Territorial Army Comprehnsion

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3. Comprehension
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COMPREHENSIONS
Passage
Anxiety and conscience are a pair of powerful dynamos. Of course, I can only speak for myself. Between them,
they have ensured that one shall work at anything worthwhile. They are blind forces which drive but do not direct.
Fortunately, I have also been moved by a third motivethe wish to see and understand.
Curiosity is another motive for action. It is also one of the distinctive characteristics of human nature and
contrasted with the natures of nonhuman animals. All human beings have curiosity in some degree and we also have it
about things which are of no practical use. Curiosity may be focused on anything in the universe, but the spiritual
reality of the phenomena should be the ultimate objective of all curiosity for it to be fruitful. Thanks to my mother, my
approach to this ultimate objective is through the story of human affairs.
1. What is the main objective of this passage ?

(a) Distinguish between human beings and animals
(b) Project curiosity as a potent motivating factor
(c) Project anxiety and conscience as inadequate motivators
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(d) Motivation and spiritual reality

2. A characteristic peculiar to human beings that is referred to is :
(a) superior intelligence
(b) spirit of enquiry
(c) capacity to rationalise and analyse
(d) ability to shift the practical from the impractical
3. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage ?
(a) Animals are as curious as human beings
(b) Curiosity is the only motive for action
(c) People motivated by curiosity do not need other
motives to guide them
(d) People motivated by anxiety and conscience alone can be misdirected
4. According to the author :
(a) hose who have little curiosity are curious about unimportant things
(b) apart from humans no other living beings have the gift of curiosity
(c) the highest form of curiosity can be satisfied by study of human affairs alone
(d) spiritual reality is the ultimate goal of humans through action
5. The author subscribes to the view :
(a) ones curiosity should focus beyond the facade on the latent meaning of things
(b) curiosity is an inherited family characteristics
(c) a study of human affairs is the most effective method of satisfying ones curiosity
(d) in order to motivate, curiosity must be coupled with anxiety and conscience
Answers with Explanation

1. (b) The passage talks mainly about curiosity as the most powerful driving force.
2. (b) The author talks about curiosity (= spirit of enquiry) distinctive characteristics of human beings.
3. (d) Because anxiety and conscience are blind forces.
4. (b) The author calls curiosity a distinctive feature. In option (d) there is is while in the passage it is should be.
5. (a) According to the author spiritual reality of the phenomena equal to latent meaning of things should be the
ultimate concern of curiosity.
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Passage
Softbodied animals like caterpillars often fall a prey to voracious hunters like birds or reptiles. Despite having
no means to actively defend themselves, with weapons like claws or jaws, they have, nevertheless, evolved other
equally effective deterrents. A particular species of the caterpillar lives at an altitude of over 2,500 metres in the
Himalayas. It uses prominent colours to inform would be predators of its inedibility. In the event that an inexperienced
or adventurous bird did eat the caterpillar, it would probably vomit it out soon after, and subsequently desist from
attacking similar species in
the future. Though this would do the unfortunate victim no good, the species benefits. A rare example of the martyr
among animals.
1. Caterpillars cannot defend themselves because they :

(a) are passive animals (b) are lazy
(c) cannot acquire weapons (d) have no claws or jaws
2. The expression other equally effective deterrents means :
(a) preventive weapons which have equal effect on others
(b) mechanism which scares everyone equally well
(c) preventive equipment which is as effective as something that has been already
mentioned
(d) deterrents that are as powerful as those the caterpillars have
3. The Himalayan caterpillar uses prominent colours to :
(a) warn the predator (b) attack the predator
(c) reveal itself (d) defend itself
4. Experienced birds do not attack the Himalayan caterpillar because they are :
(a) repulsive (b) inedible
(c) aggressive (d) diseased
5. In the context of the passage, a martyr is one who dies :
(a) without putting up resistance
(b) without any gain to oneself
(c) while defending ones homeland
(d) to save others
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1. (d) They have no weapons like claws and jaws.

2. (c) Deterrent is fearcausing thus preventive mechanism.
3. (d) By informing the predator of its inedibility, thecaterpillar actually defend itself.
4. (b)
5. (d) A martyr is one who dies while saving others.
Passage
Over four hundred years after his death, scholars are still travelling the mysteries of Michelangelos art. Recently
one mystery that was revealed was that his famous drawing of a pensive Cleopatra included a hidden drawing of a
different Cleopatra on the reverse side. This hidden Cleopatra shows a tormented woman, whose eyes stare out at the
viewer and whose mouth is open, screaming in horror. The two images, drawn on two sides of the same paper, can be
viewed simultaneously. A second mystery concerns Michelagelos architectural plan for the dome of St. Peters Basilica
in Rome. Did he intend for the dome to look like the model he built between 1558 and 1561 ? Or did he change his mind
after building the model and decide to elevate the dome in the way it is today ? Scholars do not agree on the answer. A
third mystery about one of the greatest artists who ever lived was why he destroyed hundreds or thousands of his
drawings before he died. Did he feel they were unimportant ? Did he want posterity to see only his finished products ?
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the most unusual aspect of the Cleopatra drawing is that :
(a) the figure is tormented
(b) the figure is screaming
(c) one drawing is hidden
(d) one drawing is backward
2. The word pensive (underlined) can best be substituted with the word :
(a) angry (b) happy
(c) anxious (d) thoughtful
3. The dome of St. Peters Basilica :
(a) bears no relation to the one in the model
(b) was destroyed after the model was built
(c) is raised more than the one in the model
(d) follows the plan of the model
4. According to the passage, Michelangelo is :
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(a) a private person

(b) one of the greatest artists in the world
(c) the most famous architect in Rome
(d) screaming in horror
5. Why did Michelangelo destroy so many drawings before he died ?
(a) Nobody knows
(b) They were unimportant
(c) They were only drafts
(d) He had changed the drawings

