may be possible to remove certain anomalies from current theory with the realisation that the vectors in the
intravariant space are infinitely separated from those in the extravariant space.
The Sommerfeld fine-structure constant has been derived and calculated from this vector model in Chapter 12.
The table of Delta values in the Appendix J not only holds the key to the fine-structure constant but also seems to
have important scales which can be applied to other atoms. There is much work to do.
It will be difficult for the reader to grasp the idea that atomic phenomena can be represented in this way. After
all, it is a far cry from the Bohr model of electrons whizzing round in orbits. Yet that model worked. At least
sufficiently to get the results that we have arrive at today.
What the picture says is this. The atoms have strict orthogonal relationships. These relationships are directional
in character and they can be displayed in a geometry; the World geometry of the second kind. But this is not the
end of the story. This is not the final solution. This is like a Schroedinger equation except that this equation is a
directional one. It gives the general picture and provides the essential relationships but it needs a more detailed
solution for each of the atoms.
The solutions are not easy to find. The rules of operating must be followed rigorously. Yet sometimes new rules
are found which may be sown into the fabric of the theory just as with any other theory. The essential attributes
must be that the theory is consistent throughout; from beginning to end. Consistent that is in its formulation,
operation and interpretation, which the reader will remember is the basis of the theory in the first place.
104
The picture does show us that protons and neutrons are similar particles. But how do they work in the geometry?
How can a proton turn into a neutron? How do para-hydrogen and ortho-hydrogen fit into the model? Can we
explain the magic numbers and isotopic groupings? How does a singlet differ from a triplet?
Can we do the mathematics, as well as see the picture, of these motions of the atoms? The answer must be a very
likely yes because Ostberger has already demonstrated some of these in one of the atoms, the Hydrogen atom.
Nature is antisymmetric. The electrons are arranged as the antisymmetric eigen function determine. It is a matter
of relating the eigenfunctions to the arrangement of circles on a surface and getting all the quantum numbers in
the right order. In the case of Helium5 this has been done. Not all the directional permutations will be allowed
in nature and so a table of the permutations showing directional reasons for eliminating some has been made by
Ostberger. The surprise is that there is such a great redundancy of permutation.
Figure 11-7. Counting electrons, the triplet states
To illustrate how the process works look at Figure 11-7. This is the representation of the triplet state for two up
spin electrons. The two could equally well occur at the back-E location and be two down spin electrons. This is a
two electron state if the circumferential measure is a single Planck h of energy. The two electrons are in parallel
and form a surface. The 4-D surface area is minimised, representing the net lowest energy both magnetic and
electric in the structure. The result is that the two electrons can be assembled on the surface such that the greatest
diameter (a great circle) is not more than√the next quantum size up, in this case 2h. In fact, in this case (Figure
11-7), the diameter of the blue element is 2h or 1.414h. When we have a surface which measures 2h across (the
great circle) then we have a potential for four electrons (two spin up and two spin down) as well as all the lesser
permutations.
One must remember that the scales in one orthogonal plane are not the same as in another. Neither are the units
of measure. So the blue (magnetic) plane scalar is different from the green (gravitic) plane scalar.
105
Figure 11-8. Counting electrons, the first multiplet state
Now look at Figure 11-8. This is the singlet solution. One spin up and one spin down electron. They are still
in parallel but in separated locations. Which is one spin up and which one is spin down would not easily be
recognised.
What is more, since nature does not understand “metre distance” as a property, these two electrons could be any
distance apart. And that seems to lead to Bell’s theorem.
Figure 11-9. A sketch of a three electron state
Figure 11-9 is a sketch of a possible surface with perhaps three electrons on it. If such is possible and complies to
the interval rules then this may be one state of Lithium.
The theory says that there must be two separate ionic bond groups. One belonging to the E location and the other
belonging to the back-E location. In the formation of simple diatomic molecules such as H2 and N2 the theory
requires that the two atoms be back-to-back with each other thus forming a kind of pseudo antiparallel electron
pair. The two electrons in the diatomic pair are of the same type. Either E electrons (spin up) or back-E electrons
(spin down) but not mixed.
106
What the directional process gives us is a clue to the next solution. It is not a panacea for all solutions. We still
have to find our way. We still have to understand how it works. There is a long journey ahead.
11.5. Computer Modelling

The process lends itself easily to computer modelling. Work is underway to produce interactive models of the
Law Worlds and tools to construct and manipulate the geometries. They are part of an exciting new journey too.
Notes
1. The Fermi people are the infinite players of Prof. Carse’s “Finite and Infinite Games” ([Carse87]).
2. Equivalent to saying that the metric gij = gji = gij = 1.
3. The term used to express the reversing of the character in the pairing location of the geometry. It makes it
easier to print in the absence of the new character.
4. See [note1748].
5. [Note820] (Spin Eigenfunctions for Helium).
107
Chapter 12. Using the process for
Sommerfeld’s fine-structure constant
12.1. The first application

When we are in the forefront of discovery there is no way of knowing what will come next, so it is prudent
to allow our intuition do some of the guiding and take advantage of any new development that comes our way.
Naturally, many new developments take us down a cul-de-sac, but that is all a part of the journey for we soon
find out which kind of discovery has the cul-de-sacs and intuitively stay on the main highway. Ostberger did just
this. He developed a flavour for the main highway towards his goal of modelling the Hydrogen atom. He gives his
reasons for this:
I had to find some part of nature that would lend itself to the theory in such a way as would give the opportunity of
prediction. The macroscopic universe did not do this and I could see no way of repeating the kind of predictions that
Einstein made. For one thing I had not read astronomy and for another I did not have a theory of its content. Yes, I
could see that we were in error for looking through telescopes and mapping the heavenly bodies as if they are a radial
cartology; yes, this would upset the Hubblist’s and stop the universe accelerating into oblivion, but this was not going
to be a measurable observation in my lifetime. It is true that we may be able to send out high speed spacecraft and show
that new objects appear around the entrance perimeter of black holes as the speed increases, but that will be a long way
off too.
So I chose to look at a white hole, the Hydrogen atom. The only atom that has no neutron and therefore has a hole inside.
From this I could measure against the known mathematics. From this place I could see if there were any possibility of
predictive consequences. This was my journey and anything that was not on the main highway would be spun aside.
I began work to find a geometry that would fit the equations of the Hydrogen atom. I had worked ordinary polynomial
equations and found that the solutions lie in the coefficients; that one could construct simple shapes to solve equations
without the use of the any numerical method. I had applied the same process to differential equations discovering that
the coefficients created whole geometric forms. In the most difficult equations and particularly those with complex co-
efficients the geometries representing the coefficients were moving in the space. They would form a step-wise series of
geometries moving synchronously with other similar sets. By the time I had got to the kind of differential equation that
Schroedinger produced I was well versed in the technique. I was able to follow the accepted solution which divides the
equation into three separable differential equations. Each pair of equations meet in a common constant. In geometric
terms this meant that there was a common line of magnitudes between each pair of solutions1.
I knew that I would have to do this job myself. Nobody had been interested in the past and it would be a diversion trying
to attract anybody to be interested in the future.
I knew that the Hydrogen atoms had to have Directions. Particularly as I had established that a 4-dimensional world ge-
ometry was available for the modelling process. If quantum mechanics was a vector study then there had to be directions
for the vectors. The Hydrogen atom was described by a quantum vector picture and so the atom had to have directions
that I could find. I set about finding them.
There was one strange coincidence in the physics of the atomic structure that caught my imagination. How did the
Differential Equation approach and the Quantum Mechanical approach arrive at the same answers to the Hydrogen
atom? I discovered that there was a very small and subtle difference between the two.
108
Chapter 12. Using the process for Sommerfeld’s fine-structure constant
Figure 12-1. Finding the new universe
At the outset, it seems that Ostberger had very few clues as to the way in which geometry could serve the purpose
of representing the atomic structure. One of the clues that is marked in the margin of the notes forms a relationship
between the Rope-maker’s first “trick” and Planck’s constant. Figure 12-2 is the case of the rope trick in which
one unit of rope is added around a body of zero size2. This is compared with Planck’s ~ in Figure 12-3 which is
identical in geometric form. There is a scribble in the margin. It says, “The Planck trick... there can be only one
shape that connects h with ~ and this is it”. The next sketch shows a shaded circle with the word “energy” inside
and the words “Joules per cycle per second” are scribbled, with the emphasis.
Figure 12-2. The one unit rope trick
The message is that a Joule-sec is actually a Joule per cycle per second if the cycles are ignored. But in the
geometry the cycle is a line element, and this line element is the element of Gravitational Direction, the Direction
that we call Potential in the intravariant case. In the extravariant case the same Direction is the one in which the
frequency of light rotates. The area of the circle would be a representative of the energy if the circumference were
a representative of the frequency. So Ostberger, relating the trignometric frequency to circumferential measure3
had a starting point.
109
Figure 12-3. The Planck Trick
The first breakthrough for Ostberger seems to have come out of one of the many library Standard Forms that he
had collected. In a series of notes4 he had found a set of geometries that seemed to allow the squaring of the circle.
They did not really, but it seemed so at the start. In essence these geometries are very simple in so far as they are
well known shapes. They appear in algebra5 as Radical circles. They appear in system dynamics as “M-circles” 6
which relate open and closed loop responses. They appear in magnetic and electric fields and many other places
in mathematics and physics, but here they appear in a new guise because these red geometries are quantised.
XXXX below we say that the blue geometry is quantised. and above we say that the red geometry is quantised.
??? XXX
Figure 12-4. The complete set of Red geometries of the inner product
110
If we look at the two chords in the centre we see that an application of the inner chord theorem mentioned on page
4 XXX of Chapter 3 results in the square root formula7.
This is easily referred to as the red geometry. All the elements arrive at a pole situated on the infinite element and
the measurements p are horizontal.
There is also a blue geometry. In the blue geometry of Figure 12-5 we may take the outer chord theorem and
apply it to obtain the same formula! This time the measurements p are vertical. All this data must be taking into
account. In mathematics we would not see these small, but important differences. The blue geometry shape is also
well known in mathematics, but here it is quantised.
Figure 12-5. The complete set of Blue geometries of the outer product
Now, suppose we assemble these two geometries orthogonally, as in Figure 12-6. A well known shape is produced,
except that it is quantised. The whole space is littered with quantised values and quantised (orthogonal) points.
111
Figure 12-6. The red and blue geometry assembled orthogonally
The red8 geometry and blue9 geometry assembled orthogonally.

The red elements can be used to represent the magnitudes of the vectors10. The blue elements can be used
to represent the Directions of the vectors11. There is a two-fold infinity of trigonometric functions which can
be arrayed geometrically in this space. Functions of all amplitudes, powers and phases can be represented12.
Although these orthogonal geometries are well studied in terms of algebra, the trigonometric functions contained
in them are not well studied in terms of geometry. They have a close relationship to Fourier Analysis.
In this form the general picture of the application of this kind of geometry says that the blue elements are repre-
sentative of the directions of the vectors and the red elements are representative of the magnitudes13. By using the
trigonometric geometry in Chapter 6 this geometry can be used to represent Fourier components.
Suppose we assemble these two geometries in parallel! Or suppose we assemble them antiparallel! Figure 12-7 is
the antiparallel assembly.
Figure 12-7. A magnitude essential to Quantum Mechanics
p
p(p + 1)
Ostberger studied this assembly and produced the table of constants in Appendix J. These constants come from
inserting quantum values into the formula in Figure 12-7 for − δpq and + δpq . These are his delta values.
112
Why are they significant?
1. These are natural constants.

2. They have arrived out of a geometry that has shape without reference to magnitudes.
3. They reflect the angle of tilt of the first element of the World of the second kind.
4. They contain the magnitudes essential to Quantum mechanics.
The geometry in the Figure 12-8 has some peculiar properties. As shown it represents all the geometries with
integer values in the lower half plane.
Figure 12-8. The delta geometry sets are part of the Hydrogen atom solutions (q = 1)14
113
1. Despite the fact that it is circular it is none-the-less quantised. The values of p and q are integer and half
integer.
2. There is a special connection between the areas of the green geometries and those of the red and the blue
geometries. The area formed by corresponding circles of equal values of p is always equal to the area within
the green element circle regardless of the values of p.
3. The whole geometry is scaled by ~.
4. The magnitude of δ is less then the magnitude of ~! The argument for “hidden variables” is here partially
vindicated. I say partially because the values of δ are linear measure whereas the values of ~ are an extraction
from the value h which is an area representing the energy. So the argument is not so much a question of
whether there are hidden variables but rather one of whether we can measure something less than energy.
5. There are two half states of the green circle.
6. To help our imagination we may regard the green circle as a ball which when depressed opens the gate
formed by X. The XR is the close state and the XB is the open state.
7. The red and blue geometries are antiparallel. They have opposite directions.
8. This geometry was used by Ostberger as the first part of the solution to the Hydrogen atom. It fits into the
World model on page 9 XXX of Chapter 11 in the D plane. The exact method of fitting it to the orthogonal
conditions is given in the notes.
9. The values of q are a part of the extravariant region which is shown green here. The values of p are a part of
the intravariant region in red and blue. The two parts anti-commute and cannot be joined in a classical sense.
10. In the Hydrogen atom the value of q = 1. In this geometry when the integer values of p have reached ∞ − 1
then a new set is available with the value of q = 2, and so on. We can now extend the study of atomic
structures to integer values q > 1; the green circles.
12.2. Sommerfeld’s fine-structure constant

Look at the table of delta values in Appendix J. Look at the first value, when p = 1 and q = 1. It is 0.08786437626.
This is noticeably close to the square root of the fine-structure constant of 0.085423666, but Ostberger ignored it
for many years as pure coincidence simply because it did not fit the geometry.
Some time around 1983 he realised that the element in the world geometry which must be used to measure the
scale of the model, has a tilt and he had ignored it. He had been trying to fit the delta geometry into the D0 plane.
But when he applied it to the D1 plane and calculated the projection of the delta geometry on to the D0 plane he
arrived at exactly the Sommerfeld constant.
114
Somerfeld’s fine structure constant is calculated from the first value in the first table of delta values15.
The fundamental scalar of Hydrogen is derived from the fact that some natural length of magnitude exists, − δ11 , which is
spacially rotated through an angle whose magnitude may also be measured as − δ11 . The direction − δ11 and the magnitude
− 1
δ1 are orthogonal.
Figure 12-9. The calculation of Sommerfeld’s fine-structure from the delta geometry
− 1
The Figure 12-9 shows the final stage of the calculation.pThe value of δ1 which is shown in Figure 12-8 becomes
− 1
the sine of the tilt angle. It follows that the cosine is 1 − δ1 . This sine-cosine product is a chord (like C in
Figure 5-5) and the fine-structure constant is an orthogonal chord (like A in Figure 5-5)16.
One has to study the geometry very carefully to see how the two parts, the red and the blue, fit the world model.
The atom seems to be partly in two states. They appear to be in two half states and so the construction of the
115
geometric picture is particularly difficult. It eluded Ostberger for many years until he assumed that the two half
states were Magnitude and Direction. The Magnitudinal representative, the blue geometry is the leader of the first
half state and the Directional representative is the leader of the second half state; first Yang then Yin. However,
there is nothing to say that the reverse process cannot be constructed to yield exact results also; first Yin then
Yang. The one case has the potential to satisfy the differential equation (Schroedinger) approach and the other the
Quantum Mechanical (Heisenberg) approach. Either case yields the fine-structure constant. So that students may
follow him Ostberger made notes on his intuitive assumptions, particularly the ones that worked.
I find, in general, that every yang solution or representation is followed by a yin one. In the Hydrogen atom it would
seem that every successive energy level alternates as a yin and then yang solution. In this case the yin is the directional
part and the yang the magnitudinal part. That also seems to be the lesson in life.
It is because we need to learn how to find solutions with these Directions and at the same time seek to apply
them to known physical results that could lead us into blind alleys. Thus, making assumptions about the way in
which these processes work is essential to its development. However it will add nothing to our understanding or
the future application of the process if we cannot claim consistency or reflect upon the accuracy. In 1930 P.A.M.
Dirac wrote in his book on quantum mechanics17 the following:
In answer to the first criticism (the idea that a photon can be partly in each of the two states of polarisation) it may
be remarked that the main objective of physical science is not the provision of pictures, but is the formulation of laws
governing phenomena and the application of these laws to the discovery of new phenomena. If a picture exists, so much
the better, but whether a picture exists or not is only of secondary importance. In the case of atomic phenomena no picture
can be expected to exist in the usual sense of the word “picture”, by which is meant a model functioning essentially on
classical lines. One may, however, extend the word “picture” to include any way of looking at the fundamental laws
which makes their self consistently obvious.
The geometries of Ostberger are certainly not along classical lines. They are an extension of the word picture
which includes the measurement of vector curvatures. They are a consistent “way of looking at the fundamental
laws” which exposes the truth of their nature. It is the truth that we seek in order that we may understand the path
that leads us on to the next discovery. Without the truth, in whatever form, we are wandering in the wilderness.
To avoid the mathematics entirely in this introductory book would be impossible. There are other writings from
Ostberger which may ease the burden of understanding mathematics for those who are not conversant with its
idiosyncratic language.
I have minimised the mathematics by leaving a trail of references to the notes.
Notes
1. The geometries used are given in the [note18xx] note series. In particular the notes 1870-90 give the detailed
mathematics and associated geometric constructions. This is being issued as a separate booklet of some 60
XXX pages.
2. See Appendix A.
3. [Note112]
4. [Note6xx] series.
5. The algebraic versions are graphical shapes. It is useful and necessary to know the relationship between the
Ostberger geometry and the graphs because the equations are expressed in the algebra. In algebra we describe
the shape but we can be easily blinded to the linear relationships of the shapes such as are shown here.
6. See the notes on M-circles.
7. All Euclidean Theorems can be applied to a true vector geometry to produce a true result.
8. [note610]
116
9. [note612]
10. [Note608]
11. [Note609]
12. Refer to the [note5xx] series notes.
13. This idea is too rich to express here but is clarified in the notes.
14. Notes 1850-65
15. [Note1850]
16. The detail is given in the [note666] and [note667].
17. [Dirac70] (page 10)
117
Chapter 13. New wine into new skins
If I do not stop this book here it could become as voluminous as the notes themselves. The notes are numbered
from 0 to 3000 although there are many spaces left vacant for future additions. In all there are probably half this
number.
The notes begin with the words, “Some people write a diary which is a record of the past. I have written this
notebook which is something for the future” and that is how he sees the world for he says again, “there is always
some part of today that has something for the future”. He sees today as a part of the future and lives to continue
it. Others see yesterday as part of today and wish to consume it. This is like the thermodynamic Volume that
obeys the absorption rule (Figure 8-9). Ostberger views the “Volume Remaining” but some view the “Volume
Consumed” or as professor Carse1 says, “There are at least two kinds of games. One could be called finite, the
other infinite. A finite game is played for the purpose of winning, an infinite game for the purpose of continuing
the play”.
These two kinds of games are the ones that people play; and so does nature with her Bosons and Fermions. It is
not that either is right or wrong in the universe but rather that one must have preference over the other if the flow
of life is to be maintained. The intravariance and extravariance of the world determines its stability. That is the
Ostberger discovery.
There is a subtle difference between the two ways which cannot be observed except in action. It is the manner in
which nature acts that tells us which is Boson or Fermion. So also for the finite or infinite player, it is the action
that foretells his play not his words. The numbers in nature do not reveal its stability, only direction does.
There is an interesting part of Roger Penrose’s book2 in which he divides up the Riemann tensor into two compo-
nents, “Riemann = Weyl + Ricci”. This is a division of the magnitudinal and directional aspects of the Riemann
tensor. The Weyl part, with its ten components, are directional in character whereas the Ricci part, with its ten
components, are the magnitudinal part.
This is easily related to Figure 2-18. The Weyl describes the “direction of the magnitude” whereas the Ricci
describes the “magnitude of the magnitude”. The other two parts of Figure 2-18 belong to Ostberger. Forming the
“direction of the Directions” is making the geometric shapes and their orthogonalities. Finding the “magnitudes
of the Directions” is seeking the answers such as the examples given of the trigonometric representation or the
Delta geometry. All four attributes are essential to our understanding of the universe around us. Now that we have
been presented with the remaining two we have one heck of a lot of work to do! This is in complete harmony with
Steven Hawkin’s remarkable view of such a discovery:
[Hawkin88] page 175
However, if we do discover a complete theory, it should in time be understandable in broad principle by everyone, not just
a few scientists. Then we shall all, philosophers, scientists and just ordinary people be able to take part in the question
of why it is that we and the universe exist.
Steven Hawkin’s remarkable insight continues,

[Hawkin88] page 168
Seventy years ago, if Eddington is to be believed, only two people understood the general theory of relativity. Nowadays
tens of thousands of university graduates do, and many millions of people are at least familiar with the idea. If a complete
unified theory was discovered, it would only be a matter of time before it was digested and simplified in the same way
and taught in schools, at least in outline.
and again his remarkable insight into the future yields,