1. (c) Refer one mystery.
2. (d) Both are equal.
3. (c) Refer decide to elevate ........ today.
4. (b) Refer one of the greatest ........ lived.
5. (a) The cause is not mentioned in the passage.
Passage
One simple physical concept lies behind the formation of the stars : gravitational instability. The concept is not
new. Newton first perceived it late in the 17th Century. Imagine a uniform, static cloud of gas in space. Imagine then
that the gas is somehow disturbed so that one small spherical region becomes a little denser than the gas around it so
that the small regions gravitational field becomes slightly stronger. It now attracts more matter to it and its gravity
increases further, causing it to begin to contract. As it contracts its density increases, which increases its gravity even
more, so that it picks up even more matter and contracts even further. The process continues until the small region of
gas finally forms a gravitationally bound object.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to :

(a) describe a static condition
(b) support a theory considered outmoded
(c) depict the successive stages of a phenomenon
(d) demonstrate the evolution of the meaning of a term
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2. It can be inferred from this passage that the author views the information contained within it as :
(a) lacking in elaboration
(b) original but obscure
(c) speculative and unprofitable
(d) uncomplicated and traditional
3. With which of the following words can you replace the word uniform as given in this passage ?
(a) Uniting (b) Varying
(c) Gaseous (d) Unvarying
4. What does the underlined word it stand for in the passage ?
(a) Gravitational instability
(b) Cloud of gas
(c) Small spherical denser region
(d) Matter
5. The author provides information that answers which of following questions ?
1. What causes the disturbances that changes the cloud from its original static condition ?
2. How does this small regions increasing density affect its gravitational field ?
3. What is the end result of the gradually increasing concentration of the small region of gas ?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
1. (d) The phenomenon is the formation of a star.
2. (d) Refer simple physical concept, not new.
3. (d) Unvarying is not differing (= uniform)
4. (c) That small spherical region when becomes very dense and gravitationally strong forms a star.
5. (c) The reason why the gas is disturbed is not given in the passage.
Passage
A jolly musicologist by the entirely unobjectionable nameof Henry Pleasants has written a book called The
Agony of Modern Music. That word agony is right. Much of it is just not written down but improvised. Much of
what passes for music of these times is raucous noise and the excuse for persisting with it is that every common
youngster understands and likes it. The pleasant fellow concedes that serious music is virtually dead. This may be
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dismissed as yet another pleasantry which the undirected young indulge in. Paul Hindesmith, possibly one of the last
of the classical giants, once said that some composers tended to develop an over sublimated technique which produces
images of emotions that are far removed from any emotional experience a relatively normal human being ever has. That
is just the point. High art can never be totally democratised. There is a barrier between the egghead and the hoipolloi
and it would be lazy idealism to ignore this. When Bach played and Beethoven roared, who was then the gentleman?
The pity of it is that while talking music to the masses, all known rules are broken and improvisation becomes king.
That, roughly speaking, is how jazz was born by dropping discipline, inspiration, deep personal emotions and every
element of creative art, and adopting improvisation as its main rationale. Why, they even tried to smuggle bits of jazz
into serious music so that the composers could somehow survive. Now they are going one step further : learn it by ear,
dont write down the stuff, make it up as you go along and hope, by these shoddy techniques, that everyone present
will applaud and, thus, provide the composer and the performers with their daily bread.
1. The author uses the word improvisation to suggest :

(a) making the original more sublime
(b) tampering with the original
(c) rendering the original more popular
(d) simplifying the original
2. According to the author high art cannot be democratised because :
(a) high art is oversublimated
(b) people differ in their emotional experience
(c) masses cannot be expected to appreciate what only the few intelligent can
(d) democratising necessarily involved improvisation
3. They tried to introduce bits of jazz in serious music so that :
(a) music might survive
(b) the masses could take to serious music
(c) the new composers might survive
(d) music is democratised
4. Which of the following words can best replace the word raucous in the paragraph ?
(a) Shrill (b) Soothing
(c) Pleasant (d) Popular
5. Speaking of the techniques of some composers Paul Hindesmith said that they evoked image of emotions :
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(a) not experienced by normal people

(b) felt only by subnormal people
(c) never felt by masses
(d) not experienced by eggheads
1. (b) Improvisation means a change (= to tamper) in the original.
AnswerswithExplanations
2. (c) The intellectual (= egghead) and the common mass (= hoi polloi) cannot have the similar taste.
3. (c) Daily bread was the compulsion.
4. (a) Raucous means harsh sound (= shrill).
5. (a) Refer far removed ..... human being ever has.
Passage
If life exists on Mars, it is most likely to be in the form of bacteria buried deep in the planets permafrost or
lichens growing within rocks, say scientists from NASA. There might even be fossilized Martian algae locked up in
ancient lake beds, waiting to be found.
Christopher McKay of NASAs Ames Research Centre in California told the AAAS that exobiologists, who look
for life on other planets, should look for clues among the life forms of the Earths ultracold regions, where conditions
are similar to those on Mars. Lichens, for example, are found within some Antarctic rocks, just beneath the surface
where sunlight can still reach them. The rock protects the lichen from cold and absorbs water, providing enough for the
lichens needs, said McKay.
Bacteria have also been found in 3millionyearold permafrost dug up from Siberia. If there are any bacteria
alive on Mars today, they would have to have survived from the time before the planet cooled more than 3 billion years
ago. Nevertheless, McKay is optimistic : It may be possible that bacteria frozen into the permafrost at the Martian
South Pole may be viable.
McKay said algae are found in Antarctic lakes with permanently frozen surfaces. Although no lakes are thought
to exist on Mars today, they might have existed long ago. If so, the driedout Martian lake beds may contain the
fossilized remains of algae. On Earth, masses of microscopic algae form large, layered structures known as
stromatolites, which survive as fossils on lake beds, and the putative Martian algae might have done the same thing,
said Jack Farmer, one of McKays colleagues.
The researchers are compiling a list of promising Martian lake beds to be photographed from spacecraft, said
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Farmer. Those photographs could help to select sites for landers that would search for signs of life, past or present. If
we find algae on Mars, I would say the Universe is lousy with algae, McKay said. Intelligence would be another
question.
1. The passage is primarily concerned with :