[Hawkin88] page 169
A complete, consistent, unified theory is only the first step; our goal is a complete understanding of the events around us,
and of our own existence.
There clearly is a lot of work for tens of thousands of people to do.
118
This book has been an overview of a self-consistent theory about strings in space, albeit that those strings may
have thickness in two dimensions and be of the simplest circular kind. But it differs from String Theory in two
essential attributes. The first is that it is in the language of lines in space that can be drawn on to paper and
computer. The second is that the Orthogonality Theorem of Quantum Mechanics has been placed foremost in the
process in place of the Fundamental Theorem. Let me explain.
There are two fundamental parts of Quantum Mechanics. The first appears at the top of page 32 of Dirac’s Book3.
THEOREM: Two eigenvectors of a real dynamical variable belonging to different eigenvalues are orthogonal.
This principle is clear. If there are two eigenstates of an eigenvector and they belong to different values then they
are orthogonal. This means that if there are two states for which a measurement of the vector is certain to give
two different results then those two states are orthogonal.
The insight to this is that each different state is orthogonal. Thus Orthogonality is as important as the number that
we can attach to the eigenvalue of the state. In this theory the Orthogonality of the state is the first objective of the
study and the numerical value the second. This is not the case in String Theory where the reverse process takes
place.
The second part is the fundamental equation and the fundamental conditions which are on page 87 of Dirac’s
book3 and are shown below. These are the primary objective in String Theory.
This equation also expresses one aspect of the Law Field. For example a rate of change with respect to the first
element (Direction) produces the second element (velocity). Providing both Magnitudinal and Directional effects
are considered separately.
Eddington, back in 1928 foresaw that the fundamental quantum conditions were of greater significance than
simply a formula. He predicted that we would be able to base some of our understandings on something other
than number. He virtually predicted the Ostberger discovery. I have placed Ostberger’s scribbled notes along side
the two key equations of Quantum Mechanics on the page below. He notes also that there will be two directional
compliments to these. One is clearly the orthogonality conditions which comes from the Orthogonality Theorem
of Quantum Mechanics4. The other, I do not know what he meant.
119
Sir Arthur Eddington5 wrote in his “The Nature of the Physical World” the following passage in 1928, page 209.
It virtually predicts the the contents of my Ostberger’s notes.
I venture to think that there is an idea implied in Dirac’s treatment of [the above equation] which may have great
philosophical significance independently of any success of this particular application. The idea is that in digging deeper
and deeper in to that which lies at the base of physical phenomena we must be prepared to come to entities which, like
many things in our conscious experience, are not measurable by numbers in any way; and further it suggests how exact
science, that is to say the science of phenomena correlated to measure numbers, can be founded on such a basis.
Notes
1. [Carse87]
2. See [Penrose] page 271.
3. [Dirac70]
4. “Two eigenvectors of a real dynamical variable belonging to different eigenvalues are orthogonal.” [Dirac70]
page 32. It is difficult to believe that every eigenvalue is going to be orthogonal to the next because that would
mean that there are vast numbers of orthogonalities in the space. But Ostberger shows that such large numbers
of orthogonalities can described and depicted for study.
5. A Friend.
120
II. The Appendices
Appendix A. The first rope trick
A.1. The note 104b

In the following I consider the possible quantised extremities of a connected curvature. That is to say a continuous
curvature that can change in integer intervals no matter how small the interval. I look at the largest possible
curvature and then the smallest possible curvature. I conclude that a straight line cannot exist in a space which
is to be used for the measurement of a magnitude. This infers that a magnitude space has no zero. A directional
space has. With this conclusion results which accord with experimental reality can be obtained.
By way of introducing the idea consider a rope around the Earth (Figure A-1). Let us say it is 40 million metres
round the Earth and the rope just touches the Earth around its entire circumference. Let us now add one metre of
arc into the length of the rope. How far from the Earth will this rope be if it stands away from the surface equally
all round?
Figure A-1. A rope around the world
Let the diameter of the original circle (the Earth) be d1 and the diameter of the next up integer circle be d2 .
Likewise the circumferences are c1 and c2 . Then,
c2 = c1 + 1 (1)
The distance that the c2 circle stands away from the Earth h, is given by:
d2 − d1 = 2h (2)
Since c = πd in general we may express (2) as,
1/π(c2 − c1) = 2h (3)
But from (1) the difference of the c’s is a unit of arc so that,
1/π = 2h
and
h = 1/2π (4)
So we have the fact that if a rope were put around the Earth so that it just fitted snugly and we then stretch the
rope by one metre it will stand away from the surface a distance of nearly 160mm all the way round! This is not
our normal comprehension. There is something wrong with the proportions of our thinking and that is why the
student must play with string and pencil to acquaint himself with the reality of an otherwise difficult magnitudinal
concept.
Figure A-2. For each meter of circumference ...
122
Given that the rope is 40 million metres in length and that we have added only 1 metre to its length our sensibilities
tells us that the stand-off is likely to be of the order of 1/40, 000, 000th It is not. It is 1/2π times the distance
added in.
Figure A-3. A rope around Jupiter
But it is important to note that the one metre added is a length of arc whereas the distance of the stand-off h is a
linear measure.
Consider now a rope around Jupiter that is some 446 million metres round. Stretching the rope by one metre
makes the stand-off 160mm. Again! The reason is because the same simple mathematics applies.
Figure A-4. The largest possible curvature of the rope
Consider now a rope around the Universe (Figure A-4). We have established that for each unit of arc added into
the circumference of a circle there is a 1/2π displacement radially (and therefore orthogonally) to the circle. So
that, if we were standing on the curvature that fits around the universe and someone adds a unit of length into the
arc of that curvature at a point that we cannot easily observe then we will motion with that curvature a distance
of 1/2π orthogonally to the curve. Providing, that is, there is continuity in the curve. Without any other line of
reference we could not detect the displacement because we are moving in conjunction with an infinity.
Now consider a rope at infinity. The infinite element is the straight line in Figure A-5. Whether this is by definition
or by reason does not affect the argument. When the curvature is zero the radius is infinite; both are extremities.
Figure A-5. Curvatures at infinity
Consider the curvature that is last before the infinite element; the one in Figure A-5 that has its centre of curvature
somewhere below the infinite element. A unit of arc added into this will cause a displacement 1/2π upward. Next
consider the first curvature after the infinite element. A unit of arc added in to this will cause a displacement 1/2π
downward. Where in the space are these displacements? Either the two curvatures are 1/2π apart or they are twice
1/2π apart. Which is it?
123
Figure A-6. One unit
To answer this consider the smallest possible circular path in which d1 is zero. That is we put the rope around
nothing (Figure A-6. We cannot have a smaller circle since there is only one unit around its circumference. To
divide this unit into smaller parts is to divide the arc unit into the same smaller parts and we are doing no more
than scaling the whole sheet of paper including the infinity. Whichever rod we use to measure the c’s we use the
same rod to measure the d’s. We cannot pretend to change the unit of measure of the smallest arc without changing
the largest arc likewise. It would be cheating on the continuity principle of the circles.
Figure A-7. Half a step to infinity
So what happens to the maximum curvatures in Figure A-5? Do the displacements cross over in the distance
h making the space between them bi-directional as in Figure A-7? Or is it like Figure A-8 in which the space
remains uni-directional but the distance between the two maximum curvatures is 2h?
124
Figure A-8. One step to infinity
If the Figure A-8 is admissible then the infinite element exists and the two curvatures each have a step of one unit
to infinity. If the Figure A-7 is admissible then the two curvatures have a step of one unit of ~1 to each other and
the infinite element does not exist.
A.2. Concluding remarks

1. The paths shown here are circular and simply connected. What happens if the paths are not circular? In note
144 I deal with the non circular paths using line integrals and the Residue theorem. However I can leave my paths
circular without loosing generality for several reasons.
Firstly I can apply the Riemann mapping theorem and map all the non-circular paths on to my circles thereby
allowing me to develop non-circular paths later as part of the solution finding process. Secondly I need to stay with
these circular paths because I am going to seek orthogonal conditions which are based on establishing rotations in
space. I must therefore find the rotations first and then apply any distorting mappings afterwards. Thirdly I need
to be able apply the shortest distance axiom to the geometry and since the shortest distance between to orthogonal
points is a quarter of a rotation I must keep these quarter rotations as simple paths i.e. circular.
So, circular paths are first and other paths, whether simple or multiply connected, must follow.
2. There arises the question of how many directions there are in a line. Although I believe that I have dealt with
this in my notes it is worthy of mention here. I argue as follows,
....if both ends of a line element are at infinity the line exists as a direction but has no measurable magnitude.
(Analogous to a single zero character in number theory.)
....if one end of a line is at infinity then there is only one direction in the line. (Analogous to the character “1” in
number theory.)
....if neither end of a line is at infinity then there are two directions in the line. (Analogous to saying that we have
two characters, 0 and 1, to create a system).
Thus we must have two directions in a line element to create a system of Directed geometries. This is analogous
to a binary system.
3. The principle of absorption applies to directions.
“When a man takes a step to the East he contemporaneously takes a step to the West.2” For each action forward
we can measure a counter-action backward. This also demands bi-directional line elements.
The question here is, which of the two geometries Figure A-7 or Figure A-8 is the one which exists at infinity?
125
I have considered the arguments, made numerous mistakes, and concluded that both are permissible. Both are
necessary and then they are sufficient to make the representations. Indeed, it turns out that both are required. They
are “necessary” and “sufficient” to extract solutions to our universe.
Everything that I see and understand comes in pairs. I have never seen an exception. Perhaps we should accept
this principle and make progress whilst allowing somebody to prove it otherwise3.
What has brought me to this conclusion?
My representation of the Hydrogen atom required the calculation of the Sommerfeld fine-structure constant from
a geometry (Note 666). In this geometry the use of both the Figure A-7 and Figure A-8 are necessary. Both are
required in the atomic representation. The Figure A-7 is the magnitudinal vectors and the Figure A-8 the last of
the directions belonging to them4.
There are a host of other supporting arguments.
....Godel’s theorem supports my point of view. Any system of circles and connected mappings are incomplete.
....this argument supports Bells theorem.
I therefore conclude that the infinite element cannot exist in a geometry of curvatures which represent Magnitudes.
But it can exist if it represents the Directions.
The first orthogonal condition.
An orthogonal condition arises when the rotational measure between two line elements is π/2 at the point of
intersection and nowhere else connected.
In Figure A-8 the smallest circular path and the largest circular path have no intersections that can be orthogonal.
The two meeting points either meet at zero or π-apart depending upon the directions of the elements. However
Figure A-7 does have a possible orthogonal condition at the intersection of the last curvature before infinity and
the circular path with radius 1/2π. i.e. between the last curvature and the first curvature.
But is it orthogonal?
I have used Dirac’s ~ to label the distance h/2p here to emphasise the significance of dealing with concepts at
infinity. But ~ is used in Quantum Mechanics solely for the quantum of energy per cycle, 6.602 x 10-34 in the
Grav-electromagnetic world. There is no reason why the same principle cannot be used in other representation in
Thermodynamics, for example.
The fact is, ~ is not local. It belongs to measurements near infinity. Quantum Mechanics seems to be taking the
relationship between h and ~ as indefinitely linear. It cannot be. As the geometries grow ~ is also subject to the
the effects of the curvature space
The relationship h = 2ph-bar can only be a circle. But the first circle in this theorem is the only one that has this
relationship. The next circle contains a small element of curvature and so the relationship is an approximation.
A.3. The 1/4π connection

The area of Figure A-6 is 1/4π. It is a constant and has no units of measure. It forms a constant relationship with
h and with other well known constants of the grav-electromagnetic World. In the Note 1830 Ostberger makes
it clear that he regards the Bohr radius as a connective constant between our world of distances and the grav-
electromagnetic World where there are no distances. Distances are simply not understood by nature.
In scaling hydrogen this idea is used to clarify the following expression:
1
a0 Rµ = α
4π
126
in which a0 is Bohr’s radius, Rµ is Rydbergs constant and α is Sommerfeld’s constant. Rydberg’s constant belongs
to Hydrogen. Bohr’s constant belongs to us and the product of the two belongs to Sommerfeld whose constant is
the geometric constant derived from Ostberger’s δ value in Chapter 12. The constant 1/4π joins area with linear
measure.
A.4. Another theorem

Do as the rope-maker did in the second rope trick. He had a spare metre of rope left in his workshop. So he twisted
it into a circle which was 1 metre in circumference.
Figure A-9. One extra unit of circumference internally
This had the effect of taking up all the slack and bringing the rope into perfect contact with the Earth all the way
round.
Figure A-10. One extra unit of circumference externally
He wondered what the relationship was between the areas of the rope with a twist and the one without. He had
another surprise for he found that area produced by un-twisting the unit of rope was proportional to the original
radius of curvature and that he thought was impossible since it is known that the area is proportional to the square
of the radius. Something funny was going on. Somehow a two dimensional area had got mixed up with a one
dimensional radius. But when he spoke to his friend, who was an engineer, he was told about something called
Green’s Theorems which do just that. They relate an n dimensional domain to an n − 1 dimensional domain5.
The rope-maker remembered in his first rope trick the constant 1/4π was a multiplicative constant. He was curious
to find that the constant 1/4π had become an additive constant in this rope trick.
127
The rope-maker decided to leave that to the mathematicians. But he was curious enough to want to discover more
about this Green guy and so he continued his rope tricks.
Telle A Ostberger
Notes
1. I have deliberately labelled the distance h/2π as ~. In Quantum Mechanics the Dirac ~ is used solely for
the quantum of energy per cycle 1.055 x 1034 joules per cycle per second. But there is no reason why this
principle should not be generalised so long as its special nature is preserved. It is special for at least the
following reasons:
1. ~ is linear and belongs to measurements near infinity. It is non-local.