(a) the possibility of life on Mars
(b) selecting sites for landers on Mars
(c) research on Mars
(d) findings of Christopher McKay on Mars
2. Lichens survive in the extreme cold conditions of Antarctica on earth for all the following reasons, except :
(a) some Antarctic rocks protect lichens beneath their surface
(b) bacteria in the Antarctic frost protect lichen from the residual cold after the rock absorbs water
(c) sunlight penetrates the surface of the Antarctic rock where lichen grows
(d) the Antarctic rocks protect the lichen from cold by absorbing water and leaving enough for the lichens needs
3. Which of the following statements is not true ?
(a) If any bacteria are alive today on Mars, they must have survived from the time before the planet cooled
(b) Space photographs of Martian craters should reveal to the explorers signs of life there
(c) Bacteria frozen into permafrost at the Martian South Pole may be viable
(d) On digging up, more than 3 million years old Siberian permafrost has revealed bacteria
4. The most primitive forms of life likely to exist on Mars are all the following, except :
(a) villus and spare (b) bacteria
(c) algae (d) lichen
5. Exobiologists might find on Mars algae similar to stromatolites on earth because :
(a) on our planet stromatolites are formed by microscopic algae
(b) martian lake beds may contain fossilized remains of algae similar to stromatolites on earth
(c) there is evidence that photosynthesis which takes place in earths algae can be found in Martian algae too
(d) all of the above
1. (a) The passage talks about the possibility of life on Mars and its corresponding lifebreeding condition on the earth.
2. (b) The rocks work as protection of lichens not bacteria.
3. (b) Space photographs of Martian lake beds not craters.
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4. (a)
5. (c) Photosynthesis has not been discussed as an action.
Passage
Are the 1980s and 1990s the era of colour ? According to some people, they are. Now you can buy radios and
electric fans in lavender and pink. Restaurants have an emphasis on flowers and colourful plates. Cars are coming out
in pink and aqua. Even bathroom fixtures are being made in honeydew and blond. Part of the importance of the
colour of an object is that the colour affects the way one feels about it. You want a vacuum cleaner to look light and
easy, which is why it may be coloured in pastels and light colours. But gardening equipment you want to look
powerful. You would never find a lawn mower in pink, but red would be fine. Not very long ago, sheets were always
white and refrigerators commonly came in colours like old gold avocado green and coppertone. Now those are
thought of as oldfashioned. Popular colours change because fashion influences everything. In fact, new colours often
spring from the fashion industry. Its a lot cheaper to make a blouse or skirt than a sofa. After people get used to seeing
new colours on clothing or towels, they are ready to accept those colours in carpeting, refrigerators, or cars. Colour
analysis consultants have been very successful in recent years. People want to choose the most flattering colours for
make up and clothing. Some car designers are even saying that people may begin buying cars of the colour that goes
with their skin colouring. This sounds too extreme. Its hard to believe that people are that impressionable !
1. The main subject of the passage is :
(a) popular colours today
(b) colour consultants
(c) the influence of colour
(d) colours that flatter people
2. The word era in line 1 could best be replaced by which of the following words ?
(a) Season (b) Age
(c) Epic (d) Generation
3. According to the author which of the following is not popular now ?
(a) Coppertone
(b) Colourful cars
(c) Pastels
(d) Colourful bathroom fixtures
4. According to the author, why would red be a good colour for a lawn mower ?
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(a) Because it is strong (b) Because it is cheap

(c) Because it is light (d) Because it is pastel
5. In this passage which of the following are not used as names for colours ?
(a) Fruit (b) Hair colour
(c) Minerals (d) Drinks
1. (c) The passage discusses the pervasive influence ofcolours.
2. (b)
3. (a) Coppertone as colour of refrigerators is now going out of fashion.
4. (a) Red is powerful.
5. (a) blond (hair colour), honeydew, aqua (drinks), coppertone (mineral).
Passage
Of the many aspects of public administration, the ethical aspect is perhaps the most important but the least codified.
While administrative rules and procedures have been codified in various public documents and manuals, there is no
manual for the ethics of public servants.
While organisational behaviour analyses the factors which influence the behaviour of individuals in an
organisation, ethics refers to those norms and standards which behaviour of the people in an organisation must
conform to. While behaviour analysis deals with factual aspects, ethics relates to the normative aspects of
administration. The normative aspects are of the greatest significance. Just as for an individual if character is lost,
everything is lost, so also for an administration if the ethics is lost, everything is lost. Neither efficiency nor loyalty
could be substitute for high ethical standards. In India, though there is no ethical code for public administrators, there
are what are called, the Government Servants Conduct Rules. These rules lay down what constitutes misconduct for
the public servants. It is apparently implied that such misconduct, which is not permitted, is also unethical conduct.
1. As per the passage, organisational behaviour is :
(a) same as ethics in organisations
(b) different from ethics in organisations
(c) human behaviour in organisations including ethics
(d) none of these
2. Ethics is to an administration, what character is for :
(a) an administrator (b) an official
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(c) an individual (d) none of these

3. Government Servants Conduct Rules are meant for :
(a) guiding the ethical conduct of government servants
(b) guiding what constitutes misconduct for public
(c) guiding what constitutes misconduct for government servants
(d) none of these
4. The underlined word manual in the context of the given passage means :
(a) hand operated (b) physical
(c) guide book (d) none of these
1. (b) Refer first sentence of the second paragraph.
2. (c)
3. (c) Refer second last line of the passage.
4. (c) Manual is the set of instruction of the respective departments or organisations.
Passage
It is difficult to reconcile the ideas of different schools of thought on the question of education. Some people
maintain that pupils of school should concentrate on a narrow range of subjects which will benefit them directly in their
subsequent careers. Others contend that they should study a wide range of subjects so that they not only have the
specialized knowledge necessary for their chosen careers but also sound general knowledge about the world they will
have to work and live in. Supporters of the first theory state that the greatest contributions to civilization are made by
those who are expert in their trade or profession. Those on the other side say that, unless they have a broad general
education, the experts will be too narrow in their outlook to have sympathy with their fellows or a proper sense of
responsibility towards humanity as a whole.
1. What is the passage about ?