2. It is imaginary. I cannot see that it can be divorced from its partner i because it is derived from an
extravariant geometry.
3. The relationship h = 2π~ has a unique geometric shape. The connection is circular. However we must
be vigilant because the linearity of ~ is only guaranteed for the first quantum. It too lives in a curved
space.
2. Notes 4 and 124 and Note 2014 et.seq. These become axioms of the process.
3. One example of this problem is the teaching of multiplication. We tell the children the AxB = B xA and they
are left with the impression that this is the rule. In fact we know that the truth is completely the reverse. AxB
is never B xA except in the one special case; where B and A are pure numbers. I fear for the future if we do
not teach our children the truths we already know.
4. In mathematics we have not passed the stage where we believe that a vector can have its directions separate
from its magnitudes. We teach only vectors whose magnitudes are parallel to their directions e.g. a car veloc-
ity. But in my notes I have shown otherwise. Vectors can be found that have their direction orthogonal and
antiparallel to their associated magnitudes. Indeed the vectors come in sets of four. I refer to those which have
their magnitude and directions separated by 0, π/2, π and 3π/2.
5. The basis of Integration by parts.
128
Appendix B. Geometric representations
TAO
The following partition the processes of creating geometric representations in my experience.
B.1. Presentation stages
1. A yin representation of direction only. A generalised geometry which is much like a guess. An undirected
geometry.
2. A representation of stage 1 with the yang magnitudes on it. The shape or form which is expected. An
undirected geometry.
3. A representation which extends stage 2 to include the yin of the magnitude. That is the directions that are
attached to the line lengths which, at this stage are not defined in magnitude. A directed geometry.
4. A complete representation which includes all the above stages and the yang magnitudes which finalise it. A
set of scale factors relate the whole to our measurement of reality. A fully directed geometry with sufficient
magnitudes to permit a unique representation.
B.2. Generation
1. Absorption.
2. Reciprocity or inversion.
3. Real/Imaginary conversion.
4. Intravariant to extravariant condensation.
B.3. Orthogonality
Representations having their Magnitudes and associated Directions:
1. 0 radians apart.
2. π/2 radians apart.
3. π radians apart.
4. 3π/2 radians apart
129
Appendix B. Geometric representations
B.4. Density
1. No directions in the line. (e.g. plain geometry, position vectors.)

2. One direction in the line. (e.g. ordinary vectors.)
3. two directions in the line. (e.g. the tensors of rank 2 in the Law Fields.)
4. Multiple directions of greater density. (e.g. the Ricci and Weyl Tensors and the geometric Worlds of the first
and second Kind.)
130
Appendix C. The case of two zeros
C.1. Something that actually happened in a company

Both accountants and engineers who work with computer systems are well versed in handling two different zeros
in the system. One is zero minus and the other zero plus. It would not be possible to work without them.
In accounting there are things called “transactions”. They are the operators of the accounting world. They make
the systems work by saying what must happen to the money and the goods. When goods enter a company a “Good
Inward Note” transaction is prepared The accounting transaction double enters thus,
Debit Stock at goods inward inspection account
Credit Supplier suspense account. (Which says that we owe money to the supplier so we will hold an account for
him ready to pay. Its part of the “payables” on the balance sheet)
On the other hand if goods leave the company a “Goods Despatched” transaction is raised which reverses these
entries.
Now a tool which was critical to production was sent to a subcontractor for heat treatment. The tool was mislaid
and a search for it began. The marketing department pointed out that advertising worth hundreds of thousands of
pounds had been bought to a strict time schedule pressure built up and panic set in.
A new tool was commissioned through an outside agent who could produce it in a very short time. But at a very
high cost. Some of the sales were met but many were missed.
Date Stock at Goods Inward Supp. Suspense.
Legal action ensued which culminated in the finding of the tool. But not until the accountants had produced the
following records to the solicitors,
Date Stock at Goods Inward Supp. Suspense.

4th Aug 0 Cr 0 Dr
and the reverse entry in the accounts of the heat treatment contractor showing quite clearly that the tools had been
sent to, and had arrived at, the company. Compensation was settled out of court.
The total value attached to these zeros was very large indeed.
C.2. Accounting errors

When an accountant reconciles his balances and finds an difference of say, 4, he knows that this could represent
an error of millions because the double entry will allow any constant to be added to the difference. So he needs
numerical “tricks” to help him with his accuracy. The absorption matrix (Note 100) is a great help. It explains
how the numbers can be found even when there are errors.
131
Appendix D. Uses of the word “Dimension”
D.1. Note 137 Summary page
1. Dimensions in units of measure.

It is common practice to call the units of Mass, Length and Time associated with a quantity, the “dimensions”
of the quantity. For example we say that the dimensions of force are M LT −2 .
2. Dimension of a drawing.
The ordinary length measurement which scales the various attributes of a drawing. Particularly an engineering
drawing but also in geometry.
3. Dimensions of a Riemannian kind.

The number of orthogonalities required to analytically define a set of elements which associate at any number
of points in space. In an n dimensional space there will be n + 1 points. I refer to these n dimensions as being
“magnitudinally separated” because there must be some size, distance or numerical value separating each
pair of orthogonal points. One might refer to this kind of dimension as “magnitudinal in character” or of a
“magnitudinal kind”.
Each of the 12 elements of a world geometry of the first kind constitute a dimension in this sense because they
are all mutually orthogonal despite being spatially separated. Likewise each of the 40 elements of a geometry
of the second kind also constitute a dimension.
In three dimensional curved space there are three orthogonalities. The size of the space is determined by
the number of orthogonal correspondences there are between the points1 on the three orthogonal lines. If
we move to a space which is orthogonal to this then we may find another set of orthogonal line elements.
Moving through another orthogonal rotation we can come to another set. We now have nine Riemannian
dimensions. And so on. A World of the first kind has ten. But these are generic dimensions when the Law
Fields are applied. Each law field restricts the correspondences of the π element to a law such as reciprocity.
Note that in a Cartesian space the lines are at right angles and so each point on one line is orthogonal to
all other points on its neighbouring line thus making it an highly overdetermined. Only in a curved space
can we sort out this overdetermination of the spaces. Furthermore we may rank the spaces by the Law Field
technique. These principles are no more than that of the Orthogonality theorem (P.A.M.Dirac page 32 XXX)
of Quantum Mechanics. It is this theorem that is required to bring String Theory in to line with the Ostberger
work.
4. Dimension of the Einsteinian kind.

The number of orthogonalities required to define a set of elements at one point in space. This seems to
be limited to four. Ostberger says four is suffice. One might refer to this kind of dimension as being of a
“directional kind” since there is no magnitude needed to identify the set. The elements are “directionally
separated”.
However any number of groups of four can be generated into higher spaces. In the World geometry of the
first kind there is one group of four. In the World geometry of the second kind there are four groups of four.
One may imagine that a geometry of the nth kind has 4n groups of four. Such geometries would be extremely
dense representations since the geometry of the second kind is sufficient not only to describe the whole of
132
Appendix D. Uses of the word “Dimension”
the chemical table in respect of the electron’s activity as we perceive it but also in respect of the proton and
neutron activity as well.
Notes
1. Points do not exist in the curved spaces of the Worlds, only new worlds. But what other language shall I use?
The points of two orthogonal lines from a new world or quasi-world which we recognise as a new particle in
physics. Hence the Eight Fold Way.
133
Appendix E. Connectedness and
disconnectedness
Science has a great fondness for the speed of light. Much more so than the other constants of physics that are
equally as interesting but less often brandished in the public eye. The Sommerfeld fine-structure constant1 for
example is fascinating because it is derived from a geometry, a pure shape in our universe. This shape is a discon-
nected one. It is a quantised geometry and yet there is a connection to the set of Delta values2 that ensue from it.
That connection is the particular rule used to draw the geometry in the first place. The rule is the connection and
not the geometry.
The idea of connectedness is very important because it underlies the whole structure of our universe. But it is
not just connectedness, it is disconnectedness too that drives the structure of form. The two vie with one and the
other. Chaos bursts into the world and becomes a part of some new order. Wars bring about the human need for
peace. The genes swap about to produce rational and irrational humans or males and females. Asymmetry vies
with Symmetry to produce the rules of quantum mechanics. Even the interpretational arguments in science vie
extra variant views with intravariant ones. Finite people vie with the infinite in our society.
Lorentz
Connectedness is all around us and we may be on the side of believing it or on the side of disbelieving it. It does not
matter, for the disbelievers are the disconnected and so are still a part of the connected picture.
In the Grav-electromagnetic World the Lorenzian effects are a part of both the intra and extra Worlds. The Lorentz
transformations apply equally to the “Quantum Mechanical view” as they do to the “classical”. In notes 1110
and 1111 the geometry of the Lorentz transformation shows the connection between the relative velocity of two
observers. The geometry shows the well known changes in the measurements of mass, length and time. As the
speed of light is approached the mass is observed to increase to infinity, the length to contract and the time dilate.
But do they really?
The Ostberger work shows two aspects to the Lorentz transformation. When the World geometry expands there
is a directional effect as well as a magnitudinal one. The Magnitudinal one is the formulae for calculating the
observational effects and the directional is ignored.
It is the directional effect that will come into its own when we travel into deep space. Then we will need to know
which curvature we are on in order to return home. Just as the intrepid explorers of the mid-millennium needed to
know that the world was spherical in order to sail their way around the latitudes.
The idea that directions must be taken into account is not new. Nevertheless many minds will have difficulty
embracing such a concept. Some will not. That is the bigger picture to which human beings must succumb.
Let’s take a journey into space.
Our craft is large, very large, We have a family of people who are well versed in the ways of the extravariant and
others who are intravariant by nature. Our energy source is from matter and we have a constant force motor some
20 kilometres behind us. It produces an acceleration of 10 metres per second every second. Just in excess of 1g.
We have a department for steering and a mass repulsing shield forward of the control deck. We seek gravitational
fields that will directionally accelerate us without our motors. We are observing the Lorentz effects of the matter
around us and plotting its curvatures. We are calculating the geodesics along which we need to travel. There are
departments for all other aspects of sustaining life.
We are all walking about in as if we were in a gravitational field our heads pointing in the direction of the craft’s
motion. The question is, What happens when we reach the speed of light? The speed of light is about 300,000
kilometres per second. Let us stand on the control deck and calculate how long it will take us to reach the speed
of light.
134
Appendix E. Connectedness and disconnectedness
speed = acceleration x time
Our acceleration is 10 meters per second every second which is a very comfortable one g acceleration. We all live
with our heads pointing forward. After one year we will be travelling at 315,619,2003 metres per second, well in
excess of the speed of light. On the 348th day (earth rotations) we have a party because we are at the speed of
light. Its a “disconnection” party.
Figure E-1. Finding the new universe
We are now disconnected from the folks back on Earth just as was Columbus. There is no grav-electromagnetic
energy connection and we really are worlds apart. The Lorentz connection no longer applies because we cannot
observe each other by electromagnetic means. We are macroscopically disconnected. We have become part of the
fabric of the universe. We are like being in a fluid4.
The new explorers will not be back for many years and may even colonise new territory. They must be self
sustaining or perish. Like Columbus they have to be a self sustaining system or find landings which are hospitable.
They also need to know how to get back. For that they need to know how to plot their position in the universe,
not only with four coordinates but also with double entry. The absorption matrices will be required to position
the craft in both the forward and the backward directions of all its curvatures of travel. The accountant and the
physicist must talk at the same table.
Back here on Earth we have now realised that the stars are not where they seem to be. The light from the stars
arrives on curves. The curves come from different Directions. Each curve is part of a 4-dimensional set belonging
to the Laws of the universe. We have to sort them out in just the same way that we sort out the directions of the
atomic structure.
TAO
To construct a map of the universe as if every line of sight of every telescope around the Earth is straight out into space
forever is as arrogant as constructing a map of the Earth as if it were flat. It is a part of our present-day arrogance that
believes that we have some kind of power over nature.
135
Appendix E. Connectedness and disconnectedness
Notes
1. See Chapter 12
2. See Appendix J.
3. One day is 60 x 60 x 24 x 365.3 seconds = 31,561,920 seconds. The speed is 31,561,920 x 10 ms−2
4. Ostberger makes notes on the possible effects of being in a fluid of the universe. The Laws of fluidics apply
and so communication may be possible through those laws. Because we have traversed a geodesic bend and
are now orthogonal to our kith and kin there seems to be some peculiar possibilities that we may have to face.
For the present however they are best left in the closet.
136
Appendix F. Newtonian cases of Magnitudes
with Directions
A brief look at the six cases mentioned in the text. Each of these six cases have components in Euclidean 3-
space. There are two case each of the Direction, the Momentum and the Force. The first case is having the
directions parallel and the second is having them orthogonal. A further two cases of each of these phenomena in
the extravariant World will also exist. These are in the microscopic World of Quantum Mechanics.
F.1. Direction Zg : Directional case, Potentials

orthogonal to Force
The gravitational Force is equal to the Gradient of the gravitational potential.
Fg = gradVg = iδV /δx + jδV /δy + kδV /δz

The potentials V are the orthogonal case of the use of Zg the Direction belonging to the Newton Field. Here
we have the potentials V orthogonal to the gravitational force F . The gradient is the measure of the slope of
the potential in the region considered. The greater the slope the greater the gravitational pull. It is the same on a
contour map in two dimensions; the closer the lines appear on the map the greater is the slope of the hillside.
Figure F-1. A Schwarzchild gravitational field
F.2. Direction Zg : Magnitudinal case, Directions parallel

to Velocity
The common vector notation for the position of masses in space
137
Appendix F. Newtonian cases of Magnitudes with Directions
F.3. Momentum: Directional case - the satellite,

Momentum orthogonal to direction
Figure F-2. The satellite operates in the momentum-static plane
The mass is constrained to move in a curved path. It is the rate of change of the Direction that creates the force. In
this case a centrifugal force. In the case of a bob on a string it is a centripetal acceleration down the string which
constrains the motion.
F.4. Momentum: Magnitudinal case - the rocket,
138
Momentum parallel to direction
Figure F-3. The rocket is an exchange of momentum device
The motion of the craft is exchanged for the energy of the particles. To lift the craft vertically the rate of change
of momentum must be greater than the acceleration due to gravity.
We may express the laws of 3 and 4 here by an alteration of the common expression for the second of Newton’s
laws. We may say that, “The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the force. When the change
in the motion is directional the force acts at right angles and when the change in the motion is magnitudinal the
force acts parallel.”
This leads to the invention of a best trajectory take off for momentum exchange devices to clear the Earth’s
escape velocity. By combining both of these laws together a launching device can be proposed which maximises
the benefits of the momentum laws (note No 930).
F.5. Force: Directional case - the gyro, Force

orthogonal to precession/direction
The attributes of the gyro1 were explained briefly in Section 4.4 (see notes 1010-4). It epitomises all rotating
devices that are in the field of an external torque such as a wheel fixed on one side only, a bicycle wheel that can
turn in a headstock, a train turning a corner2, a car accelerating round a bend and so on. The internal torque is the
one that drives the flywheel. A torque is a curving force and in the case of the gyro sets up a miniature law field
set on a spacial surface (Section 4.4).
139
Several interesting devices can be seen to be possible from this view of the gyro. In particular Note 966 combines
the internal and external torques.
F.6. Force: Magnitudinal case, Force parallel to

direction
The internal torque drives the gyro’s flywheel. Most of the twentieth century transport is driven this way with
some extremely inefficient designs of engines.
We are lead to the conclusion that, “to every momentum there is an equal contra momentum” and we can see this
as the counterpart to the law which says that, “to every force there is an equal and opposite reaction” and there
will be a corresponding statement for the Directions that says “to every Direction there is a contra-Direction.”
Several significant improvements in prime mover design are contained in the Notes series 900 simply from un-
derstanding these laws.
These laws come from the intravariant World representing the macroscopic laws. The corresponding set of six
in the extravariant World case represent the microscopic laws. These are the cases in which the Magnitudes are
antiparallel and anti-orthogonal (270 degrees) to the Directions.
Notes
1. The gyro represents a quite general case. A torque applied to rotate a body with a second moment of inertia
possesses a rotational inertia. Associated with this are all the attributes of the gyro even if the resulting effects
are small or resisted naturally.
2. The original British Rail high speed train, the HS 150, was intended to give the passengers a comfortable ride
by defying the laws of the gyro on the bends. It failed! The braking system, on the same train, consisted of
external shoes mounted around a rotating drum. It also failed because it ignored the laws of frictional forces.
On the outside of a drum the forces are exponential juke like the tope around a capstan. Only at very slow
speeds can such forces be arrested. At higher speeds the mathematics tells us that any approaching object
having a frictional effect will be thrown off abruptly. The brake shoes would judder uncontrollably.
140
Appendix G. Grav-electromagnetic relations
It is not my intention that this should become a mathematics book but I feel that it is necessary to introduce some
of the connections that exist in the spaces. Here are some of the relationships that exist in the three fields of the
Grav-electromagnetic World.
Below in Table G-1 are the effects of the rotations (Curls) that take place in the fields. The additional magnetic
term marked δD/dt comes from the rate of change in the field. It was how Maxwell explained the radio reception
in an Edison earpiece. The top four are Maxwell’s equations in the electric and magnetic field. The lower one is
effectively the equation of a syphon in the gravitational field. The flow in the syphon is zero if the two ends have
the same potential. The path between them has no bearing on the force that creates the flow except that friction
plays a part where a pipe is involved. However where motion in space is concerned a body accelerates from a
place of higher potential to one of lower potential. Friction is almost absent and plays a much lesser role. Whilst
the body remains in a field of constant potential (a satellite for example) there is no force to change its velocity.
Table G-1. The effects of the rotations (Curls) that take place in the fields
Integral notation Vector notation

Z
dϕ δD
Magnetic Hs ds = I + Curl H = J +
C dt dt
Z
dφ δB
Electric Es ds = − Curl E = −
C dt dt
Z
Gravitic Fs ds = 0 or − k Curl F = 0 or k
C
a
Notes:
a. 0 in a Schwarzchild field, −k in a non-uniform field. Note no 1782.
There is a discussion that centres around what kind of rotation these represent. Thus we need to ask what happens
in a curved gravitational field, that is, one in which the force bends round an arc. These say that we cannot have
such a force as it would imply that an acceleration could take place in the path of the arc which would lead to a
singularity of infinite velocity.
What these formula are about is the rotation of the forces as the World enlarges. The Curls are the internal rotations
which produce an effect in the field.
There are three “fluxes” involved V , B and D, the velocity (density)1, the Electric flux density and the Magnetic
flux density. The “click” caused δD/dt by is what would come from a circuit when it is suddenly switched off. It
is the radio signal part of the equation.
Table G-2. The magnetic, electric and gravitic inverse square laws
Magnetic Electric Gravitic
1 p1 p2 1 q1 q2 1 m1 m2
Fm = Fe = Fg =
4πη r2 4πε0 r2 4πζ r2
The inverse square laws are shown in Table G-2. They too tell us that there is a relationship between these fields.
In this case they relate to those vectors which have their directions orthogonal to their magnitudes. (See Appendix
F and notes).
141
Appendix G. Grav-electromagnetic relations
Another set of equations that relate these three fields is shown in Table G-3. The gradient is like going up a
hillside. The steepest part of the hillside regardless of which direction it happens to be is the gradient.
Table G-3. Potential gradents of the three fields
H = −gradVm E = −gradVe Fg = gradVg

a
Notes:
a. The steepest slope on a hill-side shown as contours on a map (gradV = iδV /δx + jδV /δy + kδV /δz).
We see here that the potentials, which are a part of the Direction belonging to the Newton Law field are related
to the forces that exist with with them in a simple way. The steeper the gradient of the potential (Direction) the
greater the force. These three fields are hill sides in the space, albeit a three dimensional hill. What the Law field
expresses is that the surface of the hill can be represented by the the isoclinic contour lines and their orthogonal
risers which describe the rate of incline. What we have done is to describe the shape of the hill. We might easily
be lead to believe that we have more.
The negative signs may be taken to be valleys. Ostberger sees this as a difference in the standpoint of our mea-
surement. The Magnetic and Electric fields are viewed from the outside looking in whereas the gravitational field
is viewed from the inside looking out. To relate all three, two must be of opposite sign. Another way of expressing
this is to realise that the negative sign means that the first two are asymmetric and will combine with separate
fields in a symmetric way whereas the gravitic field is symmetric and combines asymmetrical.
Notes
1. We live at a particular velocity. Our actual motion consist of the components of rotation of the Earth, around
the Sun, around the galaxy, etc. So, all velocities are relative and we may see this as the relative density of
the velocity at which we live. As we increase in velocity this density changes and we become aware of new
observations. Velocity is the flux of the gravitational field.
142
Appendix H. Spherical surface or sphere
Figure H-1. Elements of a sphere’s surface
Figure H-2. Elements of a spherical surface
The difference between a sphere and a spherical surface is shown in Figure H-1 and Figure H-2. The line elements
that can be described over the surface of a sphere make an angle at the surface which is the same as the angle
expressing latitude. This is not so in the case of a spherical surface where the angle at the surface can be any which
is self consistent with a representation. In the case of the Law World the angle at the surface is always orthogonal
to the line element.
143
Appendix I. Linear algebra relations
The subject of Linear algebra is too deep to be discussed in any way other than a mathematical text book. However
I consider it possible that we can glean the essence of the subject from a glance at some of the important theorems
of the subject.
Table I-1. Algebraic Structure
The Ring The Absorptive element of the Law field forms a ring under the definition of an
algebraic ring R. If a world surface is formed in which the ring is the great circle
then the small circles are the sub-rings.
The Field A ring with a unit element is called a field if every non-zero element of R has a
multiplicative inverse. The reciprocity element of the Law field forms a field. A
field is necessarily an integral domain.
The Group The First Law Field forms a group.
Modulo or Clock Numbers Part of the thirdness in the Law Field.
The table below shows the relationship the first Law Fields and the various classes of complex numbers and
operators.
Table I-2. Comparing Law Fields with Linear Algebra
Class of Behaviour Class of operators in a Behaviour