(a) Reconciliation of two different ideas about education
(b) Projecting two different ideas about education
(c) Careeroriented education
(d) Broadbased education
2. According to the passage which one of the following statements is true about broad general knowledge ?
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(a) Without it no one would get a job

(b) Specialization is incomplete without it
(c) It teaches us about different things
(d) It broadens ones outlook
3. Supporters of the first theory would not agree with :
(a) experts have contributed most to the progress in the modern world
(b) students should study a few subjects that will help them in their profession
(c) people with broad general education have not contributed much to civilization
(d) students should not undertake any specialised work
4. School of thought can best be explained as :
(a) groups of people who are schooled to think
(b) groups of people having different perception on a particular subject
(c) groups of people belonging to different schools
(d) groups of people whose job is to think
5. According to the second school of thought education will not be very effective, if students :
(a) do not have a wide general education
(b) have inadequate knowledge of their own work
(c) ignore the study of fine arts
(d) concentrate on only a few subjects
1. (b) The author details the opinions of the supporters of two schools about education.
2. (d) Refer too narrow in their outlook.
3. (d) First theory talks about a few subjects and specialised knowledge.
4. (b) School means a particular stream of thinking.
5. (a) Wide general education is needed to broaden the outlook.
Passage
As heart disease continues to be the number one killer in the United States, researchers have become increasingly
interested in identifying the potential risk factors that trigger heart attacks. Highfat diets and life in the fast lane have
long been known to contribute to the high incidence of heart failure. But according to new studies, the list of risk factors
may be significantly longer and quite surprising.
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Heart failure, for example, appears to have seasonal and temporal patterns. A higher percentage of heart attacks
occur in cold weather and more people experience heart failure on Monday than on any other day of the week. In
addition, people are more susceptible to heart attacks in the first few hours after waking. Cardiologists first observed
this morning phenomenon in the mid1980 and have since discovered a number of possible causes. An earlymorning
rise in blood pressure, heart rate and concentration of heart stimulating hormones, plus a reduction of blood flow to the
heart, may all contribute to the higher incidence of heart attacks between the hours of 8.00 A.M. and 10.00 A.M.
In other studies, both birthday and bachelorhood have been implicated as risk factors. Statistics reveal that heart
attack rates increase significantly for both females and males in the few days immediately preceding and following their
birthdays. And unmarried men are more at risk for heart attacks than their married counterparts. Though stress is
thought to be linked in some way to all of the aforementioned risk factors, intense research continues in the hope of
future comprehending why and how heart failure is triggered.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss ?

(a) Cardiology
(b) Diet and stress as factors in heart attacks
(c) Seasonal and temporal patterns of heart attacks
(d) Risk factors in heart attacks
2. The underlined word potential could best be replaced by which of the following ?
(a) Harmful (b) Possible
(c) Unknown (d) Primary
3. According to the passage which of the following is not a possible cause of many heart attacks ?
(a) Decreased blood flow to the heart
(b) Increased blood pressure
(c) Lower heart rate
(d) Increase in hormones
4. Which of the following is cited as a possible risk factor ?
(a) Getting married
(b) Rainy weather
(c) Eating fatty foods
(d) Driving fast
5. As used in the passage, which of the following could best replace the underlined word reveal ?
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(a) Observe (b) Show

(c) Explain (d) Mean
6. Which of the following does the passage infer ?
(a) We now fully understand how the risk factors trigger heart attacks
(b) We do not fully understand how the risk factors trigger heart attacks
(c) We have not identified risk factors associated with heart attacks
(d) We have recently begun to study how risk factors trigger heart attacks
1. (c) The passage mainly looks into the new, nontraditional (temporal and seasonal) factors of heart disease.
2. (b) Potential means possible yet not definitely proved.
3. (c) The cause is, infact, higher heart rate.
4. (c) A traditional heart disease causing factor.
5. (b)
6. (b) Refer last sentence of the passage. (Why, How).
PASSAGE
The first step is for us to realize that a city need not be a frustrate of life it can be among other things, a mechanism for
enhancing life, for producing possibilities of living which are not to be realized except through cities. But, for that to
happen, deliberate and drastic planning is needed. Towns as much as animals must have their systems of organsthose
for transport and circulation are an obvious example. What we need now are organ systems for recreation, leisure,
culture, community expression. This means abundance of open space, easy access to unspoilt Nature, beauty in parks
and in fine buildings, gymnasia and swimming baths and recreation grounds in planty, central spaces for celebrations
and demonstrations, halls for citizens' meetings, concert halls and theatres and cinemas that belong to the city. And the
buildings must not be built anyhow or dumped down anywhere both they and their groupings should mean
something important to the people of the place.
1. Cities can be made to provide full facilities for life, only if :

(a) these can be mechanically developed.
(b) proper transport system is introduced.
(c) cinemas, theatres and concert halls are established there.
(d) these are thoughtfully and vigorously designed to serve people's needs.
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Ans (d)
2. A suitable title for the passage would be :
(a) Towns versus Animals.
(b) The Need for Planned Cities.
(c) Transport and Communication System in a City.
(d) The Need for Entertainment Centres in a City.
Ans (b)
3. "A city need not be a frustrater of life" means that:
(a) one does not expect fulfilment of all life's requirements from a city.
(b) city life provides all the essential needs of life.
(c) a city does not necessarily lift man's standard of living.
(d) a city should not defeat the fulfilment of life's aspirations and aims.
Ans (b)
4. Which one of the following has the opposite meaning to the word 'frustrater' in the passage?
(a) Promoter n (b) Applauder
(c) Approver (d) Executer
Ans (a)
5. "The building must not be built anyhow or dumped down anywhere"....the statement implies that building:
(a) should be built with suitable material.
(b) should be constructed, according to some suitable design, not indiscriminately.
(c) should be scattered to provide for more of open space.
(d) should be built to enable citizens to enjoy nature.
Ans (c)
6. The word 'drastic' in the passage means :
(a) orderly (b) powerful
(c) consistent (d) determined
Ans (b)
7. The author talks about 'Unspoilt Nature'. In what way can Nature remain unspoilt?
(a) If Nature is not allowed to interfere with people's daytoday life.
(b) By building cities with the system of organs like those of animals.
(c) By allowing free access to parks and open spaces.
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(d) By allowing Nature to retain its primitive, undomesticated character.