Law Field Law
complex under finite dimensional under the
element
numbers conjugation inner product space adjoint map
Reciprocal upper Unit circle z = 1/z Unitary operators, complex T* = T−1 Inver-
element field ( mod iz = 1) sion
of the: lower
(mod z = 1) Orthogonal operators, real
field
The upper Real axis z=z Symmetric operators, T* = T Conver-

field
Real/Imaginary complex sion
element lower
of the: field Symmetric operators, real
The Ab- upper Imaginary axis z = −z Skew symmetric operators, T* = −T Absorp-

sorption field complex tion
element lower Skew symmetric operators,
of the: field real
144
Appendix J. Table of delta values
The table shows the first four q values of these constants. The particular value that belongs to the Sommerfeld fine-
structure constant is the value when p = 1 and q = 1. A comprehensive list is contained in the Note 1850. There
are proposals for calculating the scalars for atoms heavier than hydrogen. The value used for the fine-structure
constant is that produced by the − δ11 term (0.085786438).
Table J-1. Definition of the delta functions
+ q
p − q
p
δp = p + q/2 + p(p + q) δp = p + q/2 − p(p + q)
Table J-2. The delta values for q = 1
− q
1/− δpq
p + q
p q p + q/2 p(p + q) δp δp 1/+ δpq
0 1 0.5 0.000000000 0.500000000 0.500000000 2.000000000 2.000000000
0.5 1 1 0.866025404 1.866025404 0.133974596 0.535898385 7.464101615
1 1 1.5 1.414213562 2.914213562 0.085786438 0.343145751 11.65685425
2 1 2.5 2.449489743 4.949489743 0.050510257 0.202041029 19.79795897
3 1 3.5 3.464101615 6.964101615 0.035898385 0.143593539 27.85640646
4 1 4.5 4.472135955 8.972135955 0.027864045 0.111456180 35.88854382
5 1 5.5 5.477225575 10.97722558 0.022774425 0.091097700 43.90890230
6 1 6.5 6.480740698 12.98074070 0.019259302 0.077037206 51.92296279
7 1 7.5 7.483314774 14.98331477 0.016685226 0.066740906 59.93325909
8 1 8.5 8.485281374 16.98528137 0.014718626 0.058874503 67.94112550
9 1 9.5 9.486832981 18.98683298 0.013167019 0.052668078 75.94733192
10 1 10.5 10.48808848 20.98808848 0.011911518 0.047646073 83.95235393
11 1 11.5 11.48912529 22.98912529 0.010874707 0.043498828 91.95650117
12 1 12.5 12.48999600 24.98999600 0.010004003 0.040016013 99.95998399
13 1 13.5 13.49073756 26.99073756 0.009262437 0.037049747 107.96295025
14 1 14.5 14.49137675 28.99137675 0.008623254 0.034493015 115.96550698
15 1 15.5 15.49193338 30.99193338 0.008066615 0.032266461 123.96773354
− q
1/− δpq
p + q
0 2 1 0.000000000 1.000000000 1.000000000 1.000000000 1.000000000
0.5 2 1.5 1.118033989 2.618033989 0.381966011 0.381966011 2.618033989
1 2 2 1.732050808 3.732050808 0.267949192 0.267949192 3.732050808
2 2 3 2.828427125 5.828427125 0.171572875 0.171572875 5.828427125
3 2 4 3.872983346 7.872983346 0.127016654 0.127016654 7.872983346
4 2 5 4.898979486 9.898979486 0.101020514 0.101020514 9.898979486
5 2 6 5.916079783 11.91607978 0.083920217 0.083920217 11.91607978
145
Appendix J. Table of delta values
− q
1/− δpq
p + q
0 3 1.5 0.000000000 1.500000000 1.500000000 0.666666667 0.666666667
0.5 3 2 1.322875656 3.322875656 0.677124344 0.300944153 1.476833625
1 3 2.5 2.000000000 4.500000000 0.500000000 0.222222222 2.000000000
2 3 3.5 3.162277660 6.662277660 0.337722340 0.150098818 2.961012293
3 3 4.5 4.242640687 8.742640687 0.257359313 0.114381917 3.885618083
4 3 5.5 5.291502622 10.79150262 0.208497378 0.092665501 4.796223388
5 3 6.5 6.324555320 12.82455532 0.175444680 0.077975413 5.699802365
− q
1/− δpq
p + q
0 4 2 0.000000000 2.000000000 2.000000000 0.500000000 0.500000000
0.5 4 2.5 1.500000000 4.000000000 1.000000000 0.250000000 1.000000000
1 4 3 2.236067977 5.236067977 0.763932023 0.190983006 1.309016994
2 4 4 3.464101615 7.464101615 0.535898385 0.133974596 1.866025404
3 4 5 4.582575695 9.582575695 0.417424305 0.104356076 2.395643924
4 4 6 5.656854249 11.65685425 0.343145751 0.085786438 2.914213562
5 4 7 6.708203932 13.70820393 0.291796068 0.072949017 3.427050983
146
Appendix K. The magnitudinal conics
There are at least two historical references to the magnitudinal representation of conic sections. There is Basic
Physics of Atoms and Molecules by U. Fano and L. Fano1 and D Goodstein and J Goodstein in Feynman’s Lost
Lecture2. Both provide examples of the use of such a technique. The former use the method to derive Rutherford
Scattering and the latter the orbital motion of the planets.
This is the technique:
We may choose any method of representing mathematical processes. We happen to follow the one chosen by Rene
Descartes. I have chosen a different method because it seems to produce more useful results and is easier for the
mind to assimilate.
In the Cartesian method we describe shapes by algebraic equations and draw them on pre-set axes. The equations
are the magnitudes and the drawings are the directions. We have historically attached a greater significance to
the magnitudes than to the directions. However, there is no foundation for believing that one should fare more
significant that the other. There are many ways of representing our reasoning processes. The trick is to find the
one that is most revealing and gives consistent and contiguous results. Results that can be connected indefinitely
and that can be used to pass from the magnitudinal form to the directional form or vice versa, at will.
In the method that I have elucidated in my Notes and has been introduced in this book very briefly I have shown
how to separate the Magnitudinal form of our ideas from their Directional form. Here is an example of this process
which is applicable to the conic sections. The table in Figure K-1 shows the two forms. There is more than one
method of passing from one to the other.
It is interesting to note that the displacement of the focus in the magnitudinal form linearly from inside the circle
to outside is copied in the directional form by a rotation of the plane of the shape through the cones.
147
Appendix K. The magnitudinal conics
Figure K-1. Sketches of the conic sections expressed in Magnitudinal and Directional form
Notes
1. [Fano59]
2. [Goodstein99]
148
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Ostberger notes
[Note90] “Algebraic Normal form x cos α + y sin α = p”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note96] “Algebraic quadratics”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note98] “Algebraic cubics”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note100] “Absorption mathematics”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note103] “The pen stand”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note112] “Graphing a rotating pair of sin and cosine”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note117] “Sine and cosine addition and subtraction”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note124] “Air and water bottle measuring absorption”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note140] “The rope maker part 1”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note220] “The Interpretive group and Klein’s geometry”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note250] “General properties of the World of the first kind”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note257] “The Field of label numbers (cardinal)”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note258] “The probability Law Field”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note409] “The Hesse normal form (3d)”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note5xx] “Series 5xx : Notes on trignometric functions”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note504] “Integer amplitudes of circular functions”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note512] “The multiple angle 2θ”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note586] “Simple surds”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note6xx] “Series 6xx : XXX”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note608] “The Red geometry”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note609] “The Blue geometry”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note610] “Squaring the circle and quantising space (blue geometry)”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust
Company.
[Note612] “Squaring the circle and quantising space (blue geometry)”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust
Company.
[Note665] “Sommerfeld’s fine-structure constant from the blue and red geometries”, Telle A Ostberger, The
Educational Trust Company.
[Note666] “Sommerfeld’s fine-structure constant from the first delta value”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational
Trust Company.
[Note667] “XXX”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note820] “Helium spin eigen-functions”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note9xx] “Series 9xx : Inventions and engineering devices”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1001] “System dynamics Law Field”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1021] “Gaussian curvatures”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1030] “XXXX”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1110] “The Lorentz transformation geometrically”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1111] “Interpretion of note 1110”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1120] “4D geometry by flag method”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1121] “4D geometry by colour method”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1122] “4D geometry by Rubic’s cube method”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1127] “Rotation in the 4th Dimension”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1166] “The Kronecker delta in geometry”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1170] “Intravariant to extravariant change”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1171] “Worlds of the second kind”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1172] “Intra on extra and extra on intra Worlds”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1173] “Looking down microcosm, looking up macrocosm”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Com-
pany.
[Note1206] “Half angle tangent (geometry) relations”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1207] “Half angle tangent. A further study”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1210] “Extending the half angle geometry to all values”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1230] “Geometry of imaginary character”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1250] “Introduction to tensor calculus”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1254] “The Einstein tensor”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1466] “Draft Code of conduct for Universities and places of learning which are servants of the tax-paying
public”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1702] “Biosavart and Lenz’s laws”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1713] “Law Worlds, intravariant”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1714] “Law Worlds, extravariant”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1715] “Combined intra and extra Worlds”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1716] “Some collected predictions”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1748] “Gravelectomagetic World of the second kinds (extravariant)”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational
Trust Company.
[Note1750] “Fluidics”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note18xx] “Series 18xx : Notes on the Hydrogen atom”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1823] “Rotation from spin up to spin down = 2π”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1850] “XXX”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note20xx] “Series 20xx : Notes on social order”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note23xx] “Series 23xx : Notes on finance”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note2333] “The stable universe of commercial operations”, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
Glossary
A
Absorption
The process in which a quantity or a vector direction disappear by virtue of have equal and opposite properties
of exactly the same character by definition. Positive and negative rational numbers of the same magnitude
absorb. Irrational numbers, ones that have not cut-off or ending cannot be said to absorb.
151
Glossary
Absorption matrix
A two dimensional array of numbers or quantities in which the row and column vectors absorb. The deter-
minant of such matrices is always zero.
Accounting
Painting a picture of trading goods, money or services with numbers.
ADP
Adeninine diphosphate. The half way stage between Adeninine phosphate and Adeninine Triphosphate in
the Krebb cycle of the digestive system, the process by which we extract energy from food. During the stages
the Hydrogen atom is split into its proton and electron for recombination.
Agenerate
The concept of building up a process or system towards its state of Condensation, condensing it and repeating
the process again at its next level ad infinitum. This is a negative entropic process. The complementary
process is degeneracy, which is entropic in nature.
Algebraic forms
The use of alpha-numeric characters to describe the shape of a mathematical concept in a Cartesian space.
Anti-parallel
Being directionally π radians apart indefinitely. This applies to lines, surfaces and volumes.
Asymmetric
A form that cannot be divided by a mirror.
Atomic element
One of those in the periodic table.
Atomic representation
The geometry consisting of an intravariant World superposed by an extravariant World in six positions la-
belled E, P, N and back-E, back-P and back-N.
152
Glossary
ATP
Adeninine Tri-phosphate. See ADP.
B
Back-E
The location of the spin down electron in the atomic representation.
Back-Location
A convenient way of writing a reversed character which appears on the geometry. It avoids using a reversed
character font.
Back-N
The location of the spin down neutron in the atomic representation.
Back-P
The location of the reverse spin proton in the atomic representation.
Blue geometry
A colloquial label given to one of the 600 series geometries that is a suitable candidate for representing the
directions in the hydrogen atom.
Bohr, Neils
Creator of the electron orbit model of the atom.
Bosons
Particles that occur in physics which have whole number spin.
C
Circel
A term used by Ostberger to describe a complete set of circles in a geometry. There must be a known
connective linkage between the circles.
153
Glossary
Colour nomenclature
The nomenclature adopted by Ostberger that uses blue for the vectors of formative or firstness character, red
for the vectors of operator or secondness character and green for the interpretive or thirdness character.
Condensation
Contracting a complete set of a system, in general in groups of four, into a single component of the Definition
(or firstness field). This begins a next-level-up system.
Connectedness
A mathematical term defined in the subject of complex variables. It does not imply continuity necessarily
for a set of layers or Riemann surfaces can be stepwise connected.
Continuity
Without break. Mathematicians have their definition.
Contra direction
The direction of a line element which is in the same place as, but opposite to its co-direction.
Contra force
The force, represented by a line element, which meets in opposition to its reaction to produce no effect upon
its surrounding.
Contra momentum
Any momentum which gyrates about some centre which its co momentum into equilibrium. Our body mo-
tions by the contra momentum action of two flexible parts.
Contravariant
A complete set of tensors (vectors of ran 2 or more) which vie with their covariant neighbours.
Conversion
The process of transforming from the real to the imaginary.
154
Glossary
Covariant
A complete set of tensors (vectors of ran 2 or more) which vie with their covariant neighbours.
Credit
The contra posting or entry in a book of accounts. It is negative by convention and often shown red. Liabilities
are primarily credit numbers as are Sales.
Curl
Another term for Rotation in vector analysis. It used to be called Rot. The term includes any kind of rotation
and is mathematically well defined.
Curvature
Measure by the reciprocal of the radius at the point of curvature. Ostberger regards nature as a process of
winding up the curvatures.
Curved vectors
Why not? Satellites have elliptical ones.
D
Debit
The posting or entry in a book of accounts. It is positive by convention and often shown black or blue. Assets
are primarily debit numbers, as are inventories.
Delta geometry
The special geometry which Ostberger used to represent the energy changes in atomic phenomena.
Delta values
The greek letter δ was used by Ostberger to define his table of constants which lead to the discovery of the
Sommerfeld fine-structure constant, a natural number.
Descartes, Rene
Rene was the man who set us on the path of analysing the wrong kind of spaces.
155
Glossary
Dirac, Paul A M
The Lucasian Professor of Mathematics who, like Steven Hawkin, could see through the curtain of the
undiscovered. He gave us a new vector mathematics with Bra and kets which led him to the vector solution
to the Hydrogen atom.
Direction
Any phenomena can have a directional aspect. The term is used by Ostberger with an upper case D to relate
to a phenomena of nature having a directional character.
Directional character
In the nature of yin.
Div
A vector term which is well defined in mathematics to identify the components of an the expansion or
enlargement of a spacial surface.
Double entry
I trade with you. You give me one guinea. You are one guinea less AND I am one guinea more. (Unless we
cheat!) There is only one coin.
E
Einstein, Albert
Evidently did not understand double entry but did a sterling job. Thanks.
Einsteinian dimension
Any of the Four Directions that coincide at one point orthogonally. See Appendix D.
Electrics
The observable effects of all phenomena of Physics which have electrical characteristics. These include
electric force, electric intensity, charge, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, ion exchange, dielectric
properties, potentials, discharges, voltages, XXX.
156
Glossary
Electron
The half unit spin particle which is the sole cause of all chemical study. Its Fermi particle.
Element line
A general term for looking at the lines in a space.
Entropy
The state of dis-organisation of a thermodynamic system.
Euclid
Did a great job starting us all on the road to the Ostberger studies. We can’t do without him.
Extravariant
A new term used by Ostberger to describe a space in which the imaginary regions are wholly contained by a
four dimensional set of elements.
F
Fermions
Spin half particles and multiples thereof.
Fine Structure Constant
Labelled α it is, according to Ostberger, the natural scalar with which we can measure the Hydrogen atom.
Firstness
A term used by the mathematician and philosopher Charles Saunders Pierce to describe his philosophical
thinking. Ostberger used it in his honour.
Fleming’s R and L H rule
The rules used to determine the motion, current and magnetic flux in an electric motor or generator. It works
in transformers as well. More importantly it works anywhere in the universe.
157
Glossary
Fluidic
Of the nature of materials whether solid, liquid or gaseous.
Force
The phenomena that has the potential to cause a flux to act. There is an electric one, magnetic one and a
gravitic one.
Four dimensions
Of two kinds. One magnitudinal in character and the other directional in character. In the former there are
n-dimensions in a group but in the latter there are only four in each group. See Appendix D.
Frequency
Cycles per second or Hertz. Ostberger measures them as circular functions in a circle.
Fully occupied states
Nature, says Ostberger, has the special property that she is fully occupied. This implies that we cannot add
into her structure anything that is not a part of her structure. Distance is a man made concept; nature does
not recognise it. The implications of this is far reaching. The suggestion is that even in the human body
this principle continues. When a space occurs it is only recognised as something else that we call a disease.
The question that arises is “is a virus simply a manifestation of a space in the biology of the body?” The
example that Ostberger gives is that of a plan view of traffic in New York. Some Aliens are studying the
motions of the little metal boxes whilst others are studying the gray ones in between. The gray ones have the
remarkable property that they replicate easily and quickly but tend to disappear at the junctions. The theory
is that the junctions are holes to another underground system of traffic. Many experts have put their names
to this theory. But one has not. He says they are just spaces between the metal boxes and they are called
vehicles!
G
Grad
The vector definition for the slope in a region of 3-dimensional space.
Grav-electromagnetic
The combined World of Magnetics, Electrics and Gravitics and their combinations. This includes magneto-
electric effects (real), electro-magnetic effects (imaginary), electro-gravitics and gravito-electrics (see XXX
Eisen), Gravito-magnetics and magneto-gravitics (see note XXX).
158
Glossary
Gravitic
The term used by Ostberger to refer to the physics of gravitational phenomena. These include velocity (the
property of transferring mass from one coordinate set to another), gravitic direction (gravitational potential),
Newton force, torque, precession, spin, rotation, XXX.
Great circle
The circle on the surface of a sphere whose plane passes through the centre of the sphere. The Ostberger
geometry of curvatures has no centre and therefore no great circles. Instead they are called geodesics.
Groups
The Law field meets the mathematical definition of a Group.
Gyro
See Chapter 4. Any mass that has a second moment of inertia and rotates follows the laws of the gyro.
H
h-bar
A special character first used by Dirac to linearise Planck’s constant. See Chapter 11.
Half angle formulae
A particular set of formula in mathematics. The geometries show the properties of the tangent of the half
angle.
Hawkin, Steven
The Author of “A brief History of Time” who is the Lucasian professor of Mathematics. His foresight pre-
dicted Ostberger’s work.
Heisenberg
The creator of matrix mechanics which will be even more useful in the future.
Helium
The second element of the Periodic Table. It has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons. It is almost
symmetric. Its nucleus is the alpha particle.
159
Glossary
Hilbert space
The space of a symmetric World geometry without the phenomena.
Hydrogen
The first element of the Periodic Table. It has one electron, one proton and no neutron. It is happy in pairs as
a diatomic molecule.
I
Imaginary
A general term. Different terms are used in other subjects to the same concept. Notional in accounts. Spiritual
in human activity. Complex in mathematics for both real and imaginary. The square root of -1 is the basis of
all mathematics that uses imaginary numbers. Imaginary things are quite tractable. If this were not so nature
would not survive.
Imaginary geometry
Not yet studied by mathematicians in the form of directions in space. Ostberger examines some imaginary
geometries and how they work.
Imaginary time
As Steven Hawkin says, if imaginary time is used in place of real time we can join classical physics with
quantum physics because the fourth dimension becomes a Direction. Ostberger suggests that some people
are genetically predisposed to thinking in terms of imaginary time and others in terms of real time. This
accords with Professors Carse’s book [Carse87].
Integers
Whole numbers. They have no decimal parts or fractions.
Intravariant
The contra World to extravariant. In systems, physics and mathematics this is the unstable set of laws. They
are continuous in character and pass over the World surface as spirals.
Inversion
Of a reciprocal nature. The property of turning upside down.
160
Glossary
Irrational number
Number that don’t have endings. Better defined mathematically.
K
Kind
Expresses an entire generic development of a geometry. Also used in tensor calculus to describe the higher
sets of vectors in place of the word rank.
L
Law field
See Also: Law fields.
Law fields
See Chapter 8. A generic set of three infinite elements (straight lines) which meet the origin at the values
1, 0 and singularity (or infinity) orthogonally. The elements have the property of absorption, inversion and
conversion.
Linear
Contained by a regular matrix of scales.
Lorentz
The physicist who identified mathematically the transformations that take place in objects that motion to-
wards the speed of light. The Fitzgerald contraction in the direction of motion, and the time dilation. Os-
tberger says that the direction of the motion has been ignored and that the traveller takes a curved path
and does not dilate or contract. However the observational information is correct and is a measure of the
traveller’s velocity. However, he will return. See Appendix E.
M
Macroscopic disconnection
After 348 days of travel under 1g acceleration we reach the speed of light. We become electromagnetically
disconnected from Earth. We can no longer see our home. Like Columbus going over the horizon.
161
Glossary
Magnetics
The observable effects of all phenomena of Physics which have magnetic characteristics. These include
magnetic force, intensity, direction, potential, field, strength, pole, flux, hysteresis, XXX.
Magnitude
The result of reasoning with numbers. Ostberger uses the term more generally than in mathematics, and
reserves the term modulus for an unsigned number. Used with an upper case M it relates to a phenomena of
nature having a magnitudinal character.
Magnitudinal character
Yang-like. The character of a geometry which makes it tend to be controlled by numbers rather than direction.
Matrices
Arrays of numbers, algebraic formula, vectors, differential quantities etc.
Minkowski
The mathematician who conceived of a World but not in geometric form.
N
Necessary conditions
The conditions that are essential for a solution or formula to exist. It also applies to geometries.
Ness
See Pierce, Charles Saunders.
Neutron
The Fermi particle in the atomic structure which conveys mass and magnetic spin properties to the atom.
New rules
A vector was considered to have a magnitude and two possible, opposite directions. Ostberger says that we
must double the number of possibilities to included negative magnitudes.
162
Glossary
Newton Law Field
The Law Field that describes Newton’s laws of motion.
next-level-up
In planning an engineering product a structure is created which breaks down into generations or families each
level of de-construction of the product. The reverse process of constructing the product requires reference to
the next-level-up generation.
Notebook
Telle Ostberger kept a notebook. It is voluminous. See the Summary Notebook index.
Notional
Used in accounting for money that is forecast. Also Risk money and potential emoluments.
O
Occupied
See Fully occupied states.
Operator
A mathematical symbol that says a whole process of operations must be applied to the formula or characters
which follow.
Orthogonal
The property of being one quarter of a rotation apart. Mathematically it can be measured in the plane by the
sine of the angle being zero. If the plane is not flat another process is required.
Ostberger
Telle.
Ownership
The living process in which humans retain their omnipotence over assets assigned to them eternally. A change
only takes place when and if ever the owner relinquishes his omnipotence of their own volition and in their
own time. All monetary gains from the use of transaction of the assets are added assets of the owner.
163
Glossary
P
Parallel
Being directionally zero radians apart indefinitely. This applies to lines, surfaces and volumes.
Parallel principle
All vectors having the same direction and magnitude which are parallel are the same vectors.
Parametric equations
A particular method of expressing algebraic forms. See Figure 6-14.
Pen stand note
Note 103. See Chapter 2.
Penrose, Roger
Wrote “The Emperor’s New Clothes” which contains useful directional hints.
Planck, Max
The mathematician who formulated the ideas of his time into a quantum of energy. Ostberger identifies
Planck’s constant as the circumference of the smallest circle whose area is the energy per unit frequency.
Polar
In Cartesian thinking, a set of ordinates which uses a radial vector and an angle to define the space from a
central point. The Pen Stand Note shows it to be under subscribed in coordinates.
Precession
The peculiar and interesting property found in a gyro which makes it rotate under natural laws. Ostberger
identifies this with the Directional property of Newton’s Laws.
Proton
The Fermi particle that conveys positive electric charge and mass to the atomic elements.
164
Glossary
Q
QM
Quantum Mechanics.
R
Rational number
Numbers that end.
Real
Tangible things and ideas that can be directly seen or measured.
Reason
Jesus said, “It will be said that they killed me without Reason”. Reason is the tool of our survival. If we do
not reason with one another we we become extinct.
Reciprocity
The property of turning upside down, exchanging by inversion. For every up concept in a set there is another
set with a corresponding down concept.
Red geometry
The colloquial name given to a particular 600 series geometry which is useful for the representation of
magnitudes in the atomic structure.
Red Shift
The relativistic effect on the frequency of light arriving from distant objects which is thought to be a measure
the velocity of the object away from the Earth. It is interpreted by using the idea of the Doppler effect.
Ostberger says that this is not a measure of the velocity of the objects but rather a measure of the amount of
rotation of the light from its object along the geodesic.
Representation
A model in any stage of development.
165
Glossary
Riemann, George Bernhardt
The Father of the mathematics of Relativity, tensor calculus and 4-dimensional geometry in the algebraic
form.
Riemannian Dimension
See Appendix D. The many magnitudinal dimensions in a space. Riemannian dimensions are separated by
orthogonality.
Rope-maker
A character used by Ostberger to set the scene of theorems which were directional in character.
Rope tricks
Ostberger’s way of depicting line theorems.
Rotation
The motion in space about a place outside the line element is an external rotation. If the place is in or on the
line it counts as an internal rotation.
S
Scalar
A number scale seemingly having no directional characteristic.
Schroedinger, Edwin
Creator of the differential calculus approach to the atomic structure particularly the hydrogen atom.
Secondness
A term used by Charles Saunders Pierce together with firstness and thirdness. Adopted by Ostberger to
indicate the generic levels of the World constructions. Secondness is Operation.
Sommerfeld
Discovered the natural number that scales the Hydrogen atom known as Sommerfeld’s fine-structure con-
stant. Ostberger identifies this as coming from a geometry which he describes and calculates.
166
Glossary
Spin
The attribute of particles represented by a vector that identifies its particular gravitic characteristic that ap-
pears to be a rotation. Similar axial vectors are used by Ostberger to identify charge and magneton spin.
Spiritual
The directional side of human beings!
Stages of development
See Appendix B.
Standard forms
Geometric representations can be categorised. They may be representing a unique set of conditions or a
special space. They may be something less of a more general character. But first they have to be discovered.
They can be placed in a library with a date and Author and updated by the next Author as they are improved
or perfected. This process is the library of Standard forms.
Sufficient conditions
No other conditions are required. A term used mathematically.
Surds
Unending numbers.
Symmetric
Capable of description using a mirror.
T
Tensor
A vector of rank higher than one. Because there are an infinite number of vectors in a line element there
are various geometric representations. They divide into series and parallel groups. They possess magnitude
and direction. The electromagnetic tensor, for example, describes the complete range of frequencies of all
electromagnetic phenomena that we observe.
167
Glossary
Theorems directional
Mathematical deductions that can be made without representing numerical values, but instead, relying only
on the geometric form.
Theorems magnitudinal
The usual mathematical theorem.
Thermodynamic
Belonging to that World.
Thirdness
A term used by Charles Saunders Pierce together with firstness and secondness. Adopted by Ostberger to
indicate the generic levels of the World constructions. Thirdness is Interpretation.
Torque
A rotational force. Force applied about a lever. One of the two characteristics of the output of a heat engine
used for mechanical drives. The other is speed or frequency.
Trigonometric
About the measure and mathematics of triangular forms, usually in a plane.
U
Usership
The living process in which humans retain their omnipotence over assets assigned to them for a period of
time determined by their use of them. A change takes place according to usage (see Ostberger notes 2000).
All monetary gains are part of a usage measurment of the user.
V
Vector
The representation of the magnitude and direction of a phenomena using a line element. The most common
style is to let the length represent the magnitude. Other methods are used by Ostberger.
168
Glossary
Velocity
A vector quantity giving the speed and direction of a mass. Ostberger’s definition is “that phenomena which
transforms gravitic energy from this set of coordinates to another”.
W
White hole in hydrogen
Hydrogen is the only atom in the periodic table without a neutron. It is the first element in the table. Perhaps
the hole is a white one? In which case the Sun is a white hole energy source.
World of the first kind
See text. The 4 dimensional World which is either intravariant or extravariant.
Worlds of the second kind
A geometric model which contains one intravariant World superposed with six extravariant Worlds in six
locations, each a different orientation.
Wunman
A one dimensional fictitious character that lives in a two dimensional world.
Y
Yang
From Chinese Taoism. The male, magnitudinal, often positive, left thinking characteristic half of an idea or
representation. That part of the Tao that combines with the Yin to create the structure of nothingness from
which all things are derived.
Yin
From Chinese Taoism. The female, directional. often negative, right thinking characteristic half of an idea or
representation. That part of the Tao that combines with the Yang to create the structure of nothingness from
which all things are derived.
169
Colophon
Prior to this book the contents were previously copyrighted in 1971 and again in 1991 with the object of proving
its existence in the face of a total lack of communication from any quarter. Ostberger sent out hundreds of com-
munications to universities and potentially interested parties. He never received a single reply in thirty years. He
visited universities and received a welcome that he describes as “worse than a hunter greeting an animal”. He
says, “I greet my business competitor, he who wishes that I was not there, with a magnanimity which is a thousand
times greater than these supposed intelligentsia, with whom I have no competition and to whom, I had come to
give a gift. I am astonished at their inhumanity”.
He requests the following: “I request that Universities draw up a code of conduct which ensures that all persons
who are members of the tax-paying public approaching them in humility are treated with humanity and respect
and I have laid the foundation of such a code in my [Note1466]. ”
170