Ans (b)
8. According to the author, the function of a city is to :
(a) provide adequate community expression.
(b) make available centres of recreation and public gatherings.
(c) facilitate traffic and communication.
(d) raise the tone of life and make it more meaningful.
Ans (d)
9. The opening sentence of the passage implies that :
(a) the possibilities of living a decent life cannot be found in a city.
(b) only a city can provide the means to lead a full life.
(c) among other places, a city can also help man to lead a successful life.
(d) a city provides better opportunities for good living than a village.
Ans (b)
PASSAGE
True, it is the function of the army to maintain law and order in abnormal times. But in normal times there is another
force that compels citizens to obey the laws and to act with due regard to the rights of others. The force also protects the
lives and the properties of law abiding men. Laws are made to secure the personal safety of its subjects and to prevent
murder and crimes of violence. They are made to secure the property of the citizens against theft and damage to protect
the rights of communities and castes to carry out their customs and ceremonies, so long as they do not conflict with the
rights of others. Now the good citizen, of his own free will obey these laws and he takes care that everything he does is
done with due regard to the rights and wellbeing of others. But the bad citizen is only restrained from breaking these
laws by fear of the consequence of his actions. And the necessary steps to compel the bad citizen to act as a good citizen
are taken by this force. The supreme control of law and order in a State is in the hands of a Minister who is responsible
to the State Assembly and acts through the Inspector General of Police.
1. The expression 'customs and ceremonies' means :

(a) fairs and festivals.
(b) habits and traditions.
(c) usual practices and religious rites.
(d) superstitions and formalities.
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Ans (c)
2. A suitable title for the passage would be :
(a) the function of the army.
(b) laws and the people's rights.
(c) the fear of the law and citizen's security.
(d) the functions of the police.
Ans (d)
3. Which of the following is not implied in the passage?
(a) Law protects those who respect it.
(b) Law ensures people's religious and social rights absolutely and unconditionally.
(c) A criminal is deterred from committing crimes only for fear of the law.
(d) The forces of law help to transform irresponsible citizens into responsible ones.
Ans (b)
4. According to the writer, which one of the following is not the responsibility of the police?
(a) To protect the privileges of all citizens.
(b) To check violent activities of citizens.
(c) To ensure peace among citizens by safeguarding individual rights.
(d) To maintain peace during extraordinary circumstances.
Ans (d)
5. Which of the following reflects the main thrust of the passage?
(a) It deals with the importance of the army in maintaining law and order.
(b) It highlights role of the police as superior to that of the army.
(c) It discusses the roles of the army and the police in different circumstances.
(d) It points to the responsibility of the Minister and the Inspector General of Police.
Ans (c)
6. "They are made to secure die property of citizens against theft and damage", means that the law :
(a) helps in recovering the stolen property of the citizens.
(b) assist the citizens whose property has been stolen or destroyed.
(c) initiate process against offenders of law.
(d) safeguard people's possessions against being stolen or lost.
Ans (d)
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7. Out of the following which one has the opposite meaning to the word 'restrained' in the passage?
(a) Promoted (b) Accelerated
(c) Intruded (d) Inhibited
Ans (b)
8. Which one of the following statement is implied in the passage?
(a) Peaceful citizens seldom violate the law, but bad citizens have to be restrained by the police.
(b) Criminals, who flout the law, are seldom brought to book.
(c) The police hardly succeed in converting bad citizens into good citizens.
(d) The police check the citizens, whether they are good or bad, from violating the law.
Ans (d)
9. Which of the following statements expresses most accurately the idea contained in the first sentence?
(a) It is the job of the army to ensure internal peace at all times.
(b) It is the police that should always enforce law and order in the country.
(c) Army and the police ensure people's security through combined operations.
(d) It is in exceptional circumstances that the army has to ensure peace in the country. :
Ans (d)
10. Which of the following statements expresses most accurately the idea contained in the first
sentence?
(a) It is the job of the army to ensure internal peace at all times.
(b) It is the police that should always enforce law and order in the country.
(c) Army and the police ensure people's security through combined operations.
(d) It is in exceptional circumstances that the army has to ensure peace in the country. :
Ans (d)
11. The last sentence of the passage implies that:
(a) The Inspector General of Police is the sole authority in matters of law and order.
(b) In every State maintenance of public peace is under the overall control of the responsible
Minister.
(c) A Minister and a responsible State, Assembly exercise direct authority in matters pertaining to law and order.
(d)The Inspector General of Police is responsible to the State Assembly for maintaining law and
order.
Ans (b)
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PASSAGE
It is a strange that, according to his position in life, an extravagant man is admired or despised. A successful
businessman does nothing to increase his popularity by being careful with his money. He is expected to display his
success, to have smart car, an expensive life, and to be lavish with his hospitality. If he is not so, he is considered mean
and his reputation in business may even suffer in consequence. The paradox remains that if he had not been careful
with his money in the first place, he would never have achieved his present wealth. Among the two income groups, a
different set of values exists. The young clerk who makes his wife a present of a new dress when he hadnt paid his
house rent, is condemned as extravagant. Carefulness with money to the point of meanness is applauded as a virtue.
Nothing in his life is considered more worthy than paying his bills. The ideal wife for such a man separates her
housekeeping money into joyless little piles so much for rent, for food, for the childrens shoes she is able to face the
milkman with equanimity and never knows the guilt of buying something she cant really afford. As for myself, I fall
into neither of these categories. If I have money to spare, I can be extravagant, but when, as is usually the case, I am
hard up, then I am the meanest man imaginable.
1. In the opinion of the writer, a successful businessman:

(a) is more popular if he appears to be doing nothing.
(b) should not bother about his popularity.
(c) must be extravagant before achieving success.
(d) is expected to have expensive tastes.
Ans (d)
2. The phrase lavish with his hospitatlity signifies:
(a) miserliness in dealing with his friends.
(b) considerateness in spending on guests and strangers.
(c) extravagance in entertaining guests.
(d) indifference in treating his friends and relatives.
Ans (c)
3. We understand from the passage that:
(a) all mean people are wealthy (b) wealthy people are invariably successful.
(c) carefulness generally leads to failure. (d) thrift may lead to success.
Ans (d)
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4. It seems that low paid people should:

(a) not pay their bills promptly. (b) not keep their creditors waiting.
(c) borrow money to meet their essential needs (d) feel guilty if they overspend
Ans (d)
5. The word paradox means:
(a) statement based on facts.
(b) that which brings out the inner meaning.
(c) that which is contrary to received opinion.
(d) statement based on the popular opinion.
Ans (c)
6. How does the housewife, described by the writer, feel when she saves money?
(a) is content to be so thrifty. (b) wishes life were less burdensome.
(c) is still troubled by a sense of guilt. (d) wishes she could sometimes be extravagant.
Ans (a)
7. Which of the following is opposite in meaning to the word applauded in the passage?
(a) Humiliated (b) Decried
(c) Cherished (d) Suppressed
Ans (b)
8. The statement she is able to face the milkman with equanimity implies that:
(a) she is not upset as she has been paying the milkman his dues regularly.
(b) she loses her nerve at the sight of the milkman who always demands his dues.
(c) she manages to keep cool as she has to pay the milkman who always demads his dues.
(d) she remains composed and confident as she knows that she can handle the milkman tactfully.
Ans (a)
9. As far as money is concerned, we get the impression that the writer:
(a) is incapable of saving anything (b) is never inclined to be extravagant
(c) would like to be considered extravagant (d) doesnt often have any money to save.
Ans (d)
PASSAGE
What are the good parts of our civilization? First and foremost there are order and safety. If today I have a quarrel with
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another man, I do not get beaten merely because I am physically weaker and he can kick me down. I go to law, and the
law will decide as fairly as it can between the two of us. Thus in disputes between man and man right have taken the
place of might. Moreover, the law protects me from robbery and violence. Nobody may come and break into my house,
steal my goods or run off with my children. Of course, there are burglars, but they are very rare, and the law punishes
them whenever it catches them. It is difficult for us to realize how much this safety means. Without safety these higher
activities of mankind which make up civilization could not go on. The inventor could not invent, the scientist find out
or the artist make beautiful things. Hence, order and safety, although they are not themselves civilization are things
without which civilization would be impossible. They are as necessary to our civilization as the air we breathe is to us
and we have grown so used to them that we do not notice them any more than we notice the air. Another great
achievement of our civilization is that today civilized men are largely free from the fear of pain. They still fall ill, but
illness is no longer the terrible thing it used to be.... Not only do men and women enjoy better health they live longer
than they ever did before, and they have a much better chance of growing up.... Thirdly, our civilization is more secure
than any that have gone before it. This is because it is much more widely spread.... Previous civilizations were
specialized and limited, they were like oases in a desert.
1. What is the first merit of our civilization ?

(A) Material advancement (B) Cultural advancement
(C) Development of science (D) Order and safety
(E) Spiritualism has become a way of life
Ans (d)
2. Nowadays a physically weak man is provided protection by :
(A) The group whose membership he opts for (B) The law
(C) His wit and wisdom (D) His cunningness
(E) His friend and supporters
Ans (b)
3. In olden days the rule of life was :
(A) Right (B) Might
(C) Spiritualism (D) Money
(E) None of these
Ans (b)
4. The essential condition for the promotion of higher activities of life is:
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(A) Dedication on the part of those who practise them (B) Economic freedom
(C) Safety (D) State support
(E) Encouragement and appreciation
Ans (c)
5. What according to the author is the second merit of the present civilization?
(A) Development of means of transport and communication
(B) Space research
(C) Freedom from drudgery
(D) Freedom from the fear of pain
(E) Mental enlightenment of the people
Ans (d)
6. What according to the author has the freedom from the fear of pair led to ?
(A) Better health (B) Devotion to duty
(C) Abundant leisure (D) Increased cultural pursuits
(E) None of these
Ans (a)
7. The third merit of the present civilization, according to the author, is:
(A) The present civilization is founded on justice
(B) The present civilization has liberal outlook on life
(C) The present civilization has provided more leisure
(D) The present civilization is more wide spread in the sense that large numbers of people are
civilized now than ever before
(E) The present civilization is more secure than any that has gone before
Ans (e)
8. 'They were like oases in a desert' what does it mean?
(A) Previous civilizations were more attractive than the present civilization
(B) Previous civilizations were confined to a very limited area while barbarians were far larger in
number
(C) Previous civilizations were shortlived
(D) Previous civilizations were attractive from outside only
(E) Previous civilizations were nature based
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Ans (b)
9. The present civilization :
(A) Begins from 15th century (B) Begins from 16th century
(C) Begins from 17th century (D) Begins from 18th century
(E) Has no fixed date for its inception
Ans (e)
10. The most appropriate title to the above passage may be:
(A) The merits of the Previous Civilizations (B) The Defects of the Present Civilizations
(C) Merits and Demerits of the Present Civilizations (D) The Limitations of the Previous Civilizations
(E) The Wonder That is the Modern Civilization
Ans (a)
PASSAGE
On the death of Alexander the great his vast empire was almost immediately broken up into three main
divisions. In the East, his General Seleucus Nikator founded an empire comprising Persia, Mesopotamia, Syria and part
of Asia Minor, that is, almost all the area from the Hellespont to the Indus. The capital of this empire was Antioch,
which became one of the greatest commercial centres of those times, through which merchandise for Arabia, India and
China flowed into the Mediterranean. The second division of the Alexandrian empire was the GraecoEgyptian
kingdom founded by Ptolemy I, another general of Alexander. Its chief city was Alexandria which, with its safe harbour
and splendid library, became for a long time the most important centre of Greek civilization and culture in the ancient
world. The third and the smallest division was Macedon, ruled by Autigonus and his successor, who had partial control
over Greece till 146 B.C. In that, year Greece was made a Roman province under name of Achaea. Later, both Syria and
Egypt were also conquered by the Romans.
1. When Alexander died, his empire:

(A) Was disintegrated to several pieces. (B) Was broken into three divisions.
(C) Was expanded by his son. (D) Went totally out of existence.
(E) Did not die but remained intact to continue for several centuries thereafter.
Ans (b)
2. Seleucus Nikator founded an empire in the:
(A) South (B) West
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(C) East (D) North

(E) NorthWest
Ans (c)
3. Which of the following was not included in the empire of Seleucus Nikator ?
(A) Persia (B) Egypt
(C) Mesopotamia (D) Syria
(E) Part of Asia Minor
Ans (b)
4. The capital of Seleucus Nikator's empire was :
(A) Macedonia (B) Athens
(C) Sparta (D) Antioch
(E) Troy
Ans (d)
5. The second division of Alexandrian empire was:
(A) Babylonian kingdom (B) GraecoTurkish kingdom
(C) Assyrian kingdom (D) GraecoEgyptian kingdom
(E) Persia
Ans (d)
6. The second division of Alexandrian empire was founded by :
(A) Alexander's eldest son (B) Alexander's youngest son
(C) Alexander's grandson (D) Ptolemy I
(E) A Mesopotamian prince
Ans (d)
7. The chief city of GraecoEgyptian kingdomwas :
(A) Cairo (B) Damascus
(C) Alexandria (D) Antioch
(E) Macedonia
Ans (c)
8. Which of the following cities was for a long time the most important centre of Greek civilization
and culture in the ancient world ?
(A) Athens (B) Sparta
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(C) Constantinople (D) Macedonia

(E) Alexandria
Ans (a)
9. Who was Antigonus ?
(A) The General who was responsible for the death of Alexander
(B) The great warrior to whom goes the credit of successes in Alexander's military expeditions
(C) He was the founder of the third division of Alexandrian empire, known as Macedon
(D) The Roman emperor who conquered Greece and annexed it into the Romanempire
(E) The fictitious king of Greece, who figures in the tragedies of Sophocles
Ans (c)
10. When did Greece become a Roman province?
(A) In 326 BC (B) In 186 BC
(C) In 206BC (D) In 171 BC
(E) In 146 BC
Ans (e)
PASSAGE
One of the main reasons of corruption in elections today is the lure of power which haunts the politicians so much that
they feel no qualms of conscience in adopting any underhand method to come out successful. The Watergate Scandal in
the U.S.A. is an eloquent example to testify to the fact how even the top level politicians can stoop to the lowest level in
order to maintain themselves in power. Who does not remember how Adolf Hitler rode roughshod overall canons of
electoral propriety to capture power? In India also the record of the various political parties is not clean. Corruption
thrives in elections because those in the field play on the psychology of the electorate. The voters are swayed by the tall
promises of the candidates to whose machinations they fall an easy prey. They are also susceptible to fall an easy prey
to the adulations of the politicians due to their illiteracy. Besides, in the representative democracies today and
particularly in big countries the constituencies are quite extensive obviating the possibility of corrupt practices being
discovered. Anticorruption laws are honored more in their breach than in their observance. Even the code of conduct
to be observed by the parties fighting the elections becomes a dead letter in as much as it is jettisoned out of existence
and thrown unscrupulously over board by the unfair politicians whose only aim is to maintain themselves in the
saddle.
1. The politicians indulge in corruption in elections nowadays because :

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(A) Of lure of power

(B) Lure of money
(C) Elections can be won only by corrupt means
(D) Corrupt practices in elections go unnoticed
(E) Morality in it is a discount in every field of life today
Ans (a)
2. Which example of the U.S.A. testifies to the fact that even the top level people can stoop very low in order to
maintain themselves in power ?
(A) The New Deal (B) The Watergate Scandal
(C) The Philadelphia Contract (D) The Washington Agreement
(E) None of these
Ans (b)
3. Adolf Hitler came to power :
(A) As a result of bungling in elections (B) By liquidating any semblance of opposition
(C) By organising a mass movement (D) With foreign help
(E) By conquest
Ans (a)
4. How does corruption thrive in elections?
(A) The people themselves are corrupt
(B) A sizable part of the society is corrupt
(C) There is natural connection between elections and corruption
(D) The politicians exploit the electorate psychologically
(E) The politicians cheat the electorate economically
Ans (d)
5. Why according to the writer do the voters fall an easy prey to the machinations of the politicians?
(A)They want to self their votes because of poverty
(B) They are illiterate and do not understand what designs the politicians have at the back of their tall
promises
(C)They are coward and submit to the threats of physical violence held out by the cronies of the
politicians
(D) They are totally indifferent to what happens on the political horizon
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(E) They have no political knowledge worth the name

Ans (b)
6. Why according to the writer, do the corrupt practices indulged in elections go unnoticed?
(A) Because nobody is interested in discovering corrupt practices
(B) Because vested interests shield those who indulge in corrupt practices
(C) Because constituencies are so small that the politicians take the electorate, whose number is
very limited, into confidence
(D) Because the law enforcing authorities themselves are in collusion with the politicians
(E) Because the constituencies are so big that it becomes difficult to discover the corrupt practices
Ans (e)
7. What happens to the anticorrpution laws ?
(A) There is actually no such things as anticorruption laws
(B) Anticorruption laws are certainly honoured but in a limited way
(C) Anticorruption laws are honoured more in their breach than in their observance
(D) The Government does not want to enforce anticorruption laws
(E) Anticorruption laws are simply an eye wash just to hoodwink the masses
Ans (c)
8. What happens to the code of conduct?
(A) It is not observed at all
(B) It is observed only in a very limited way
(C) It is prepared in such a way that it leaves loop holes for the practice of corruption in elections
(D) The machinery devised to enforce the code of conduct is defective
(E) There is no such thing as code of conduct
Ans (a)
9. 'To maintain themselves in the saddle' means :
(A) To remain in state of preparedness (B) To be ready to run whenever danger is apprehended
(C) To retain power in their hands by continuing in office (D) To play an unfair game
(E) To oust the opposition at every cost
Ans (c)
10. Which one of the following may be the most appropriate title to the above passage ?
(A) Corruption in Public Life (B) Corruption in High Places
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(C) Politicians Game of Power (D) Elections and Corruption