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FINITE AND INFINITE WAYS

The Ostberger Story

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Copyright © 1971, 1991, 2002 by The

If, however, no such reference is made or their is no willingness to do so royalties will be

1.1. Introducing the reasons for this book

• The advance of the perihelion of Mercury

1.3. Imaginary Time

Steven Hawkins, A Brief History of Time.

6. The reader is left to think about this.

2.2. Three Dimensions

Figure 2-1. Cartesian frame of reference

Figure 2-2. The origin is numerically zero in every direction

Figure 2-3. Polar Cartesian

Figure 2-4. The pen stand1

Figure 2-5. An example curved geometry

Figure 2-6. An important basic geometry

Figure 2-7. Multiples of trigonometric functions

Figure 2-8. The first sets of integer surds6

2.3. Standard Forms

Figure 2-10. Two straight lines meet at right angles

Figure 2-11. Two curves meet orthogonally

Figure 2-12. We can apply directions along line elements

Figure 2-14. Different types of orthogonal elements

2.4. More Than Two Dimensions

plane and four in the y plane.

Figure 2-16. The old vector rules

Figure 2-17. The new vector rules

Figure 2-19. A larger curved geometry

6. For the mathematics of this please read [note586].

Figure 3-1. The Wun-man’s universe

3.2. And now for a theorem

3.3. The first rope trick

Figure 3-2. A rope around the Earth

Figure 3-3. A rope around Jupiter

Figure 3-4. one unit of overlap

4.1. The rules of Fleming

Figure 4-1. Left hand rule for the motor

Figure 4-2. Right hand rule for the generator

Figure 4-3. The unidirectional representation

Figure 4-4. The bidirectional representation

4.2. Deflection of an electron beam

4.3. Vectors of light

Figure 4-5. The orthogonal vectors of light

4.4. The vectors of the gyro

Figure 4-6. Using a bicycle wheel as a gyro

Figure 4-8. Gravity pulling down creates a torque

Figure 4-10. The orthogonal surface vectors of the gyro

1. The axis of the Precession with its associated surface Direction.

Figure 4-11. The gyro surface produces a Law Field

4.5. Other examples

5.1. Studying direction

Figure 5-1. A line minimum element

Figure 5-2. A page from Ostberger’s notes on tensor calculus

Figure 5-3. Permutation of a world geometry in tensor calculus

Figure 5-4. Orthogonal curvatures in a World geometry

5.2. Growing geometry

Figure 5-5. The interior Euclidean chord theorem

Figure 5-6. The magnitude powers of p

Figure 5-7. The field of an electric dipole

Figure 5-8. The field of a pair of parallel wires

6.1. Standard forms

6.2. The trigonometric forms

6.3. The trigonometric standard forms