E) The True Character of a Politician
Ans (d)
PASSAGE
The capitalist system of society does not foster healthy relations among human beings. A few people own all the means
of production and others though nominally few have to sell their labour under conditions imposed upon them. The
emphasis of capitalism being on the supreme importance of material wealth the intensity of its appeal is to the
acquisitive intensity. It promotes worship of economic power with little regard to the means employed for its
acquisition and the end that it serves. By its exploitation of human beings to the limits of endurance its concentration is
on the largest profit rather than maximum production. Thus the division of human family is done on the basis of
economic circumstance. All this is injurious to division of human dignity. And when the harrowed poor turn to the
founders of religion for succour, they rather offer a subtle defence for the established order. They promise future
happiness for their present suffering and conjure up visions of paradise to redress the balance to soothe the suffering
and the revolt of the tortured men. The system imposes injustice, the religion justifies it.
1. The passage indicates that the capitalist system is:

(a) Fair (b) ambitious
(c) prosperous (d) dehumanising
Ans (d)
2. The established order is supproted by religion to:
(a) alleviate the suffering of the poor in the capitalist system.
(b) perpetuate the injustice imposed by the capitalist system.
(c) balance the suffering of the poor with hopes of future rewards.
(d) help the tortured men to seek redress.
Ans (b)
3. In a capitalist system:
(a) the means justify the ends.
(b) the ends justify the means.
(c) the means endorsed by religion are strictly followed.
(d) means which lead to exploitation are strictly prohibited
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Ans (b)
4. Capitalism is injurious to human relations because it divides society into two groups:
(a) working and nonworking (b) exploiters and exploited
(c) religious and irreligious (d) buyers and sellers
Ans (b)
5. In a capitalistic system of society each man wishes:
(a) to acquire maximum wealth. (b) to produce maximum wealth.
(c) to have visions of paradise. (d) to soothe the sufferings of other.
Ans (a)
PASSAGE
Now the question arises, what is the secret of the longevity and imperishability of Indian culture? Why is it that such
great empires and nations is Babylion, Assyria, Greece, Rome and Persia, could not last more than the footprints of a
camel m the shifting sands of the desert, while India which faced the same ups and downs, the same mighty and cruel
hand of time, is still alive and with the same halo of glory and splendour ? The answer is given by Prof. J. B. Pratt of
America. According to him Hindu religion is the only religion in the world which is 'selfperpetuating and self
renewing.' Unlike other religions 'not death, but development' has been the fate of Hinduism. Not only Hindu religion
but the whole culture of the Hindus has been growing changing and developing in accordance with the needs of time
and circumstance without losing its essential and imperishable spirit. The culture of the vedic ages, of the ages of the
Upanishads, the philosophical systems, the Mahabharata, the Smirities, the Puranas, the commentators, the medieval
^aints and of the age of the modern reformers is the same in Spirit and yet very different in form. Its basic principles are
so broad based that they can be adapted to almost any environment of development.
1. The author has compared India with all the following except
(A) Greece (B) Rome
(C) Babylon (D) Assyria
(E) Egypt
Ans (e)
2. In what respect is India implied to be superior to all other nations and empires?
(A) Material development (B) Cultural advancement
(C) Military strength (D) Territorial expansion
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(E) Empire building

Ans (b)
3. What, according to J. B. Pratt, is the secret of the longevity and imperishability of Indian culture?
(A) It has its origin in the remote past (B) It issues from the minds and hearts of its sages
(C) It is selfperpetuating and selfrenewing (D) It is founded on religion
(E) It is founded on morality
Ans (c)
4. Which of the following has not been mentioned as a particular period of Indian culture ?
(A) The Vedic age (B) The age of Upanishads
(C) The age of the Mahabharata : (D) The British period
(E) The age of the Puranas
Ans (d)
5. What changes has the spirit of Indian culture undergone during its long history right from the Vedic age down to
the present times?
(A) The precedence of moral values was eclipsed at certain periods of time
(B) Materialism was the hallmark of Indian culture during certain periods of time
(C) During certain periods military development was the beall and endall of Indian culture
(D) There is no such thing as any spirit of Indian culture
(E) The spirit of Indian culture has practically been the same from the ancient times down to the
present
Ans (e)
6. What according to the author has always characterised the Hindu religion ?
(A) Development (B) Stagnation
(C) Sometimes development and sometimes stagnation (D) Lack of moral values
(E) 1 Precedence of material over moral values
Ans (a)
7. Which other religion has been mentioned in the passage as selfdeveloping and selfrenewing as Hindu religion?
(A) Christianity (B) Islam
(C) Buddhism (D) Jainism
(E) None of these
Ans (e)
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8. "Could not last more than the footprints of a camel on the shifting sands of the desert." What does it mean ?
(A) It lost itself in deserts (B) It was transient
(C) It lacked solidity (D) It was limited only to desert areas
(E) It lacked cohesion
Ans (b)
9. What is the characteristic quality of the basic principles of Indian culture ?
(A) They are static
(B) They derive their strength from the genius of the people
(C) They can be adapted almost to any environment of development
(D) They believe in the purity of Indian culture
(E) Nothing of these
Ans (c)
10. Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?
(A) Unity of Indian Culture (B) Indian Civilization and Culture
(C) Indian Religion and Civilization (D) Characteristics of Indian Culture
(E) Development of Indian Culture
Ans (d)
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1. What is the main objective of this passage ?

(d) Motivation and spiritual reality

Answers with Explanation

1. Caterpillars cannot defend themselves because they :

1. (d) They have no weapons like claws and jaws.

(a) a private person

Answers with Explanation

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to :

1. The author uses the word improvisation to suggest :

(a) not experienced by normal people

1. The passage is primarily concerned with :

(a) Because it is strong (b) Because it is cheap

(c) an individual (d) none of these

1. What is the passage about ?

(a) Without it no one would get a job

1. What does the passage mainly discuss ?

(a) Observe (b) Show

1. Cities can be made to provide full facilities for life, only if :

(d) By allowing Nature to retain its primitive, undomesticated character.

1. The expression 'customs and ceremonies' means :

1. In the opinion of the writer, a successful businessman:

4. It seems that low paid people should:

1. What is the first merit of our civilization ?

1. When Alexander died, his empire:

(C) East (D) North

(C) Constantinople (D) Macedonia

1. The politicians indulge in corruption in elections nowadays because :

(A) Of lure of power

(E) They have no political knowledge worth the name

(C) Politicians Game of Power (D) Elections and Corruption

1. The passage indicates that the capitalist system is:

(E) Empire building

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